HYDRAZINE HYDRATE 100% (HDRAZN HDRAT 100%)
HYDRAZINE HYDRATE 100% (HDRAZN HDRAT 100%)
CAS No. : 7803-57-8
EC No. : 600-285-7
Synonyms:
Hydrazine hydrate; 7803-57-8; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine monohydrate; Hydrazinium hydroxide; 10217-52-4; Hydrazine hydroxide; HYDRAZINE, MONOHYDRATE; Hydrazine, hydrate; hydraziniumhydroxide; Idrazina idrata [Italian]; UNII-KYD297831P; CCRIS 7739; Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI); KYD297831P; Idrazina idrata; MFCD00149931; Hydrazinemonohydrate; Hydrazine hydrate, 55% (Hydrazine, 35%); Hydrazine hydrate, 80% (Hydrazine, 51%); diazane hydrate; hydrazin hydrate; hydrazine hydrat; hyrazine hydrate; hydrate hydrazine; hydrazine-hydrate; hydrazine.hydrate; hydrazine H2O; hydrazin, hydrate; hydrazine. hydrate; hyrazine monohydrate; NH2NH2 hydrate; hydrazine-monohydrate; Hydrazinehydrate NH2NH2 water; hydrazine mono hydrate; hydrazine mono-hydrate; mono hydrazine hydrate; PubChem21005; ACMC-1BEVD; hydrazine–water (1/1); H2NNH2 H2O; H2NNH2-H2O; H2NNH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine, hydrate (1:1); NH2NH2 H2O; NH2NH2-H2O; NH2NH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazinium hydroxide solution; KSC182I0B; H2N-NH2.H2O; NH2-NH2-H2O; NH2-NH2.H2O; DTXSID9037240; CHEBI:35511; CTK0I2400; N2 H4 H2 O; BCP32127; KS-00000W6E; STR00022; ANW-37146; AKOS015855338; LS-76818; LS-76919; SC-46363; AB0062816; Hydrazine hydrate, 100% (Hydrazine, 64%); A839316; Hydrazine hydrate solution, 24-26% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, 78-82% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, purum, ~25% in H2O; Hydrazine hydrate, reagent grade, N2H4 50-60 %; Hydrazine monohydrate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; Hydrazine monohydrate, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%; J-000638; J-610002; Q3143689; Hydrazine hydrate solution 35% in water (22% hydrazine); HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine hydrate solution 55% in water (35% hydrazine); Hydrazine monohydrate, N2H4 64-65 %, reagent grade, 98%; Hydrazine hydrate solution, puriss. p.a., 24-26% in H2O (RT); Hydrazine monohydrate pound>>Hydrazinium hydroxide pound>>Hydrazinehydrate; Hydrazine hydrate solution 60 (N2H4.H2O); HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE; Diamid hydrate; Diamide monohydrate; HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE REAGENT GRADE 9&; HYDRAZINE HYDRATE SOLUTION APPROX. 80 %; HydrazineHydrate80%Gr; HydrazineHydrate80%; Hydrazine hydrate; 7803-57-8; Hydrazine monohydrate; Hydrazinium hydroxide; 10217-52-4; Hydrazine hydroxide; HYDRAZINE, MONOHYDRATE; Hydrazine, hydrate; hydraziniumhydroxide; Idrazina idrata [Italian]; UNII-KYD297831P; CCRIS 7739; Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI); KYD297831P; Idrazina idrata; MFCD00149931; Hydrazinemonohydrate; Hydrazine hydrate, 55% (Hydrazine, 35%); Hydrazine hydrate, 80% (Hydrazine, 51%); HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; diazane hydrate; hydrazin hydrate; hydrazine hydrat; hyrazine hydrate; hydrate hydrazine; hydrazine-hydrate; hydrazine.hydrate; hydrazine H2O; hydrazin, hydrate; hydrazine. hydrate; hyrazine monohydrate; NH2NH2 hydrate; hydrazine-monohydrate; Hydrazinehydrate NH2NH2 water; hydrazine mono hydrate; hydrazine mono-hydrate; mono hydrazine hydrate; PubChem21005; ACMC-1BEVD; hydrazine–water (1/1); H2NNH2 H2O; H2NNH2-H2O; H2NNH2.H2O; Hydrazine, hydrate (1:1); NH2NH2 H2O; NH2NH2-H2O; NH2NH2.H2O; Hydrazinium hydroxide solution; KSC182I0B; H2N-NH2.H2O; NH2-NH2-H2O; NH2-NH2.H2O; DTXSID9037240; CHEBI:35511; CTK0I2400; N2 H4 H2 O; BCP32127; KS-00000W6E; STR00022; ANW-37146; AKOS015855338; LS-76818; LS-76919; SC-46363; AB0062816; Hydrazine hydrate, 100% (Hydrazine, 64%); A839316; Hydrazine hydrate solution, 24-26% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, 78-82% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, purum, ~25% in H2O; Hydrazine hydrate, reagent grade, N2H4 50-60 %; Hydrazine monohydrate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; Hydrazine monohydrate, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%; J-000638; J-610002; Q3143689; Hydrazine hydrate solution 35% in water (22% hydrazine); Hydrazine hydrate solution 55% in water (35% hydrazine); Hydrazine monohydrate, N2H4 64-65 %, reagent grade, 98%; Hydrazine hydrate solution, puriss. p.a., 24-26% in H2O (RT); Hydrazine monohydrate pound>>Hydrazinium hydroxide pound>>Hydrazinehydrate; Hydrazine hydrate solution 60 (N2H4.H2O); HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE; Diamid hydrate; Diamide monohydrate; HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE REAGENT GRADE 9&; HYDRAZINE HYDRATE SOLUTION APPROX. 