PBTCA

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PBTCA

PBTCA
SYNONYMS; 2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; PBTCA; 37971-36-1; 
1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-; PBTC; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid; 
2-Phosophonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; PBTCA; C7H11O9P; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarbonic acid; EINECS 253-733-5; phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; EC 253-733-5; Q-200319; 40372-66-5; SCHEMBL22514; KSC225G6F; DTXSID4027999; PBTCA; CTK1C5362; EBD30747; ANW-28768; 3-Carboxy-3-phosphonohexanedioic Acid; AKOS007930701; BR-34926; P458; DB-049222; PBTCA;  
FT-0613352; PBTCA; NS00001823; P1857; Butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-1,2,4-; 
W-2646; (S)-2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 971P361; A823953; C-36456;
Q27255925; PBTCA; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid 50% in water; 
2- Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, tetra sodium salt; 
2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid(50% Aqueous solution); PBTCA; 81897-36-1; PBTCA; PBTC; PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; 2- Phosphonobutane -1 ,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4- tricarboxylic acid PBTC; PBTC; PBTCA; PBTC 50%; CASNo.37971-36-1; water treatment chemicals PBTCA;
Phosphate PBTC scale inhibitor/Anti-Scalant; 2-Phosphonobutane -1, 2, 4-Tricarboxylic Acid (PBTCA);
Low phosphoric content phosphonate PBTC; Zinc salt stabilizer PBTC;
PBTC supplier/manufacturer; PBTCA; PBTC; PBTCA; PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; Fosfonobütan trikarboksilik asit; FOSFONOBÜTAN TRKARBOKSLK AST; FOSFONOBÜTAN TRKARBOKSL AST; fosfonobütan tri karboksilik asid; Fosfonobütan Trikarboksilik asid; fosforbütan karboksilik asit; karboksi fosfonobütan asit; carboxyacid phosphonobutane; 2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid PBTC; 1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-; 253-733-5; 2-Phosophonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid; 2-Phosphono-1,2,4-butantricarbonsäure; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 37971-36-1; Acide 2-phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylique; PHOSPHONOBUTANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID; [37971-36-1]; 1,2,4-BUTANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2-PHOSPHONO-, (2S)-; 2- Phosphonobutane ?1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, tetra sodium salt; 2-Phenylethanol; 2-Phosphono butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 2-PHOSPHONOBUTANE-1,2,4-TRICARBONIC ACID; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic Acid (ca. 50% in Water); 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid (en); 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid(50% Aqueous solution); 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylicacid; ‘37971-36-1; 37971-63-1; 40372-66-5; 60-12-8; 850245-25-9; 94386-13-7; BR-34926; butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 2-phosphono-Butanetricarboxylic acid; 2-phosphono-1,2,4-; MFCD01940753; PBTCa; SODIUM 1,2,4-BUTANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID 2-PHOSPHONATE; PBTC; PBTCA; PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; 2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid PBTC; PBTCA; PBTC; PHOSPHONOBUTANE TRICARBOXY; 2-Phosphonobutane -1, 2, 4-Tricarboxylic Acid; 1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-; PBTC; 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid; 1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-; 1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid
 






MOLECULAR FORMULA OF PBTCA; C7H11O9P
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF PBTCA: 270.13 g/mol

PROPERTIES: PBTCA is a 50% aqueous solution of 2-phosphonobutane-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) designed to control calcium scale formation and precipitation in highly stressed alkaline Industrial Water Treatment (IWT) and boiler systems. PBTCA has been widely used in industry as a sequestering agent and calcium carbonate scale inhibitor for applications in industrial water treatment and industrial cleaning. PBTCA is mainly used as Scale & Corrosion Inhibitor in Cooling, Boiler & Field Water Treatment. PBTCA has low content of phosphoric, has structural features of both phosphoric acid and carboxylic acid group, which enable its excellent scale and corrosion inhibition properties. PBTCA’santiscale property under high temperature is far better than that of phosphonates. Phosphonate PBTCA can improve zinc salt solubility, has good chlorine oxidation tolerance and good composite synergy. Phosphonate PBTCA is a high efficient agent as scale and corrosion inhibitor. PBTCA is the excellent stabilizer for zinc salt. It is widely used in circulating cool water system and oilfield refill water system as scale and corrosion inhibitor, suitable to composite with zinc salt and copolymer. PBTCA can be used in situations of high temperature, high hardness, high alkali and high concentration index. In lavation fields, it is used as chelating agent and metal detergent.
PBTCA is usually used together with zinc salt, copolymer, phosphonates, imidazole and otherWater Treatment Chemicals. When used alone, the dosage of 5-15mg/L is preferred.

