GLUCURONOLACTONE
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is also metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.
CAS Number: 32449-92-6
EC Number: 251-053-3
Molecular Formula: C6H8O6
Molar Mass: 176.12 g/mol
Synonyms: D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone, (2R)-[(3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxotetrahydro-2-furanyl](hydroxy)acetaldehyd, (2R)-[(3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxotetrahydro-2-furanyl](hydroxy)acetaldehyde, (2R)-[(3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxotétrahydro-2-furanyl](hydroxy)acétaldéhyde, 32449-92-6, D-Glucurone, D-Glucuronic acid lactone, D-Glucurono-3,6-Lactone, Glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone, Glucuronic acid lactone
Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is sometimes used in energy drinks,.
Declarations that Glucuronolactone can be used to reduce “brain fog” are based on research conducted on energy drinks that contain other active ingredients, such as Caffeine, that have been shown to improve cognitive function.
Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums
Glucuronolactone (IUPAC name = (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetaldehyde) occurs naturally in the body.
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Glucuronolactone helps to remove harmful substances from the body, gives instant energy.
Glucuronolactone is a white solid odorless compound, soluble in hot and cold water.
Glucuronolactones melting point ranges from 176 to 178 °C.
Glucuronolactone can exist in a monocyclic aldehyde form or in a bicyclic hemiacetal (lactol) form.
Glucuronolactone has received some notoriety due to an urban legend that it was a Vietnam War-era drug manufactured by the American government and since banned due to brain tumor-related deaths.
However, this claim is completely false, and the quoted British Medical Journal article does not exist.
Glucuronolactone is unknown if Glucuronolactone is safe for human consumtion due to a lack of proper human or animal trials.
However, Glucuronolactone likely has limited effects on the human body.
Furthermore research on isolated supplements of glucuronolactone is limited, no warnings appear on the Food and Drug Administration website regarding its potential to cause brain tumors or other maladies
Glucuronolactone is an ingredient used in some energy drinks Although levels of glucuronolactone in energy drinks can far exceed those found in the rest of the diet.
Research into Glucuronolactone is too limited to assert claims about its safety The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that Glucuronolactone is unlikely that glucurono-γ-lactone would have any interaction with caffeine, taurine, alcohol or the effects of exercise.
The Panel also concluded, based on the data available, that additive interactions between taurine and caffeine on diuretic effects are unlikely.
Glucuronolactone is used as a detoxicant.
Glucuronolactone is also metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.
Glucuronolactone is a molecule that is commonly found in energy drinks (at around 10-60mg, with variance depending on brand), although in studies ‘disassembling’ the constituents of energy drinks suggest no significant contribution towards energy
In vitro, Glucuronolactone can be metabolized by a dehydrogenase into D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone (G14L), where D-glucuronolactone appears to metabolize into a dilactone (d-glucaro-1,4-3,6-dilactone) and then spontaneously degrade into G14L.
Glucuronolactone acid is the main urinary metabolite of the glucuronic acid pathway,which synthesizes Glucuronic Acid for the purposes of conjugation by drug metabolizing enzymes (UGT transferases).
Daily urine output of D-Glucaric Acid is approximately 30-100umol.
1,4-GL can be seen as protective for blood vessel health by alleviating oxidative/nitrative damage to lipoproteins from reactive species such as hydroperoxide and peroxynitrate, as well as acting as an anti-platelet aggregative compound.
Glucuronolactone may be synergistic with resveratrol in this regard.
When consuming an energy drink (80mg caffeine, 1000mg taurine, 800mg Glucuronolactone; sugar free with B-complex), an overall increase in platelet aggregation appears to occur in otherwise healthy persons with infrequent energy drink consumption.
Participants refrained from caffeine for a week prior to testing, and the contribution of Glucuronolactone towards the observed effects was not established
Glucuronolactone can be formed when glucuronic acid is degraded in subcritical water interchangeably
Glucuronolactone in combination with caffeine, beta-alanine, creatine, citrulline and taurine has a possible positive effect in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Maybe the odd sounding compound rings a bell, maybe Glucuronolactone doesn’t.
Glucuronolactone is something you have probably consumed if you have ever had an energy drink.
Glucuronolactone is also quickly being adopted in the supplement world, typically in multiple ingredient ergogenic (performance enhancing) or pre-workout products.
There is relatively little information on the compound, which has led to a lack of awareness about its effects and even misinformation to the athletic community.
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite of glucose and regulates the formation of glycogen.
Glucuronolactone precursor, D-glucuronic acid (henceforth referred to as DGA) remains in an equilibrium state with glucuronolactone at physiological pH.
