SODIUM THIOSULFATE PENTAHYDRATE
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is commonly used as a fixing agent in photographic development processes, where it removes unexposed silver halide and stabilizes the image.
In medical applications, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate acts as an antidote for cyanide poisoning by converting cyanide into less toxic thiocyanate.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also employed in water treatment to neutralize excess chlorine, making water safe for consumption and preventing irritation.
CAS Number: 10102-17-7
EC Number: 231-867-5
Molecular Formula: Na2S2O3·5H2O
Molecular Weight: 248.18 g/mol
Synonyms: Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate, Sodium hyposulfite pentahydrate, Sodium thiosulphate 5-hydrate, Sodium hyposulphite 5-hydrate, Sodium thiosulfate hydrate, Sodium hyposulfate hydrate, Sodium thiosulfate 5-water, Sodium hyposulfite 5-water, Sodium thiosulphate 5-aqueous, Sodium hyposulphite 5-aqueous
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na2S2O3 – 5H2O.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is the pentahydrate form of sodium thiosulfate, which means it contains five molecules of water (H2O) bound to each molecule of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3).
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate forms colorless to white transparent crystals or powder that are soluble in water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is known for its role as a fixing agent in photographic development processes.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is commonly referred to as “hypo” in photography circles.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has a neutral pH in aqueous solutions and is non-toxic under normal handling conditions.
The pentahydrate form indicates that Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate contains five molecules of water bound to each molecule of sodium thiosulfate.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in medical applications as an antidote for cyanide poisoning by reacting with cyanide to form thiocyanate.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also employed in water treatment to dechlorinate water and neutralize excess chlorine.
In analytical chemistry, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate serves as a reducing agent and standard reagent in titrations.
Industrially, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate finds use in the textile industry for bleaching and in the production of detergents.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is stable under normal conditions but decomposes upon heating, releasing sulfur dioxide.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air but does not deliquesce.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate contains a sodium thiosulfate.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3.xH2O.
Typically Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is available as the colorless pentahydrate, Na2S2O3·5H2O.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine.
The medical uses of sodium thiosulfate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate contains a sodium thiosulfate.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3.xH2O.
Typically Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is available as the colorless pentahydrate, Na2S2O3·5H2O.
The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine.
The medical uses of Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is applied in a widely useful, thiosulfate-assisted, synthesis of a variety of diamine-CuCN complexes.
Sodium Thiosulfate is a white translucent crystals or powder that is common as the pentahydrate form; melting at 48 C; readily soluble in water and oil of turpentine; aqueous solution is slightly alkaline which decompose to sulfate and sulfide in the air.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a moderate reducing agent.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrates major use is as a fixing agent in photography for developing film and the extracting silver from ore.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in chrome-tanning leather and in chemical manufacture as a source of sulfide ion.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also used in paper, textile, and water treatment industry and gas purification.
Applications of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is primarily used as a fixing agent in photographic development processes.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is essential for removing unexposed silver halide from photographic emulsions after development.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate plays a crucial role in ensuring the permanence of photographic prints by stabilizing the image.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is employed in medical settings as an antidote for cyanide poisoning.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate reacts with cyanide to form thiocyanate, which is less toxic and can be excreted from the body.
In water treatment, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used to neutralize excess chlorine from drinking water and swimming pools.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate effectively dechlorinates water, making it safe for consumption and preventing skin and eye irritation.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate finds applications in analytical chemistry as a standard reagent and reducing agent.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in titrations to determine the concentration of various chemicals in solution.
Industrial applications include Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrates use in the textile industry for bleaching fabrics and removing excess dye.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is utilized in the production of detergents to remove chlorine from wastewater.
In the electronics industry, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is employed for etching printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate aids in the removal of excess copper during PCB manufacturing processes.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in hair care products to neutralize chlorine and prevent hair damage.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is added to shampoos and conditioners to remove chlorine residues from hair and scalp.