2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an antiscalant that is widely used in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. Because of its high concentration in RO concentrate, eutrophication risk and anti-precipitation properties may affect subsequent treatments, therefore treatment strategies are needed to eliminate such substances. In this study, PBTCA was degraded by ozonation. The results show that PBTCA reacted with ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, with second-order rate constants of (0.12?±?0.002) and (7.83?±?1.51)?×?108?L?mol-1?s-1, respectively. The phosphorus in PBTCA (PP) was transformed into organic phosphorus except for PBTCA (PO), and inorganic phosphorus (PI); PO was further transformed into PI. The changes in the concentrations of these phosphorus forms were investigated by model simulation. Simulation showed that the rate of PP transformation into PO was 5.5 times higher than that into PI. PBTCA was ozonated much faster at alkaline pH than at acidic pH. This is ascribed to different amounts of ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, and their different reaction rates with PBTCA. Furthermore, anti-precipitation property was reduced during ozonation, as shown by the amounts and morphology changes of the precipitates. PBTCA concentration for 50% anti-precipitation (AP50) did not change during ozonation, indicating that the transformation products generated during ozonation did not have anti-precipitation effects. Phosphorus in PBTCA was removed by ozonation–coagulation treatment. Total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were removed efficiently by using ferric chloride as a coagulant. The coagulants tended to bind with inorganic phosphorus to form flocs. Meanwhile, flocs were more easily to aggregate and precipitate as anti-precipitation effect was gradually removed, thus more phosphorus was removed. A combination of ozonation and coagulation removed PBTCA effectively and simultaneously reduced its anti-precipitation property and phosphorus.
2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an antiscalant that is widely used in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. Because of its high concentration in RO concentrate, eutrophication risk and anti-precipitation properties may affect subsequent treatments, therefore treatment strategies are needed to eliminate such substances. In this study, PBTCA was degraded by ozonation. The results show that PBTCA reacted with ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, with second-order rate constants of (0.12 ± 0.002) and (7.83 ± 1.51) × 108 L mol?¹ s?¹, respectively. The phosphorus in PBTCA (PP) was transformed into organic phosphorus except for PBTCA (PO), and inorganic phosphorus (PI); PO was further transformed into PI. The changes in the concentrations of these phosphorus forms were investigated by model simulation. Simulation showed that the rate of PP transformation into PO was 5.5 times higher than that into PI. PBTCA was ozonated much faster at alkaline pH than at acidic pH. This is ascribed to different amounts of ozone molecules and hydroxyl radicals, and their different reaction rates with PBTCA. Furthermore, anti-precipitation property was reduced during ozonation, as shown by the amounts and morphology changes of the precipitates. PBTCA concentration for 50% anti-precipitation (AP50) did not change during ozonation, indicating that the transformation products generated during ozonation did not have anti-precipitation effects. Phosphorus in PBTCA was removed by ozonation–coagulation treatment. Total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were removed efficiently by using ferric chloride as a coagulant. The coagulants tended to bind with inorganic phosphorus to form flocs. Meanwhile, flocs were more easily to aggregate and precipitate as anti-precipitation effect was gradually removed, thus more phosphorus was removed. A combination of ozonation and coagulation removed PBTCA effectively and simultaneously reduced its anti-precipitation property and phosphorus.
Whether PBTCA belongs to an environmentally-friendly scale inhibitor or not, many customers have this question when purchasing. Today IRO will talk about PBTCA. Before determining whether PBTC acid is an environmentally friendly scale inhibitor, it is necessary to talk about the types of scale inhibitors. So far, the types of scale inhibitors that are widely used in the water treatment industry are mainly the following. Organic phosphine scale inhibitor (phosphorus), organic phosphonate scale inhibitor (phosphorus), compound scale inhibitor, environmental scale inhibitor (PESA, PASP, etc.), low phosphorus-containing scale inhibitor (such as PBTCA).
Among the organic phosphine type scale inhibitors, PBTCA is one of the lowest scale inhibitors. The reason is that its structural characteristics contain only one phosphorus element in the molecular formula. At the same time, PBTC chemical has the characteristics of phosphonic acid and a carboxylic acid, which has good scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition performance and is much better than other organic phosphonic acid scale inhibitors.
PBTCA has low phosphorus content and is ideal for scale inhibition. Within the foreseeable range, PBTC acid is still the main product in water treatment chemicals and can be used as a compound or as a separate ingredient.
As the country’s environmental requirements become more stringent, the use of more water treatment agents with higher phosphorus content is limited. PBTC acid meets national environmental requirements. PBTCA is relatively affordable and is a good choice for most companies.
It is well known that organic phosphine water treatment agents are the most widely used in monomer water treatment agents. Faced with more environmental pressures, water treatment agents are moving towards diversification. For example, compounding, copolymer, polymer, and other water treatment agents are more targeted when used.
1. PBTCA has a much higher tolerance for Ca2+. It is used under the conditions of high hardness, high alkali, high temperature, high pH and high concentration. It can still achieve a good scale inhibition effect.
2. PBTCA has a high solubility in zinc salts and good stability. It can be combined with zinc salt to obtain a very good corrosion inhibition effect.
3. PBTCA has low phosphorus content (only 11-15%), and it has a low dosage and is not subject to environmental emissions. It is one of the more advanced circulating cooling water treatment chemicals in China.
4. Among the organic phosphine water treatment agents, PBTCA is one of the most suitable organic phosphine monomers for environmentally friendly scale inhibitors due to its own characteristics and low phosphorus content. PBTC acid has the structural properties common to phosphonic acids and carboxylic acids.
5. Therefore, it is relatively superior to other organic phosphonic acids, and it has excellent scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition properties. At the same time, PBTC chemical is resistant to high temperature and high alkali, and its scale inhibition performance at high temperature is much higher than other commonly used organic phosphines. PBTCA is also used as a special corrosion and scale inhibitor for high temperature.
6. PBTCA is the most widely used in the combination of high-efficiency corrosion and scale inhibitors. It is one of the best performance products among all known scale inhibitors. At the same time, PBTC has functional diversity. For example, PBTCA can also be used as a stabilizer for zinc salts. In addition, PBTCA can also be used as a chelating agent and metal cleaner in the washing industry.
7. PBTCA is currently mainly used for corrosion and scale inhibition of circulating cooling water systems and oilfield refill systems. PBTC acid is compounded with zinc salt and copolymer during use and is used for high temperature, high alkali, high hardness water quality.
PBTCA (2-Phosphonobutane -1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid)
PBTC; PBTCA; FOSFONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC AST; 2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,4-Trikarboksilik Asit; 2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,4-trikarboksilik asit PBTCA; Phosphonates and phosphonic acids are organophosphorus compounds containing C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 groups (where R = alkyl, aryl). Phosphonic acids, typically handled as salts, are generally nonvolatile solids that are poorly soluble in organic solvents, but soluble in water and common alcohols. Many commercially important compounds are phosphonates, including glyphosate (the active molecule of the herbicide “Roundup”), and ethephon, a widely used plant growth regulator. Bisphosphonates are popular drugs for treatment of osteoporosis.[1]