Glucuronolactone is a cyclic ester of glucuronic acid, which is an oxidized product of glucose.
In many countries, glucuronolactone is a common ingredient in energy drinks, which also contain quite large amounts of caffeine and supposed energy enhancing components, such as taurine, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Energy drinks are popular, especially with young people1-2); however, these drinks are known to have serious harmful effects on children and young adults owing to their high caffeine content3).
The health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults have been studied and the consequences of their many constituents are being researched.
The pharmacological effects of energy drinks have not been verified, which has raised apprehension about the consumption of such drinks, particularly on children and young people3).
Glucuronolactone can be incorporated into pharmaceutical products in Korea but its use as a food additive is strictly prohibited.
To inspect illegal use of glucuronolactone, beverages have been tested consistently in Korea using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a diode array detector (DAD).
Owing to Glucuronolactone’s high polarity, low molecular weight, and absence of chromophores, the analysis of glucuronolactone using HPLC-DAD chromatography has been carried out through derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP)4).
Glucuronolactone is a natural organic compound widely used as nutritional supplements in food and beverage industries.
As a nutrition supplement, D-Glucuronolactone can be used in a wide variety of industries
Glucuronolactone dehydrogenase occurs in the non-particulate fraction of liver homogenates, and in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) converts D-glucuronolactone to D-glucaric acid.
The enzyme is probably responsible for the D-glucaric acid excreted in normal mammalian urine.
Glucuronolactone’s activity is conveniently measured by the specific inhibitory effect of D-glucarate, after heating at acid pH, on β-glucuronidase.
Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring chemical compound produced by the metabolism of glucose in the human liver.
Glucuronolactone is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.
Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.
Glucuronolactone has received some notoriety due to urban legends that it was a Vietnam War-era drug manufactured by the American government.
The rumor goes on to say that Glucuronolactone was banned due to several brain tumor-related deaths.
The rumor has since been proven false, as neither the cited British Medical Journal article nor the “banning of its consumption” ever occurred.
Furthermore, no warnings appear on the Food and Drug Administration website regarding Glucuronolactone’s potential to cause brain tumors or other maladies
Glucuronolactone is present in many energy drinks.
Most of these drinks also contain caffeine, but glucuronolactone is included because Glucuronolactone is purported to fight fatigue and provide a sense of well-being.
Glucuronolactone is metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.
The liver uses glucose to create glucuronolactone, which inhibits the enzyme B-glucuronidase (metabolizes glucuronides), which should cause blood-glucuronide levels to rise.
Glucuronides combine with toxic substances, such as morphine and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, by converting them to water-soluble glucuronide-conjugates which are then excreted from the body.
Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in applications for detoxification.
Sodium glucuronate, glucuronolactone or glucose labeled uniformly with radiocarbon was administered intravenously to dogs together with an intravenous infusion of bilirubin.
When sodium glucuronate was injected, the bile recovered in the succeeding 3 hours contained 4.16 x 10–6 and 8.33 x 10–7 of the labeled material injected per milligram bilirubin.
Recoveries after injection of labeled glucuronolactone were 4.98 x 10–5 and 7.94 x 10–5 of the administered label per milligram bilirubin excreted, and when labeled glucose was given, the fractions recovered were 3.39 x 10–4 and 4.91 x 10–4/mg bilirubin.
Radioautograms of paper chromatograms of bile showed radioactivity at the spots corresponding to bilirubin glucuronide when glucose was the labeled substrate.
A rapid, sensitive analytical method for glucuronolactone in beverages was developed and validated using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS).
To determine the optimum analytical conditions for glucuronolactone, three different kinds of HILIC columns and two mobile phases with different pH values were examined.
An amide-bonded stationary phase with a pH 9 acetonitrile-rich mobile phase was the best condition in terms of column retention, ESI-MS/MS response area, and signal-to-noise ratio.
After extraction, glucuronolactone was separated through the HILIC amide column and detected by negative ESI-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode.
Nine energy drinks sold in Korea were spiked with glucuronolactone at a concentration of 5 ng/mL; the Monster EnergyTM sample showed the smallest peak area and its signal-to-noise ratio was used for method validation.
Good linearity was obtained in the concentration range from 20 to 1500 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.998.
The developed method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 ng/mL and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 20 ng/mL.
The recovery of this method at concentration of 20, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL was 96.3%-99.2% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.6%- 14.0%.
A reproducibility precision assessment at concentration of 100 and 500 ng/mL was carried out among three laboratories.
The recovery of that evaluation was 95.1%-102.3% with RSD of 2.7%-7.0%.
An analysis of variance indicated that there was no difference between the recovery results of the three laboratories at the 5% significance level.