80 %; HydrazineHydrate80%Gr; HydrazineHydrate80%; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine hydrate; 7803-57-8; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine monohydrate; Hydrazinium hydroxide; 10217-52-4; Hydrazine hydroxide; HYDRAZINE, MONOHYDRATE; Hydrazine, hydrate; hydraziniumhydroxide; Idrazina idrata [Italian]; UNII-KYD297831P; CCRIS 7739; Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI); KYD297831P; Idrazina idrata; MFCD00149931; Hydrazinemonohydrate; Hydrazine hydrate, 55% (Hydrazine, 35%); Hydrazine hydrate, 80% (Hydrazine, 51%); diazane hydrate; hydrazin hydrate; hydrazine hydrat; hyrazine hydrate; hydrate hydrazine; hydrazine-hydrate; hydrazine.hydrate; hydrazine H2O; hydrazin, hydrate; hydrazine. hydrate; hyrazine monohydrate; NH2NH2 hydrate; hydrazine-monohydrate; Hydrazinehydrate NH2NH2 water; hydrazine mono hydrate; hydrazine mono-hydrate; mono hydrazine hydrate; PubChem21005; ACMC-1BEVD; hydrazine–water (1/1); H2NNH2 H2O; H2NNH2-H2O; H2NNH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine, hydrate (1:1); NH2NH2 H2O; NH2NH2-H2O; NH2NH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazinium hydroxide solution; KSC182I0B; H2N-NH2.H2O; NH2-NH2-H2O; NH2-NH2.H2O; DTXSID9037240; CHEBI:35511; CTK0I2400; N2 H4 H2 O; BCP32127; KS-00000W6E; STR00022; ANW-37146; AKOS015855338; LS-76818; LS-76919; SC-46363; AB0062816; Hydrazine hydrate, 100% (Hydrazine, 64%); A839316; Hydrazine hydrate solution, 24-26% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, 78-82% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, purum, ~25% in H2O; Hydrazine hydrate, reagent grade, N2H4 50-60 %; Hydrazine hydrate; 7803-57-8; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine monohydrate; Hydrazinium hydroxide; 10217-52-4; Hydrazine hydroxide; HYDRAZINE, MONOHYDRATE; Hydrazine, hydrate; hydraziniumhydroxide; Idrazina idrata [Italian]; UNII-KYD297831P; CCRIS 7739; Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI); KYD297831P; Idrazina idrata; MFCD00149931; Hydrazinemonohydrate; Hydrazine hydrate, 55% (Hydrazine, 35%); Hydrazine hydrate, 80% (Hydrazine, 51%); diazane hydrate; hydrazin hydrate; hydrazine hydrat; hyrazine hydrate; hydrate hydrazine; hydrazine-hydrate; hydrazine.hydrate; hydrazine H2O; hydrazin, hydrate; hydrazine. hydrate; hyrazine monohydrate; NH2NH2 hydrate; hydrazine-monohydrate; Hydrazinehydrate NH2NH2 water; hydrazine mono hydrate; hydrazine mono-hydrate; mono hydrazine hydrate; PubChem21005; ACMC-1BEVD; hydrazine–water (1/1); H2NNH2 H2O; H2NNH2-H2O; H2NNH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazine, hydrate (1:1); NH2NH2 H2O; NH2NH2-H2O; NH2NH2.H2O; HDRAZN HDRAT 100%; Hidrazin hidrat %100; hidrazin hidrat %100; Hydrazinium hydroxide solution; KSC182I0B; H2N-NH2.H2O; NH2-NH2-H2O; NH2-NH2.H2O; DTXSID9037240; CHEBI:35511; CTK0I2400; N2 H4 H2 O; BCP32127; KS-00000W6E; STR00022; ANW-37146; AKOS015855338; LS-76818; LS-76919; SC-46363; AB0062816; Hydrazine hydrate, 100% (Hydrazine, 64%); A839316; Hydrazine hydrate solution, 24-26% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, 78-82% (iodometric); Hydrazine hydrate solution, purum, ~25% in H2O; Hydrazine hydrate, reagent grade, N2H4 50-60 %
Hydrazine hydrate 100%
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Hydrazine hydrate 100%
Hydrazine-3D-vdW.pngWater molecule 3D.svg
Hydrazine hydrate 100% model
Units of SI and STP unless otherwise stated.
edit Consult the model documentation
The hydrazine hydrate 100% is the chemical compound of formula H 2 N-NH 2H 2 O. It contains 61% hydrazine hydrate 100% by mass and 39% water .
Used by the Germans from the 1940s in the B-Stoffs and C-Stoffs for the propulsion of certain airplanes ( Messerschmitt 163B ), hydrazine hydrate 100% is used until today as a reducing propellant in the liquid propellants of certain space launchers . It has in particular been referenced by Arianespace for its Ariane 2 to Ariane 4 launchers in a mixture of 75% UDMH – 25% hydrazine hydrate 100% , called UH 25 . Its melting point is in fact significantly lower than that of pure hydrazine hydrate 100%: −51.7 ° C, against 1 ° C for hydrazine hydrate 100% , and its slightly higher density: 1032 kg · m -3 against 1004.5 kg · m -3 , without degradation of the energy performance of this fuel , which makes it a propellant effective for pitchers .
Hydrazine hydrate 100% (Hydrazine, 64%)
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H
4. It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colorless and flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is highly toxic unless handled in solution as e.g., hydrazine hydrate 100% (NH2NH2 · xH2O). As of 2015, the world hydrazine hydrate 100% market amounted to $350 million.[8] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, as well as a long-term storable propellant for in-space spacecraft propulsion.