Clodronic acid is a bisphosphonate (PBTCA) used as a drug to treat osteoporosis.
In biology and medicinal chemistry, phosphonate groups are used as stable bioisoteres for phosphate, such as in the antiviral nucleotide analogue, Tenofovir, one of the cornerstones of anti-HIV therapy.
The ‘Global 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid (PBTCA, CAS 37971-36-1) Market Outlook 2019-2024’ offers detailed coverage of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid industry and presents main market trends. The market research gives historical and forecast market size, demand, end-use details, price trends, and company shares of the leading 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid producers to provide exhaustive coverage of the market for 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid. The report segments the market and forecasts its size, by volume and value, on the basis of application, by products, and by geography.
The report has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from key industry participants. The global 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid market has been segmented into five major regions, namely, North America (U.S., Canada, and others), Europe (U.K., France, Germany, Russia, and others), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, Australia, and others), South America (Brazil, Argentina, and others), and Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Saudi Arabia, and others). Furthermore, the report also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key vendors operating in this market.
The ‘Global 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid (PBTCA, CAS 37971-36-1) Market Outlook 2019-2024′ offers detailed coverage of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid industry and presents main market trends. The market research gives historical and forecast market size, demand, end-use details, price trends, and company shares of the leading 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid producers to provide exhaustive coverage of the market for 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA). The report segments the market and forecasts its size, by volume and value, on the basis of application, by products, and by geography.