In agriculture, this compound is used in some soil treatments to neutralize harmful chemicals and improve soil quality.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has applications in preserving certain foods, particularly in food processing and storage.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used to maintain food quality and prevent discoloration or degradation caused by chlorine residues.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in some pet care products to neutralize chlorine from pet fur and skin.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in treating skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some topical treatments to soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is incorporated into some industrial cleaners for its ability to neutralize chlorine and other oxidizing agents.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate plays a role in environmental remediation efforts, particularly in treating wastewater contaminated with chlorine compounds.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in emergency medical kits and poison control centers for its role in treating cyanide poisoning.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate serves critical roles in photography, medicine, water treatment, industry, and agriculture, highlighting its versatility and importance across various fields
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in the mining industry for cyanide detoxification in gold cyanidation processes.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate helps neutralize residual cyanide after gold extraction, preventing environmental contamination.
In the petroleum industry, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is employed for hydrogen sulfide removal from hydrocarbon streams.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form a water-soluble product that can be easily removed.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is added to some eye drops to reduce irritation and redness caused by chlorine exposure.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some medications to treat calciphylaxis, a condition involving calcium deposits in blood vessels.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in some topical creams for its potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some foot baths and treatments to neutralize chlorine and chloramine residues on skin and nails.
In the cosmetics industry, this compound is used in formulations aimed at soothing and hydrating sensitive skin.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is employed in histology and pathology laboratories as a decalcifying agent for tissue samples.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate helps remove calcium deposits from tissues, allowing for clearer microscopic examination.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is utilized in the printing industry for removing excess silver from printing plates.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate aids in maintaining the quality and longevity of printing plates, ensuring consistent print quality.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some aquarium treatments to neutralize chlorine and chloramine in tap water.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate helps make tap water safe for fish and aquatic organisms by removing harmful chemicals.
In the cosmetic dentistry field, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used as a fixative for dental impressions made from alginate materials.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate stabilizes the impressions by preventing premature setting reactions.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is added to some face masks and skincare products for its potential detoxifying and clarifying effects.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some formulations to help purify pores and improve skin texture.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is employed in some medical imaging procedures as a contrast agent for X-ray imaging.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate enhances visibility of certain tissues and structures during diagnostic imaging.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in some hair color removers to help break down and remove oxidative dyes from hair.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in the preservation of historic artifacts to remove harmful residual chemicals and stabilize materials.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate aids in protecting artifacts from deterioration and ensures their longevity in museum collections.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate continues to find diverse applications in various industries and fields, demonstrating its versatility and importance in modern technology, healthcare, and environmental protection.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has applications in preserving certain foods and beverages.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate plays a crucial role in the electronics industry for etching printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is biodegradable and does not accumulate in the environment, making it environmentally friendly.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is regulated for specific uses to ensure safe handling and environmental protection.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has a molecular weight of approximately 248.18 g/mol.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate’s density is around 1.67 g/cm³, and Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate melts around 48°C (118°F).
In addition to its medical uses, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in some hair care products for its potential to remove chlorine from hair.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in emergency medical kits for its role in treating cyanide poisoning.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has been studied for potential applications in agriculture, particularly in soil remediation processes.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is odorless and generally considered safe when handled according to standard safety protocols.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has been investigated for its potential therapeutic effects in certain skin conditions.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is included in various formulations where its reducing and antioxidant properties are beneficial.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a versatile compound with widespread applications in photography, medicine, water treatment, and industry, reflecting its importance in diverse fields.
Medical uses:
Sodium thiosulfate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Other uses include topical treatment of ringworm and tinea versicolor, and treating some side effects of hemodialysis and chemotherapy.
Iodometry:
In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate to iodide as the thiosulfate is oxidized to tetrathionate.
This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.
Photographic processing:
Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate:
This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used for both film and photographic paper processing; the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as ‘hypo’, from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.
Ammonium thiosulfate is typically preferred to sodium thiosulfate for this application.
Gold extraction:
Sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate are a component of an alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold.
Thiosulfate forms strong soluble complexes with gold(I) ions.
The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is essentially nontoxic and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate.
Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.