About two million tons of hydrazine hydrate 100% were used in foam blowing agents in 2015. Additionally, hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.[9]
Hydrazine hydrate 100% refer to a class of organic substances derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrazine hydrate 100% by an organic group.[10]
Uses
Gas producers and propellants
The majority use of hydrazine hydrate 100% is as a precursor to blowing agents. Specific compounds include azodicarbonamide and azobisisobutyronitrile, which produce 100–200 mL of gas per gram of precursor. In a related application, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine hydrate 100% by reaction with sodium nitrite.[10]
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is also used as a long-term storable propellant on board space vehicles, such as the NASA Dawn probe to Ceres and Vesta, and to both reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen in and control pH of water used in large industrial boilers. The F-16 fighter jet, NASA Space Shuttle, and U-2 spy plane use hydrazine hydrate 100% to fuel their emergency power units.[11]
Precursor to pesticides and pharmaceuticals
Fluconazole, synthesized using hydrazine hydrate 100%, is an antifungal medication.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a precursor to several pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Often these applications involve conversion of hydrazine hydrate 100% to heterocyclic rings such as pyrazoles and pyridazines. Examples of commercialized bioactive hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives include cefazolin, rizatriptan, anastrozole, fluconazole, metazachlor, metamitron, metribuzin, paclobutrazol, diclobutrazole, propiconazole, hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate,[12] diimide, triadimefon,[10] and dibenzoylhydrazine hydrate 100%.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% compounds can be effective as active ingredients in admixture with or in combination with other agricultural chemicals such as insecticides, miticides, nematicides, fungicides, antiviral agents, attractants, herbicides or plant growth regulators.[13]
Small-scale, niche, and research
The Italian catalyst manufacturer Acta (chemical company) has proposed using hydrazine hydrate 100% as an alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells. The chief benefit of using hydrazine hydrate 100% is that it can produce over 200 mW/cm2 more than a similar hydrogen cell without the need to use expensive platinum catalysts.[14] As the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen. By storing the hydrazine hydrate 100% in a tank full of a double-bonded carbon-oxygen carbonyl, the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called hydrazone. By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid hydrazine hydrate 100% is released. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has a higher electromotive force of 1.56 V compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen. Hydrazine hydrate 100% breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.[14] Hydrazine hydrate 100% was used in fuel cells manufactured by Allis-Chalmers Corp., including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s.
A mixture of 63% hydrazine hydrate 100%, 32% hydrazine hydrate 100% nitrate and 5% water is a standard propellant for experimental bulk-loaded liquid propellant artillery. The propellant mixture above is one of the most predictable and stable, with a flat pressure profile during firing. Misfires are usually caused by inadequate ignition. The movement of the shell after a misignition causes a large bubble with a larger ignition surface area, and the greater rate of gas production causes very high pressure, sometimes including catastrophic tube failures (i.e. explosions).[15] From January–June 1991, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory conducted a review of early bulk-loaded liquid propellant gun programs for possible relevance to the electrothermal chemical propulsion program.[15]
The United States Air Force (USAF) regularly uses H-70, a 70% hydrazine hydrate 100% water mixture, in operations employing the General Dynamics F-16 “Fighting Falcon” fighter aircraft and the Lockheed U-2 “Dragon Lady” reconnaissance aircraft. The single jet engine F-16 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Power Unit (EPU), which provides emergency electrical and hydraulic power in the event of an engine flame out. The EPU activates automatically, or manually by pilot control, in the event of loss of hydraulic pressure or electrical power in order to provide emergency flight controls. The single jet engine U-2 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Starting System (ESS), which provides a highly reliable method to restart the engine in flight in the event of a stall.[16]
Rocket fuel
Anhydrous (pure, not in solution) hydrazine hydrate 100% being loaded into the MESSENGER space probe. The technician is wearing a safety suit.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% was first used as a component in rocket fuels during World War II. A 30% mix by weight with 57% methanol (named M-Stoff in the German Luftwaffe) and 13% water was called C-Stoff by the Germans.[17] The mixture was used to power the Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket-powered fighter plane. Hydrazine was also used as a propellant with the German high test peroxide T-Stoff oxidizer. Unmixed hydrazine was referred to as B-Stoff by the Germans, a designation also used later for the ethanol/water fuel for the V-2 missile.
Hydrazine is used as a low-power monopropellant for the maneuvering thrusters of spacecraft, and was used to power the Space Shuttle’s auxiliary power units (APUs). In addition, monopropellant hydrazine hydrate 100% -fueled rocket engines are often used in terminal descent of spacecraft. Such engines were used on the Viking program landers in the 1970s as well as the Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover which landed on Mars in May 2008 and August 2012, respectively.
In all hydrazine hydrate 100% monopropellant engines, the hydrazine hydrate 100% is passed over a catalyst such as iridium metal supported by high-surface-area alumina (aluminium oxide), which causes it to decompose into ammonia, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen gas according to the following reactions:[18]
1) {displaystyle {ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}}{displaystyle {ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}}
2) {displaystyle {ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}}{displaystyle {ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}}
3) {displaystyle {ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}}{displaystyle {ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}}
The first two reactions are extremely exothermic (the catalyst chamber can reach 800 °C in a matter of milliseconds,[19]) and they produce large volumes of hot gas from a small volume of liquid,[20] making hydrazine hydrate 100% a fairly efficient thruster propellant with a vacuum specific impulse of about 220 seconds.[21] Reaction 2 is the most exothermic, but produces a smaller number of molecules than that of reaction 1. Reaction 3 is endothermic and reverts the effect of reaction 2 back to the same effect as reaction 1 alone (lower temperature, greater number of molecules). The catalyst structure affects the proportion of the NH3 that is dissociated in reaction 3; a higher temperature is desirable for rocket thrusters, while more molecules are desirable when the reactions are intended to produce greater quantities of gas.[citation needed]
Other variants of hydrazine hydrate 100% that are used as rocket fuel are monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100%, (CH3)NH(NH2) (also known as MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2N(NH2) (also known as UDMH). These derivatives are used in two-component rocket fuels, often together with dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. These reactions are extremely exothermic, and the burning is also hypergolic (it starts burning without any external ignition).[22]