PBTCA Özellikleri ve kullanm alanlar: Endüstriyel su muamelesi ve kazan sistemlerinde çökme ve kalsiyum pul oluumunu önleme amacyla dizayn edilmitir. Klor kararldr. Klor bulunan ortamlarda çok iyi bir iyon tutucudur. Halojen bazl biositler ve hipoklorür beyazlatmann uygulanmasnda pul kontrolü için kullanlmaktadr. Devirdaim soutma kulelerinde kalsiyum karbonat pullarnn kontrolü salanr. Yüksek pH’larda kalsiyum karbonat pullarnn önlenmesi için PBTCA’in dier pul önleyicilerle kombinasyonlar (örn; HEDP ve ATMP ile)  gereklidir. Temizlik operasonlarnda temizlik ve dezenfekte edici maddenin içindeki Cl dekompozisyonunu önler ve kalsiyum karbonat tortusu olumasna engel olur. Metal sektöründe korozyon önleyici olarak görev alr. Düük-orta basnçl buhar kazanlarnda pul önleyici olarak görev alr.
PBTCA Çözünürlük: norganik solventlerde (HCl, sülfat asidi, fosforik asit), organik asitlerde (asetik, formik, sitrik asit vs…) ve solventlerde (metanol, etilen glikol,  propilen glikol vs…) çözünür. Dier nötralize Dequest fosfonatlarla uyumludur. Dequest fosfonatlarn kombinasyonlarnn stabilitesi, talep edilen pH, farkl yaplar ve dier pul önleyici veya datc ajanlar arasndaki arlk oranna göre deiiklik gösterir.
PBTCA, fosforik içerii düüktür.hem fosforik asit hem karboksilik asit özelliklerine sahiptir. Bu özellik mükemmel korozyon önleme özelliklerini salar.
PBTCA(2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,4, -trikarboksilik Asit )
-Fosfonobutan-1,2,2-Trikarboksilik Asit
(PBTC)
CAS No. 37971-36-1
Moleküler Formül: C7H11O9P Molekül arl: 270.13
Yapsal formül:
2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,2-Trikarboksilik Asit (PBTC)
Özellikleri:
PBTC, düük fosfor içeriine sahiptir, hem fosforik asit hem de karboksilik asit grubunun yapsal özelliklerine sahiptir, bu da mükemmel ölçek ve korozyon inhibisyon özelliklerini salar. Yüksek scaklk altndaki antiskale özellii, organofosfinlerden çok daha iyidir. Çinko tuzu çözünürlüünü artrabilir, iyi klor oksidasyon toleransna ve iyi kompozit sinerjiye sahiptir.
artname:
Öeler Endeksi
PBTCA Görünüm Açk, soluk sar sulu çözeltiye renksiz
PBTCA Aktif asit% 50.0 dak.
PBTCA Fosforlu asit (PO33 -% olarak)% 0,5
PBTCA Fosforik asit (PO43 olarak) -% 0.2 maks.
PBTCA Younluk (20 ?) g / cm3 1.27 dak
PBTCA pH (% 1 su çözeltisi) 1.5 ~ 2.0
PBTCA Fe, mg / L 10.0 max
PBTCA Klorür mg / L 10.0 max
PBTCA Renk APHA (Hazen) 20.0 max

Kullanm:
PBTCA, ölçek ve korozyon inhibitörü olarak yüksek verimli bir maddedir. PBTCA, çinko tuzu için mükemmel dengeleyicidir. Çounlukla çinko tuzu ve kopolimeri ile kombine edilmeye uygun, souk su sistemi ve petrol sahas dolum suyu sisteminde kireç ve korozyon önleyici olarak kullanlmaktadr. PBTCA, yüksek scaklk, yüksek sertlik, yüksek alkali ve yüksek konsantrasyon endeksinde kullanlabilir. Lavasyon alanlarnda, kenetleme maddesi ve metal deterjan olarak kullanlr.
PBTCA genellikle çinko tuzu, kopolimer, organofosfin, imidazol ve dier Su Artma Kimyasallar ile birlikte kullanlr. Tek bana kullanldnda, 5-15mg / L dozaj tercih edilir.
PBTCA Paket ve depolama:
200L plastik bidon, IBC (1000L), müterilerin gereksinimi. Gölgeli odada ve kuru yerde bir yl boyunca depolama.
PBTCA Güvenlik korumas:
Asit, Göz ve cilt ile temasndan saknn, temas ettikten sonra, suyla ykayn.
E anlaml:
PBTC; PBTCA; FOSFONOBUTANE TRICARBOXYLIC AST; 2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,4-Trikarboksilik Asit; 2-Fosfonobutan-1,2,4-trikarboksilik asit