The validated method is applicable to inspecting beverages adulterated with glucuronolactone in Korea.
Glucuronolactone is white crystalline powder, mainly used for strengthening the liver’s function of toxicant elimination, renovating and optimizing the function of cerebrum and regulating the immunologic function.
After entering the body,this product appears in the form of glucuronic acid, which is directly absorbed by human body without any side effect.
One of the characteristic reactions of glucuronic acid derivatives is the base-catalysed elimination of a 4-(substituted) hydroxy group to generate a Δ 4,5 pyranose.
Following hydrogenation, proceeding mainly from the α-face provided the anomeric configuration is β, the initial C(5)-configuration is restored.
This sequence affords access to a number of 4-deoxypyranoses: thus 4-deoxyglucoses are readily available by reduction at C(6).
Conversion to a glycal, then cis-dihydroxylation at C(2)/C(3) leads to the d-lyxo configuration (found in neosidomycin).
Finally a less obvious relationship to the KDO series is revealed, again by dihydroxylation
Our ground coffee contains effective doses of nootropics: a class of supplements known for improving cognition, focus, and energy.
While glucuronolactone has cognitive benefits, it’s also an incredibly versatile supplement for physical health.
Here are the benefits of Glucuronolactone you’ll find in our coffee:
Glucuronolactone is a component of one of the most popular joint support supplements:
Chondroitin Sulfate.
The more glucuronolactone your body has, the more you can contribute and support the health of your ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Insufficient Glucuronolactone occurs naturally in the body.
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Glucuronolactone helps to remove harmful substances from the body, gives instant energy.
The main ingredients of energy drinks are caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone.
Some new products coming to the market also contain poppy seed extract or ephedrine.
Taurine is an amino acid found naturally in the body.
Amino acids contribute to protein production.
In addition, Glucuronolactone is among the findings that they purify the body from harmful substances and toxins.
During stressful times and intense physical activity, the body can lose small amounts of taurine.
Some people drink energy drinks to restore or increase the level of taurine in their body.
While taurine, a natural amino acid, is found in the body between 40-400 mg, Glucuronolactone is found as 1000 mg in energy drinks.
Studies have shown that taurine increases locomotor activity by increasing dopamine production, reduces alcohol-induced amnesia, and reduces the toxic effect of alcohol on the liver.
Glucuronolactone is also known that taurine is an anti-anxiety agent by affecting gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
However, despite Glucuronolactone’s positive properties, according to the results obtained in a study on rats, Glucuronolactone was determined that excessive consumption of taurine alters cerebral dopaminergic transmission and thus causes hypothermia.
Glucuronolactone is also found naturally in the body.
Glucuronolactone is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Glucuronolactone helps to remove harmful substances from the body, gives instant energy.
Caffeine, by acting on the central nervous system, accelerates the messages to and from the brain; thus, Glucuronolactone is a stimulant that makes the person more alert and active.
The thermogenic property of caffeine makes Glucuronolactone the most commonly used psychoactive substance.
Therefore, while caffeine intake is an important factor that makes the person more productive and more concentrated at the beginning, after taking it in small doses for 4-6 weeks, Glucuronolactone decreases the concentration by causing neurotransmitter destruction, thus reducing the learning ability, causing problems such as falling asleep and insomnia known.
However, Glucuronolactone has been observed that consumption of less than 400 mg of caffeine per day does not cause the mentioned side effects in healthy adults, but side effects occur in case of consumption of more than 400 mg per day.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron is a medicinal raw material, active pharmaceutical ingredient, API.
Glucuronolactone will be catalyzed by the enzyme in our body system as glucuronic acid.
After combined with metabolites, tonic agents or drugs from the liver and intestinal tract, the non-toxic combination of glucuronic acid will be produced and excreted in the urine.
Meanwhile, Glucuronolactone or Glucuron will reduce liver amylase activity, prevent glycogenolysis, increase glycogen content, reduce bad fat storage in our body.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron is also thought to help in the fight against hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, food and drug poisoning.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron arthritis is an adjuvant drug for rheumatoid arthritis.
As a food additive, Glucuronolactone or Glucuron is widely applied foods and functional or energy drinks.
Glucuronolactone is an essential food ingredient for our food supply.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron regulates immune function.
Glucuronolactone will also have anti-aging ability.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron improves our brain’s oxygen delivery, this will speed up recovery from fatigue.
Glucuronolactone can also be used as a detoxifier.
As an antidote, Glucuronolactone combines poisons from the liver and gut into a non-toxic combination of glucuronic acid.
This process will reduce the work of our liver.