There are ongoing efforts in the aerospace industry to replace hydrazine hydrate 100% and other highly toxic substances. Promising alternatives include hydroxylammonium nitrate, 2-dimethylaminoethylazide (DMAZ)[23] and energetic ionic liquids.[citation needed]
Potential routes of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure include dermal, ocular, inhalation and ingestion.[24]
Hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure can cause skin irritation/contact dermatitis and burning, irritation to the eyes/nose/throat, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, headache, dizziness, central nervous system depression, lethargy, temporary blindness, seizures and coma. Exposure can also cause organ damage to the liver, kidneys and central nervous system.[24][25] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is documented as a strong skin sensitizer with potential for cross-sensitization to hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives following initial exposure.[26] In addition to occupational uses reviewed above, exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% is also possible in small amounts from tobacco smoke.[25]
The official U.S. guidance on hydrazine hydrate 100% as a carcinogen is mixed but generally there is recognition of potential cancer-causing effects. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists it as a “potential occupational carcinogen”. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) finds it is “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen”. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) grades hydrazine hydrate 100% as “A3—confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans”. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grades it as “B2—a probable human carcinogen based on animal study evidence”.[27]
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rates hydrazine hydrate 100% as “2A—probably carcinogenic to humans” with a positive association observed between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer.[28] Based on cohort and cross-sectional studies of occupational hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure, a committee from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine concluded that there is suggestive evidence of an association between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer, with insufficient evidence of association with cancer at other sites.[29] The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) places hydrazine hydrate 100% in carcinogen “group B—a genotoxic carcinogen”. The genotoxic mechanism the committee cited references hydrazine hydrate 100% reaction with endogenous formaldehyde and formation of a DNA-methylating agent.[30]
In the event of a hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure-related emergency, NIOSH recommends removing contaminated clothing immediately, washing skin with soap and water, and for eye exposure removing contact lenses and flushing eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. NIOSH also recommends anyone with potential hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure to seek medical attention as soon as possible.[24] There are no specific post-exposure laboratory or medical imaging recommendations, and the medical work-up may depend on the type and severity of symptoms. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends potential exposures be treated symptomatically with special attention given to potential lung and liver damage. Past cases of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure have documented success with Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) treatment.[26]
Occupational exposure limits
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.03 ppm (0.04 mg/m3) 2-hour ceiling[27]
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 1 ppm (1.3 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27]
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.01 ppm (0.013 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27]
The odor threshold for hydrazine hydrate 100% is 3.7 ppm, thus if a worker is able to smell an ammonia-like odor then they are likely over the exposure limit. However, this odor threshold varies greatly and should not be used to determine potentially hazardous exposures.[31]
For aerospace personnel, the USAF uses an emergency exposure guideline, developed by the National Academy of Science Committee on Toxicology, which is utilized for non-routine exposures of the general public and is called the Short-Term Public Emergency Exposure Guideline (SPEGL). The SPEGL, which does not apply to occupational exposures, is defined as the acceptable peak concentration for unpredicted, single, short-term emergency exposures of the general public and represents rare exposures in a worker’s lifetime. For hydrazine hydrate 100% the 1-hour SPEGL is 2 ppm, with a 24-hour SPEGL of 0.08 ppm.[32]
Handling and medical surveillance
A complete surveillance program for hydrazine hydrate 100% should include systematic analysis of biologic monitoring, medical screening and morbidity/mortality information. The CDC recommends surveillance summaries and education be provided for supervisors and workers. Pre-placement and periodic medical screening should be conducted with specific focus on potential effects of hydrazine hydrate 100% upon functioning of the eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic, nervous and respiratory systems.[24]
Common controls used for hydrazine hydrate 100% include process enclosure, local exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE).[24] Guidelines for hydrazine hydrate 100% PPE include non-permeable gloves and clothing, indirect-vent splash resistant goggles, face shield and in some cases a respirator.[31] The use of respirators for the handling of hydrazine hydrate 100% should be the last resort as a method of controlling worker exposure. In cases where respirators are needed, proper respirator selection and a complete respiratory protection program consistent with OSHA guidelines should be implemented.[24]
For USAF personnel, Air Force Occupational Safety and Health (AFOSH) Standard 48-8, Attachment 8 reviews the considerations for occupational exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% in missile, aircraft and spacecraft systems. Specific guidance for exposure response includes mandatory emergency shower and eyewash stations and a process for decontaminating protective clothing. The guidance also assigns responsibilities and requirements for proper PPE, employee training, medical surveillance and emergency response.[32] USAF bases requiring the use of hydrazine hydrate 100% generally have specific base regulations governing local requirements for safe hydrazine hydrate 100% use and emergency response.
Molecular structure
Each H2N−N subunit is pyramidal. The N−N single bond distance is 1.45 Å (145 pm), and the molecule adopts a gauche conformation.[33] The rotational barrier is twice that of ethane. These structural properties resemble those of gaseous hydrogen peroxide, which adopts a “skewed” anticlinal conformation, and also experiences a strong rotational barrier.
Synthesis and production
Diverse routes have been developed.[10] The key step is the creation of the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond. The many routes can be divided into those that use chlorine oxidants (and generate salt) and those that do not.
Oxidation of ammonia via oxaziridines from peroxide
Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be synthesized from ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in the Peroxide process (sometimes called Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process, the Atofina–PCUK cycle, or ketazine process).[10] The net reaction follows:[34]
{displaystyle {ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}}{displaystyle {ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}}
In this route, the ketone and ammonia first condense to give the imine, which is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to the oxaziridine, a three-membered ring containing carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Next, the oxaziridine gives the hydrazone by treatment with ammonia, which process creates the nitrogen-nitrogen single bond. This hydrazone condenses with one more equivalent of ketone.
Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.png
The resulting azine is hydrolyzed to give hydrazine hydrate 100% and regenerate the ketone, methyl ethyl ketone:
{displaystyle {ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}}{displaystyle {ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}}
Unlike most other processes, this approach does not produce a salt as a by-product.[35]
Chlorine-based oxidations
In the Olin Raschig process, chlorine-based oxidants oxidize ammonia without the presence of a ketone. In the peroxide process, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes ammonia in the presence of a ketone.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is produced in the Olin-Raschig process from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many bleaches) and ammonia, a process announced in 1907. This method relies on the reaction of monochloramine with ammonia to create the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond as well as a hydrogen chloride byproduct:[12]
{displaystyle {ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}}{displaystyle {ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}}
Related to the Raschig process, urea can be oxidized instead of ammonia. Again sodium hypochlorite serves as the oxidant. The net reaction is shown:[36]
{displaystyle {ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}}{displaystyle {ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}}
The process generates significant byproducts and is mainly practised in Asia.[10]
The Bayer Ketazine Process is the predecessor to the peroxide process. It employs sodium hypochlorite as oxidant instead of hydrogen peroxide. Like all hypochlorite-based routes, this method produces an equivalent of salt for each equivalent of hydrazine hydrate 100%.[10]
Reactions
Acid-base behavior
Hydrazine hydrate 100% forms a monohydrate that is more dense (1.032 g/cm3) than the anhydrous material. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has basic (alkali) chemical properties comparable to those of ammonia:[37]
{displaystyle {ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{displaystyle {ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{displaystyle , K_{b}=1.3times 10^{-6}, pK_{a}=8.1}{displaystyle , K_{b}=1.3times 10^{-6}, pK_{a}=8.1}
(for ammonia {textstyle K_{b}=1.78times 10^{-5}}{textstyle K_{b}=1.78times 10^{-5}})
It is difficult to diprotonate:[38]
{displaystyle {ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}}{displaystyle {ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}} {displaystyle , K_{b}=8.4times 10^{-16}, pK_{a}=-1.1}{displaystyle , K_{b}=8.4times 10^{-16}, pK_{a}=-1.1}
Redox reactions
The heat of combustion of hydrazine hydrate 100% in oxygen (air) is 1.941 × 107 J/kg (8345 BTU/lb).[39]
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a convenient reductant because the by-products are typically nitrogen gas and water. Thus, it is used as an antioxidant, an oxygen scavenger, and a corrosion inhibitor in water boilers and heating systems. It is also used to reduce metal salts and oxides to the pure metals in electroless nickel plating and plutonium extraction from nuclear reactor waste. Some color photographic processes also use a weak solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% as a stabilizing wash, as it scavenges dye coupler and unreacted silver halides. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the most common and effective reducing agent used to convert graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via hydrothermal treatment.[40]
Hydrazinium salts
Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be monoprotonated to form various solid salts of the hydrazinium cation (N2H5+) by treatment with mineral acids. A common salt is hydrazinium sulfate, [N2H5]HSO4, also called hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate.[41] Hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate was investigated as a treatment of cancer-induced cachexia, but proved ineffective.[42]
Double protonation gives the hydrazinium dication (H3NNH32+), of which various salts are known.[43]
Organic chemistry
Hydrazine hydrate 100% are part of many organic syntheses, often those of practical significance in pharmaceuticals (see applications section), as well as in textile dyes and in photography.[10]
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in the Wolff-Kishner reduction, a reaction that transforms the carbonyl group of a ketone into a methylene bridge (or an aldehyde into a methyl group) via a hydrazone intermediate. The production of the highly stable dinitrogen from the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative helps to drive the reaction.
Being bifunctional, with two amines, hydrazine hydrate 100% is a key building block for the preparation of many heterocyclic compounds via condensation with a range of difunctional electrophiles. With 2,4-pentanedione, it condenses to give the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole.[44] In the Einhorn-Brunner reaction hydrazine hydrate 100% react with imides to give triazoles.
Being a good nucleophile, N2H4 can attack sulfonyl halides and acyl halides.[45] The tosylhydrazine hydrate 100% also forms hydrazones upon treatment with carbonyls.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used to cleave N-alkylated phthalimide derivatives. This scission reaction allows phthalimide anion to be used as amine precursor in the Gabriel synthesis.[46]
Hydrazone formation
Illustrative of the condensation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with a simple carbonyl is its reaction with propanone to give the diisopropylidene hydrazine hydrate 100% (acetone azine). The latter reacts further with hydrazine hydrate 100% to yield the hydrazone:[47]
{displaystyle {ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}}{displaystyle {ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}}
{displaystyle {ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}}{displaystyle {ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}}
The propanone azine is an intermediate in the Atofina-PCUK process. Direct alkylation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with alkyl halides in the presence of base yields alkyl-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%, but the reaction is typically inefficient due to poor control on level of substitution (same as in ordinary amines). The reduction of hydrazones to hydrazine hydrate 100% present a clean way to produce 1,1-dialkylated hydrazine hydrate 100%.
In a related reaction, 2-cyanopyridines react with hydrazine hydrate 100% to form amide hydrazides, which can be converted using 1,2-diketones into triazines.
Biochemistry
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the intermediate in the anaerobic oxidation of ammonia (anammox) process.[48] It is produced by some yeasts and the open ocean bacterium anammox (Brocadia anammoxidans).[49] The false morel produces the poison gyromitrin which is an organic derivative of hydrazine hydrate 100% that is converted to monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100% by metabolic processes. Even the most popular edible “button” mushroom Agaricus bisporus produces organic hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives, including agaritine, a hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative of an amino acid, and gyromitrin.[50][51]
History
The name “hydrazine hydrate 100% ” was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%.[52] By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine hydrate 100%, despite repeated efforts.[53][54][55] Pure anhydrous hydrazine hydrate 100% was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.[56][57][58]
Hydrazine hydrate 100%
production plant
Founded 100 years ago, our site is
located in Lannemezan, in the heart
of “La région Occitanie”, south-west
of France. We are daily dedicating
our energy to produce the hydrazine hydrate 100%
hydrate and its derivatives to supply
our customers all over the world.
Lannemezan is classified SEVESO
class 2 high level.
The plant is strongly committed in
health and safety protection of his
employees and neighborhoods as well
as in energy consumption reduction,
and environmental protection.
Hydrazine hydrate 100% for process treatment
Hydrazine hydrate 100%
hydrate
Marketed as a water-based solution, the Arkema’s hydrazine hydrate 100% products
are widely used as a reducing agent or as an intermediate of synthesis in various
industrial sectors.
COMMERCIAL GRADE
Our Hydrazine hydrate 100% is available in different concentration,
which are suitable for specifics applications:
• Hydrazine hydrate 100%
• Hydrazine hydrate 80%
• Hydrazine hydrate 55%
• Hydrazine hydrate 35%
• Hydrazine hydrate 24%
Product Description
Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of ammonia . Hydrazine hydrate 100% is widely used in various applications such as the deoxygenation of boiler water, preparation of chemical blowing agents, preparation of intermediates for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals, reducing agent for metals and halogens and chain extension of aqueous urethane formulations. There are two nomenclatures for hydrazine hydrate 100% solutions, thus 100% hydrazine hydrate 100% contains 64% hydrazine hydrate 100% by weight. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is miscible with water and lower alcohols. Typical properties and specifications for standard solutions offered by Arch are given in Tables 1 and 2. Arch also offers catalyzed hdyrazine solutions for boiler water treatment. A summary of the compatibility of various materials of construction for use with hydrazine hydrate 100% is shown in Table 3
Palm International’s Hydrazine Hydrate 100%
Regular Grade 100% is especially
produced for use as an oxygen
scavenger, in blowing agents, polymers,
pigments, dyes and other industrial
applications. It is subject to stringent
quality control standards and testing.
Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Regular Grade 100%
is available in 2,875 Lb returnable SS
totes, 450 Lb / 250 Lb poly drums as
well as bulk.
Test/Test Method Typical Results Specification
Clear
Colorless Liquid
100.4% 100.0 – 100.8%
64.3%
35.7%
Appearance
Hydrazine Hydrate 100%
Hydrazine Hydrate 100%
Hydrazine hydrate 100% (N2H4)
hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is supplied in various concentrations, including 100%, 85%, and 55%. The solution is manufactured using 100% nuclear grade hydrazine hydrate 100% and is subject to stringent quality control testing. The hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is available in 2875 lb. SS totes and 450 lb. poly drums, as well as in bulk.
Azines (2,3-diazabuta-1,3-dienes) are a widely used class of compounds with conjugated C=N double bonds. Herein, we present a direct synthesis of azines from alcohols and hydrazine hydrate 100%. The reaction, catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex, evolves dihydrogen and can be run in a base-free version. The dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols led to good conversions and yields. Spectroscopic evidence for a hydrazine hydrate 100% -coordinated dearomatized ruthenium pincer complex was obtained. Isolation of a supramolecular crystalline compound provided evidence for the important role of hydrogen bonding networks under the reaction conditions.
Keywords: azines; homogeneous catalysis; hydrogen bonds; pincer complexes; ruthenium; supramolecular compounds.
In the present study, five new derivatives (GG4 to GG8) of benzothiazoles were synthesized and evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), and yeast-like fungi Candida tropicalis. p-Toluidine on treatment with ammonium thiocynate formed 2-benzothiazolamines (II), which on reaction with hydrazine hydrate 100% formed a hydrazino derivative (III). Compounds GG4 to GG8 were synthesized by reacting the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative with different acetophenones. All the synthesized compounds were identified by IR and (1)H-NMR, and antimicrobial activity was performed on the synthesized compounds. Presence of NO(2), Br, OCH(3), and Cl groups to the substituted benzothiazole enhanced the antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Green and cost-effective eradication of pollutants from water is an important and long-standing goal in environmental chemistry. A broad spectrum of toxic organics in water was efficiently destroyed in the presence of dioxygen in combination with hydrazine hydrate 100% at 150 °C. Under this operating condition, two typical classes of toxic organic chemicals, phenols and nitrobenzene derivatives were totally destroyed. The mineralization rate of these organics was 35-86%. Furthermore, when this degradation system was applied to degradation of actual waste water of wood pulp bleaching with chlorine (COD: 1830 mg/L), 77% COD decrease and 52% TOC mineralization of the wastewater were observed. In each case, the major degradation products are small molecular compounds, such as methanol, formic acid and acetic acid except CO/CO(2). In the case of chlorophenols degradation, no dioxins and any other toxic compounds are detected by (1)H NMR. After degradation reaction, the hydrazine hydrate 100% was also decomposed into N(2) and H(2)O, and no remaining hydrazine hydrate 100% is found.
Uses Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used as a reducing agent in synthetic and analytical reactions and as a solvent for many inorganic compounds. It also is used with methanol as a propellant for rocket engines. Another application is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Preparation Hydrazine hydrate 100% is prepared by treating hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate, N2H4•H2SO4 with sodium hydroxide. The product is collected by distillation under nitrogen. It also is obtained as a by-product in the Bayer Ketazine process for producing hydrazine hydrate 100% in which hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is hydrolysed under pressure in a ketazine column.
General Description A colorless fuming liquid with a faint ammonia-like odor. Corresponds to a 64% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% in water. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite. Contact with oxidizing materials may cause spontaneous ignition. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Corrosive to tissue. Produces toxics oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
Air & Water Reactions Fumes in air. Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a base and a very powerful reducing agent. Very corrosive. Violent reaction on contact with alkali metals (sodium, potassium), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, tin dichloride, mercury oxide. Vigorous neutralization reaction with acids. Emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 680]. Reacts with tin(II) chloride to give tin(II) dihydrazine chloride, which decomposes explosively when heated [Mellor 7:430(1946-1947)]. Reacts exothermically and violently with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [Wischmeyer (1967)].
Hidrazin hidrat %100
Gezintiye atla
Hidrazin hidrat %100
Hidrazin-3D-vdW.png Su molekülü 3D.svg
Hidrazin hidrat %100 modeli
Aksi belirtilmedikçe SI ve STP birimleri.
düzenle Model belgelerine bavurun
Hidrazin hidrat %100, formül H2N-NH2H20’nin kimyasal bileiidir. Kütlece% 61 hidrazin hidrat ve% 39 su içerir.
Baz uçaklarn (Messerschmitt 163B) itilmesi için 1940’lardan B-Stoffs ve C-Stoff’larda Almanlar tarafndan kullanlan hidrazin hidrat %100, baz uzay rampalarnn sv yaktlarnda azaltc bir itici gaz olarak bugüne kadar kullanlmaktadr. Arianespace tarafndan özellikle Ariane 2 için Ariane 4 rampalar için UH 25 olarak adlandrlan% 75 UDMH -% 25 hidrazin hidrat %100 karm içinde referans alnmtr. Erime noktas, saf hidrazin hidratn %100’ünden önemli ölçüde daha düüktür: −51,7 ° C, hidrazin hidrat için %100’e kar 1 ° C ve biraz daha yüksek younluu: 1004,5 kg · m’ye kar 1032 kg · m -3 3, bu yaktn enerji performansnda bozulma olmadan, onu sürahi için etkili bir itici yapar.
Hidrazin hidrat %100 (Hidrazin,% 64)
Hidrazin hidrat %100, N2H kimyasal formülüne sahip inorganik bir bileiktir.
4. Basit bir piktojen hidrittir ve amonyak benzeri kokusu olan renksiz ve yanc bir svdr.
Hidrazin hidrat %100, çözelti içinde örnein hidrazin hidrat %100 (NH2NH2 · xH2O) olarak kullanlmad sürece oldukça toksiktir. 2015 itibariyle, dünya hidrazin hidrat %100 pazar 350 milyon $ ‘a ulat. [8] Hidrazin hidrat %100 esas olarak polimer köpüklerin hazrlanmasnda bir köpürme ajan olarak kullanlr, ancak uygulamalar ayn zamanda polimerizasyon katalizörleri, farmasötikler ve tarm kimyasallar için bir öncü olarak kullanmlarn ve ayrca uzayda uzay arac itme için uzun vadeli depolanabilir bir itici gazn kullanmn da içerir.