Neutralizing chlorinated water:
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquariums, swimming pools, and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers.
The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.
In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators.
The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate.
Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from solution.
Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.
Pharmaceutical Applications:
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used as an antioxidant in pharmaceuticals (ophthalmic, intravenous, and oral preparations).
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has also been used for its antifungal properties and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.
Purification Methods of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Crystallise Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate from EtOH/H2O solutions or from water (0.3mL/g) below 60o by cooling to 0o, and dry it at 35o over P2O5 under vacuum.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used as a secondary standard in volumetric analysis, and is used as “Hypo” in photography.
Incompatibilities of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is incompatible with iodine, with acids, and with lead, mercury, and silver salts.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate may reduce the activity of some preservatives, including bronopol, phenylmercuric salts, and thimerosal.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, also known as sodium hydrosulfite, is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, but several studies have demonstrated that its efficacy in some pathological conditions is related to ectopic calcification.
The mechanisms of action, by which Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate exerts its inhibitory effect on vascular mineralization, are not yet clear.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has been postulated that Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate: (i) forms with calcium a more soluble complex than calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, (ii) has antioxidant activity improving endothelial function, (iii) has acidosis properties.
However, O’Neil and Hardcastle demonstrated that the inhibitor effect of STS seems to be independent on calcium interactions or on pH, but could be due to a direct extracellular effect on calcification induced by cellular injury releasing cell debris and matrix vesicles.
Nevertheless, STS is used to treat calciphylaxis, kidney stones, uremic vascular calcification and coronary artery calcification.
Recently, intravenous STS has been used in a young boy with several deleterious mutations in ABCC6, ENPP1 and HBB genes and, over a period of 6 months, calcific stenosis of celiac and mesenteric arteries was not anymore detectable on arterial ultrasonography.
Follow-up evidenced a temporary efficacy of sodium thiosulfate.
Two clinical trials (NCT00568399 and NCT00720772) highlight that STS treatment can be safe and can reduce the rate of coronary artery calcification progression in hemodialysis patients.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is typically found in its pentahydrate form which is either white in colour, or colourless altogether.
This pentahydrate of sodium thiosulfate is described by the following chemical formula: Na2S2O3.5H2O.
In its solid form, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a crystalline solid which has a tendency to readily lose water.
Sodium thiosulfate is readily soluble in water and is also referred to as sodium hyposulfite.
The structure of the Na2S2O3 molecule is illustrated below.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate can be noted that the shape of the thiosulfate ion is tetrahedral in the solid-state of sodium thiosulfate.
The distance between the two sulphur atoms in the thiosulfate ion is comparable to the distance between two sigma bonded sulphur atoms.
This implies that the sulphur which is not bonded to any oxygens holds a negative charge.
Structure of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Two polymorphs are known of the pentahydrate.
The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs.
In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion.
The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.
Action Mechanism of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Sodium thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor for the endogenous sulfur transferase enzyme, rhodanese.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used together with sodium nitrite for cyanide poisiong as antidote.
Cyanide has a very high affinity for iron in the ferric state.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate reacts with the trivalent (ferric) iron of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, thereby inhibiting cellular respiration, resulting in lactic acidosis and cytotoxic hypoxia.
Sodium nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion.
Cyanide binds to methemoglobin to form cyanmethemoglobin and restore the activity of cytochrome oxidase.
When cyanide dissociates from methemoglobin, sodium thiosulfate facilitates its conversion by rhodanese to thiocyanate, a less toxic ion.
As antineoplastic adjunct:
The mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfate is still not clear, but Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is thought that it forms a complex with cisplastin via covalent bond, which renders cisplastin more readily eliminated from the kidneys.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate was believed also that sodium thiosulfate plays a role in the protection from nephrotoxicity caused by cisplastin, through reducing delivery of cisplatin to the kidneys and by neutralizing cisplatin in the kidneys where sodium thiosulfate is highly concentrated.
Production of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.
Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids.
Initial protonation occurs at sulfur.
When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.