In this way, Glucuronolactone is liver protector.
Glucuronolactone occurs naturally.
Glucuronolactone can also be produced in large quantities.
Glucuronolactone can be found in some plant gums.
Glucuronolactone, API improves liver function.
This is why Glucuronolactone is widely used in food additives, some beverages and medicines.
Glucuronolactone or Glucuron Raw Material, API is also used in the animal health industry.
Glucuronolactone an organic chemical compound, a glucose metabolite found naturally in foods.
Glucuronolactone affects the course of energy changes occurring in the body, in addition, Glucuronolactone has a certain detoxification and hepatoprotective potential, and also has a positive effect on the functioning of the locomotor system.
Glucuronolactone can be used as an element that supports exercise capacity, but above all as an additive that helps to get rid of unnecessary metabolic products.
A so-called integral component is also found in energy drinks, pre- and post-workout preparations, keratin stacks and special drinks for athletes.
There are no mono-preparations containing this substance on the market.
Glucuronolactone should be noted that there is no justification in the form of professional literature, as you can find information on the negative effects of the above-mentioned substances on the Internet.
Glucuronolactone is white crystal or white crystalline powder.
Glucuronolactone is soluble in water, some of it turns into glucuronic acid, the solution is acidic, slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol.
The main function of glucuronolactone is to enhance the detoxification function of the liver, restore or improve brain function, regulate immune function and nourish the skin, delay aging, improve hypoxia, eliminate fatigue and enhance function.
coordination of various organ functions.
Glucuronolactone is used in acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or poisoning and detoxification of food or drugs.
Glucuronolactone of glucose metabolism, that is, a type of carbohydrate formed when glucose is broken down.
Glucuronolactone provides energy to the body.
Glucuronolactone is produced synthetically and used in energy drinks.
Glucuronolactone is naturally made in our bodies when glucose metabolizes in our liver.
Glucuronolactone is also an important component of our connective tissues.
Although Glucuronolactone is produced naturally (Glucuronolactone is a part of our various tendons, ligaments and cartilage), very small amounts of Glucuronolactone are found in our bodies.
Glucuronolactone is also present in animal connective tissues, certain plants and energy drinks.
Because of its many benefits, Glucuronolactone is a powerful supplement that enhances physical and mental functions of our bodies
Glucuronolactone have been heavily studied in the numerous products that contain it — particularly sports and energy drinks (x).
In many of these studies, Glucuronolactone is combined with other active ingredients like caffeine and taurine.
However, Glucuronolactone still gets credit for the improvement of several bodily functions.
A water-soluble crystalline compound that is found in plant gums in polymers with other carbohydrates.
Glucuronolactone an important structural component of almost all fibrous and connective tissues in animals.
Glucuronolactone occurs in some of the drinks we consume.
Red wine has arguably the highest natural amount of Glucuronolactone with as much as 20 mg per liter.
Other drinks that contain Glucuronolactone include the following:
Chewable coffee
Monster energy drink
Revitalizer soda
When combined with other ingredients such as taurine and caffeine in energy drinks, Glucuronolactone enhances an individual’s momentum to carry out daily tasks.
Anyone can find value in this supplement because it provides the one thing that each one of us needs to make it through the day — energy.
Intensive exercise typically produces exhaustion and fatigue.
However, several trials show that Glucuronolactone helps to prevent effects of energy depletion, even after vigorous activity.
Glucuronolactone will give you that burst of energy to persist and carry any workout or strenuous task.
Glucuronolactone contributes to numerous benefits for physical performance, as Glucuronolactone is an active ingredient that aids in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Some people need help to get through an aerobic, high-cardio workout.
Labored breathing during an (anaerobic) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) workout might also require a bit of reinforcement.
Glucuronolactone provides support for both.
Glucuronolactone also works well with other ingredients as a pre-workout supplement because it leads to the gain of muscle protein and the ability to perform repetitious workout tasks.
Many athletes work to build stamina and strength because their long-term goal is to gain muscle.
Glucuronolactone provides benefits that helps athletes to accomplish all of these goals.
Those who incorporate exercises to increase cardiac health and trim fat into lean muscle will likely consider glucuronolactone a necessary addition to their athletic routine.
Uses of Glucuronolactone:
Glucuronolactone has various uses, primarily in the food and beverage industry, as well as in pharmaceuticals and supplements.
Here are some of Glucuronolactone’s key uses:
Energy Drinks:
Glucuronolactone is a common ingredient in energy drinks, often included for its purported ability to increase energy levels, enhance alertness, and reduce fatigue.
Dietary Supplements:
Glucuronolactone is used in dietary supplements for its potential benefits in improving mental performance and physical endurance.