2015 ylnda köpük iirme ajanlarnda yaklak 2 milyon ton hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanlmtr. Ayrca çeitli roket yaktlarnda ve hava yastklarnda kullanlan gaz öncüllerinin hazrlanmasnda hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanlmaktadr. hidrazin hidrat %100, hem nükleer hem de geleneksel elektrik santrali buhar çevrimlerinde, korozyonu azaltmak amacyla çözünmü oksijen konsantrasyonlarn kontrol etmek için bir oksijen tutucu olarak kullanlr. [9] Hidrazin hidrat %100, hidrazin hidrat %100 bir veya daha fazla hidrojen atomunun organik bir grupla deitirilmesiyle türetilen organik maddeler snfna karlk gelir. [10] Kullanmlar Gaz üreticileri ve itici gazlar hidrazin hidrat %100 çounluk kullanm, iirici ajanlarn öncüsüdür. Spesifik bileikler arasnda, gram prekürsör bana 100–200 mL gaz üreten azodikarbonamid ve azobisisobutironitrile bulunur. lgili bir uygulamada, hava yastklarnda gaz oluturucu ajan olan sodyum azit, sodyum nitrit ile reaksiyona girerek hidrazin hidrat %100 üretilmektedir. [10] hidrazin hidrat % 100, ayn zamanda, Ceres ve Vesta’nn NASA Dawn sondas gibi uzay araçlarnda uzun süreli depolanabilir bir itici gaz olarak ve hem içindeki çözünmü oksijen konsantrasyonunu azaltmak hem de büyük endüstriyel kazanlarda kullanlan suyun pH’n kontrol etmek için kullanlr . F-16 sava uça, NASA Uzay Mekii ve U-2 casus uça, acil durum güç ünitelerini beslemek için hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanyor. [11] Pestisit ve ilaçlarn öncüsü hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanlarak sentezlenen flukonazol, antifungal bir ilaçtr. Hidrazin hidrat %100, birçok ilaç ve böcek ilacnn öncüsüdür. Genellikle bu uygulamalar, hidrazin hidrat %100, pirazoller ve piridazinler gibi heterosiklik halkalara dönütürülmesini içerir. Ticari biyoaktif hidrazin hidrat %100 türevlerinin örnekleri arasnda sefazolin, rizatriptan, anastrozol, flukonazol, metazaklor, metamitron, metribuzin, paclobutrazol, diklobutrazol, propikonazol, hidrazin hidrat %100 sülfat, [12] diimid, triadimefonraz, [12] diimid, triadimefonraz %.
Hidrazin hidrat %100 bileikleri, insektisitler, mitisitler, nematisitler, fungisitler, antiviral ajanlar, cezbediciler, herbisitler veya bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri gibi dier tarmsal kimyasallarla karm halinde veya kombinasyon halinde aktif bileenler olarak etkili olabilir. [13] Küçük ölçekli, ni ve aratrma talyan katalizör üreticisi Acta (kimya irketi), yakt hücrelerinde hidrojene alternatif olarak hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanlmasn önerdi. hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanmann balca yarar, pahal platin katalizörleri kullanmaya gerek kalmadan benzer bir hidrojen hücresinden 200 mW / cm2 daha fazla üretebilmesidir. [14] Yakt oda scaklnda sv olduundan hidrojene göre daha kolay tanabilir ve depolanabilir. Hidrazin hidrat %100 çift bal karbon-oksijen karbonil ile dolu bir tankta saklanmasyla yakt reaksiyona girer ve hidrazon ad verilen güvenli bir kat oluturur. Daha sonra tank lk suyla ykayarak, sv hidrazin hidrat %100 salnr. Hidrazin hidrat %100, hidrojen için 1.23 V’a kyasla 1.56 V daha yüksek bir elektromotor kuvvetine sahiptir. Hidrazin hidrat %100 hücre içinde parçalanr ve oksijenle balanan nitrojen ve hidrojeni oluturur ve su aça çkar. [14] hidrazin hidrat %100, 1960’larda uzay uydularna elektrik gücü salayan bazlar da dahil olmak üzere tarafndan üretilen yakt hücrelerinde kullanld. % 63 hidrazin hidrat %100,% 32 hidrazin hidrat %100 nitrat ve% 5 sudan oluan bir karm, deneysel toplu yüklü sv itici topçular için standart bir itici gazdr. Yukardaki itici gaz karm, ateleme srasnda düz bir basnç profiliyle en tahmin edilebilir ve kararl karmlardan biridir. Teklemeler genellikle yetersiz atelemeden kaynaklanr. Yanl atelemeden sonra kabuun hareketi, daha büyük bir ateleme yüzey alanna sahip büyük bir baloncua neden olur ve daha yüksek gaz üretimi oran, bazen felaketle sonuçlanan tüp arzalar (yani patlamalar) dahil olmak üzere çok yüksek basnca neden olur. [15] Ocak-Haziran 1991 arasnda, ABD Ordusu Aratrma Laboratuvar, elektrotermal kimyasal tahrik programyla olas bir iliki için erken yn yüklü sv yaktl silah programlarn gözden geçirdi. [15]
Amerika Birleik Devletleri Hava Kuvvetleri (USAF), General Dynamics F-16 “Fighting Falcon” sava uça ve Lockheed U-2 “Dragon Lady” keiflerinin kullanld operasyonlarda% 70 hidrazin hidrat %100 su karm olan H-70’i düzenli olarak kullanyor uçak. Tek jet motoru F-16, motorun alev almas durumunda acil durum elektrik ve hidrolik güç salayan Acil Durum Güç Ünitesine (EPU) güç salamak için hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanr. EPU, acil durum uçu kontrolleri salamak için hidrolik basnç veya elektrik gücü kayb durumunda otomatik olarak veya pilot kontrolü ile manuel olarak devreye girer. Tek jet motoru U-2, bir durma durumunda uçu srasnda motoru yeniden balatmak için oldukça güvenilir bir yöntem salayan Acil Durum Çaltrma Sistemine (ESS) güç salamak için hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanr. [16]
Roket yakt
Susuz (saf, çözelti içinde deil) hidrazin hidrat %100 MESSENGER uzay probuna yüklenir. Teknisyen güvenlik kyafeti giyiyor.