Handling and Storage of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Handling:
Handle with care to avoid dust generation.
Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles to avoid direct contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid inhaling dust or vapor.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place in a tightly closed container.
Keep away from incompatible materials such as strong acids and oxidizing agents.
Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas.
Protect from moisture and direct sunlight.
Stability and Reactivity of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Stability:
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate should be kept dry and away from moisture to prevent decomposition.
Reactivity:
Reacts with strong acids to produce sulfur dioxide gas.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents which may cause vigorous reactions.
Avoid contact with strong acids, as Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate can lead to the release of sulfur dioxide.
First Aid Measures of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air.
If symptoms persist or if there is difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
If irritation or rash develops, seek medical advice.
Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional.
Seek immediate medical attention if a large amount is ingested.
Fire Fighting Measures of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or foam.
Specific Hazards:
In case of fire, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate can release sulfur dioxide and other toxic fumes.
Protective Equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective clothing.
Ensure firefighters are aware of the potential hazards and the need for appropriate PPE.
Accidental Release Measures of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate PPE including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing.
Avoid generating dust.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent the material from entering drains or watercourses.
Contain the spill to prevent environmental contamination.
Methods for Clean-Up:
Sweep up and place in a suitable, labeled container for disposal.
Clean the area with water and ensure Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is completely dry before re-use.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Exposure Limits:
No specific occupational exposure limits are available, but general industrial hygiene practices should be followed.
Engineering Controls:
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where the material is handled to prevent dust accumulation.
Personal Protective Equipment:
Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or face shield.
Skin Protection:
Protective gloves and appropriate clothing.
Respiratory Protection:
Dust mask or respirator if dust or vapor is present.
Other:
Eye wash facilities should be available in case of accidental exposure.
Identifiers of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Chemical Name: Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Common Name: Sodium thiosulfate
CAS Number: 10102-17-7
EC Number: 233-468-6
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molecular Weight: 248.18 g/mol
IUPAC Name: Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Synonyms: Sodium thiosulfate, Sodium thiosulphate, Thiosulfuric acid sodium salt, Sodium thiosulfate (5-hydrate)
UN Number: 1671 (for sodium thiosulfate solutions, though not specifically for the pentahydrate form)
SMILES Notation: [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)O[S-]O.[O-]O.[O-]O
InChI Key: XDBUCIJWZCNJMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Properties of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate:
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Form: Granular or crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Slightly salty
Density: Approximately 1.66 g/cm³
Melting Point: Decomposes at about 48°C (118°F)
Solubility:
Water: Soluble (approximately 50 g/L at 20°C)
Solvent Miscibility: Not miscible with organic solvents
Chemical Properties:
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molecular Weight: 248.18 g/mol
pH (1% solution): Typically around 7 (neutral)
Hygroscopic: Yes, absorbs moisture from the air
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 247.96124818
Monoisotopic Mass: 247.96124818
Topological Polar Surface Area: 109 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Complexity: 82.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 8
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Colorless to white transparent crystals or crystalline powder.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Mildly salty.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water; solubility increases with temperature.
Density: Approximately 1.67 g/cm³.
Melting Point: Decomposes around 48°C (118°F) without melting directly.
Boiling Point: Decomposes upon heating.
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air but does not deliquesce.
Crystal Structure: Crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system.
pH: Neutral in aqueous solution.
Molecular Weight: Approximately 248.18 g/mol.
Heat of Solution: Exothermic dissolution in water.
Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3 · 5H2O.
Composition: Contains sodium ions (Na+), thiosulfate ions (S2O3^2-), and water molecules.
Hydration State: Pentahydrate form indicates five molecules of water per molecule of sodium thiosulfate.
Acidity/Basicity: Neutral pH in aqueous solution.
Solubility in Other Solvents: Insoluble in organic solvents.
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions but decomposes upon heating, releasing sulfur dioxide gas.
Reduction Potential: Sodium thiosulfate acts as a mild reducing agent in certain chemical reactions.
Complex Formation: Forms stable complexes with metal ions, such as silver, in photographic processes.