Detoxification:
Glucuronolactone is believed to help in the detoxification process by supporting liver function and aiding in the elimination of toxins from the body.
Cognitive Function:
Some studies suggest that Glucuronolactone may have a positive effect on cognitive function, potentially improving memory and concentration.
Sports Nutrition:
Glucuronolactone is included in sports nutrition products for its potential to enhance physical performance and recovery.
Pharmaceuticals:
In some formulations, Glucuronolactone is used for its role in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are important for connective tissue health.
Health Supplements:
Glucuronolactone is sometimes added to health supplements aimed at improving overall well-being and supporting the body’s natural detoxification processes.
While Glucuronolactone is generally recognized as safe, Glucuronolactone is important to use it within recommended dosages and consult with healthcare professionals if there are any concerns or pre-existing health conditions.
Typical Properties of Glucuronolactone:
Chemical Properties:
Functional Groups:
Contains hydroxyl groups (-OH) and a lactone ring (cyclic ester)
Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures; may decompose at high temperatures
Reactivity:
Can undergo hydrolysis to produce glucuronic acid
Biological Properties:
Bioavailability:
Readily absorbed in the digestive tract
Metabolism:
Metabolized in the liver to glucuronic acid
Elimination:
Excreted primarily via urine
Safety and Handling of Glucuronolactone:
Safety:
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory authorities
Handling:
Should be handled with care to avoid inhalation or contact with skin and eyes; use personal protective equipment (PPE) as necessary
Identifiers of Glucuronolactone:
CAS Number: 32449-92-6
Molecular Formula: C6H8O6
Molar Mass: 176.12 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (2R)-2-[(3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-oxooxan-2-yl]oxyacetic acid
InChI Key: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-GBNDHIKLSA-N
PubChem CID: 11277
EC Number: 251-053-3
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:16077
Properties of Glucuronolactone:
Appearance: White crystal or white crystalline powder.
Identity: Positive
Melting point: 170 ~ 176 ℃
Specific rotation: +18.0 20.0°
What the solution looks like: Clarity and colouless
Drying loss: ≤0.5%
Residue on ignition: ≤0.1%
Sulphate (SO4): ≤1ppm
Arsenic: ≤1ppm
Ammonium salts (NH4): ≤200ppm
Heavy metals: ≤10ppm
assay: ~ 102.0, 98.5%,%
Total number of plates: ≤1000cfu/gr
Mold and Yeast: ≤100cfu/gr
E. coli: Negative / 25g
poisoning microbe: Negative / 375g
S. aureus: Negative / 25g
coliforms: Negative / 25g
Chemical Formula: C6H8O6
Molecular Weight: 176.12 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Melting Point: Approximately 176-178 °C
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: 1.75 g/cm³
pH: Typically acidic in aqueous solutions
Appearance: White crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification :Positive
Appearance of solution: Clarify & colourless
Specific rotation(°): +18.0 – +20.0
Loss on drying(%): 0.5 Max
Residue on ignition(%) :0.1 Max
Melting point(℃) :170 – 176
Assay(%): 98.5 – 102.0
Heavy metal(ppm): 10 Max
As(ppm): 1.0 Max
NH4(%) :200 Max
TPC(cfu/g) :1000 Max
Yeast & Mold(cfu/g) :100 Max
E.Coli :Neg
Salmonella :Neg
Specifications of Glucuronolactone:
Purity: ≥ 98.0%
Assay: 98.0% – 102.0% (on a dry basis)
Loss on Drying: ≤ 1.0%
Residue on Ignition: ≤ 0.1%
Specific Rotation: +18.0° to +22.0° (C=2, H2O)
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Slightly sweet
Solubility:
Water: Soluble
Ethanol: Slightly soluble
Methanol: Slightly soluble
Heavy Metals:
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Arsenic (As): ≤ 1 ppm
Lead (Pb): ≤ 2 ppm
Cadmium (Cd): ≤ 1 ppm
Mercury (Hg): ≤ 0.1 ppm
Total Plate Count: ≤ 1000 cfu/g
Yeast and Mold: ≤ 100 cfu/g
E. coli: Negative
Salmonella: Negative
Staphylococcus aureus: Negative
Additional Specifications:
pH (5% solution): 2.5 – 3.5
Melting Point: 176-178 °C
Names of Glucuronolactone:
IUPAC Names:
(2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxo -tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetaldehyde
(2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxo- oxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetaldehyd
(2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyacetaldehyde
(3aR,5R,6R,6aR)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2-one
(3S,3aR,6R,6aR)-3,5,6-trihydroxytetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one