PBTCA, çevre dostu bir kireç önleyiciye ait olsun veya olmasn, birçok müteri satn alrken bu soruyu sorar. Bugün IRO, PBTCA hakknda konuacak. PBTC asidinin çevre dostu bir ölçek inhibitörü olup olmadn belirlemeden önce, kireç önleyici türlerinden bahsetmek gerekir. imdiye kadar, su artma endüstrisinde yaygn olarak kullanlan kireç önleyici türleri esas olarak aadaki gibidir. Organik fosfin ölçek inhibitörü (fosfor), organik fosfonat ölçek inhibitörü (fosfor), bileik ölçek inhibitörü, çevresel ölçek inhibitörü (PESA, PASP, vb.), Düük fosfor içeren ölçek inhibitörü (PBTCA gibi). Organik fosfin tipi ölçek inhibitörleri arasnda PBTCA, en düük ölçekli inhibitörlerden biridir. Bunun nedeni, yapsal özelliklerinin moleküler formülde yalnzca bir fosfor elementi içermesidir. Ayn zamanda, PBTC kimyasal, iyi ölçek önleme ve korozyon önleme performansna sahip olan ve dier organik fosfonik asit ölçek önleyicilerinden çok daha iyi olan fosfonik asit ve bir karboksilik asit özelliklerine sahiptir. PBTCA, düük fosfor içeriine sahiptir ve ölçek inhibisyonu için idealdir. Öngörülebilir aralk dahilinde, PBTC asidi su artma kimyasallarnda hala ana üründür ve bir bileik veya ayr bir bileen olarak kullanlabilir. Ülkenin çevresel gereksinimleri daha sk hale geldikçe, daha yüksek fosfor içerikli su artma maddelerinin kullanm snrldr. PBTC asidi, ulusal çevre gereksinimlerini karlar. PBTCA nispeten ekonomiktir ve çou irket için iyi bir seçimdir. Organik fosfinli su artma maddelerinin en yaygn olarak monomer su artma maddelerinde kullanld iyi bilinmektedir. Daha fazla çevresel bask ile kar karya kalan su artma maddeleri çeitlendirmeye doru ilerliyor. Örnein, birletirme, kopolimer, polimer ve dier su ileme maddeleri kullanldklarnda daha fazla hedefle
ÖZELLKLER: PBTCA, yüksek gerilimli alkali Endüstriyel Su Artma (IWT) ve kazan sistemlerinde kalsiyum tortusu oluumunu ve çökelmesini kontrol etmek için tasarlanm% 50 sulu 2-fosfonobütan-1, 2, 4-trikarboksilik asit (PBTC) çözeltisidir. PBTCA, endüstriyel su artma ve endüstriyel temizlemede uygulamalar için bir ayrma ajan ve kalsiyum karbonat tortusu inhibitörü olarak endüstride yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. PBTCA esas olarak Soutma, Kazan ve Saha Suyu Artmnda Kireç ve Korozyon Önleyici olarak kullanlr. PBTCA, düük fosforik içerie sahiptir, hem fosforik asit hem de karboksilik asit grubunun yapsal özelliklerine sahiptir, bu da mükemmel ölçek ve korozyon önleme özelliklerini salar. PBTCA’nn yüksek scaklkta ters sat özellii, fosfonatlarnkinden çok daha iyidir. Fosfonat PBTCA, çinko tuzunun çözünürlüünü artrabilir, iyi klor oksidasyon toleransna ve iyi kompozit sinerjiye sahiptir. Fosfonat PBTCA, kireç ve korozyon önleyici olarak yüksek verimli bir maddedir. PBTCA, çinko tuzu için mükemmel stabilizatördür. Çinko tuzu ve kopolimer ile kompozit için uygun, sirkülasyonlu souk su sisteminde ve petrol sahas doldurma suyu sisteminde kireç ve korozyon önleyici olarak yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. PBTCA, yüksek scaklk, yüksek sertlik, yüksek alkali ve yüksek konsantrasyon indeksi durumlarnda kullanlabilir. Lavasyon alanlarnda elatlama maddesi ve metal deterjan olarak kullanlr.
 

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