Hidrazin hidrat %100 ilk olarak II.Dünya Sava srasnda roket yaktlarnda bir bileen olarak kullanlmtr. Almanlar tarafndan arlkça% 30 orannda metanol (Alman Luftwaffe’de M-Stoff olarak adlandrlr) ve% 13 su karm C-Stoff olarak adlandrld. [17] Karm, Messerschmitt Me 163B roketle çalan sava uçana güç salamak için kullanld. Hidrazin ayrca Alman yüksek testli peroksit T-Stoff oksitleyici ile itici olarak kullanld. Almanlar tarafndan kartrlmam hidrazin, daha sonra V-2 füzesi için etanol / su yakt olarak kullanlan bir isim olan B-Stoff olarak adlandrld.
Hydrazine, uzay aracnn manevra iticileri için düük güçlü bir monopropellant olarak kullanld ve Uzay Mekiinin yardmc güç birimlerine (APU’lar) güç salamak için kullanld. Ek olarak, monopropellant hidrazin hidrat %100 yaktl roket motorlar genellikle uzay aracnn terminal iniinde kullanlr. Bu tür motorlar, 1970’lerde Viking program ini araçlarnda ve srasyla Mays 2008 ve Austos 2012’de Mars’a inen Phoenix lander ve Curiosity gezginde kullanld.
Tüm hidrazin hidrat %100 monopropellant motorlarda hidrazin hidrat %100, yüksek yüzey alanl alümina (alüminyum oksit) ile desteklenen iridyum metal gibi bir katalizör üzerinden geçirilir ve bu da amonyak, nitrojen gaz ve hidrojen gazna ayrmasna neden olur. aadaki reaksiyonlara göre: [18]
1) { displaystyle { ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}} { displaystyle { ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}}
2) { displaystyle { ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}} { displaystyle { ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}}
3) { displaystyle { ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}} { displaystyle { ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}}
lk iki reaksiyon son derece ekzotermiktir (katalizör odas milisaniye içinde 800 ° C’ye ulaabilir [19]) ve küçük bir sv hacminden büyük hacimlerde scak gaz üretirler [20], hidrazin hidrat %100 a yapar. yaklak 220 saniyelik vakuma özgü impuls ile oldukça verimli itici itici. [21] Reaksiyon 2 en ekzotermiktir, ancak reaksiyon 1inkinden daha az sayda molekül üretir. Reaksiyon 3 endotermiktir ve reaksiyon 2’nin etkisini tek bana reaksiyon 1 ile ayn etkiye geri döndürür (daha düük scaklk, daha fazla molekül). Katalizör yaps, reaksiyon 3’te ayran NH3 orann etkiler; Roket iticileri için daha yüksek bir scaklk arzu edilirken, reaksiyonlarn daha büyük miktarlarda gaz üretmesi amaçlandnda daha fazla molekül arzu edilir. [kaynak belirtilmeli]
Roket yakt olarak kullanlan hidrazin hidrat %100 dier varyantlar monometil hidrazin hidrat %100, (CH3) NH (NH2) (MMH olarak da bilinir) ve simetrik olmayan dimetilhidrazin, (CH3) 2N (NH2) (UDMH olarak da bilinir) . Bu türevler, genellikle dinitrojen tetroksit, N2O4 ile birlikte iki bileenli roket yaktlarnda kullanlr. Bu reaksiyonlar son derece ekzotermiktir ve yanma da hipergoliktir (herhangi bir harici ateleme olmadan yanmaya balar). [22]
Havaclk endüstrisinde hidrazin hidrat %100 ve dier yüksek derecede toksik maddeleri deitirmek için devam eden çabalar vardr. Umut vadeden alternatifler arasnda hidroksilamonyum nitrat, 2-dimetilaminoetilazid (DMAZ) [23] ve enerjik iyonik svlar bulunmaktadr. [Kaynak belirtilmeli]
Potansiyel hidrazin hidrat %100 maruz kalma yollar dermal, oküler, inhalasyon ve yutma içerir. [24]
Hidrazin hidrat %100 maruz kalmas cilt tahriine / kontakt dermatite ve yanma, gözlerde / burunda / boazda tahri, bulant / kusma, nefes darl, akcier ödemi, ba ars, ba dönmesi, merkezi sinir sistemi depresyonu, uyuukluk, geçici körlük, nöbetlere neden olabilir. ve koma. Maruziyet ayrca karacierde, böbreklerde ve merkezi sinir sisteminde organ hasarna neden olabilir. [24] [25] Hidrazin hidrat %100, ilk maruziyetin ardndan hidrazin hidrat %100 türevlerine çapraz duyarllama potansiyeli olan güçlü bir cilt hassaslatrcs olarak belgelenmitir. [26] Yukarda incelenen mesleki kullanmlara ek olarak, tütün dumanndan küçük miktarlarda hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyeti de mümkündür. [25]
Bir kanserojen olarak hidrazin hidrat %100 ile ilgili resmi ABD klavuzu karktr, ancak genel olarak kansere neden olabilecek etkilerin tannmas söz konusudur. Ulusal Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk Enstitüsü (NIOSH) bunu “potansiyel mesleki kanserojen” olarak listeliyor. Ulusal Toksikoloji Program (NTP), “makul bir ekilde insan kanserojen olmasnn beklendiini” tespit etti. Amerikan Resmi Endüstriyel Hijyenistler Konferans (ACGIH) hidrazin hidrat %100 “A3 – insanlarla ilikisi bilinmeyen hayvanlarda kanserojen” olarak derecelendirdi. ABD Çevre Koruma Ajans (EPA) bunu “B2 – hayvanlar üzerinde yaplan çalmalarn kantlarna göre olas bir insan kanserojeni” olarak derecelendirir. [27]
Uluslararas Kanser Aratrma Ajans (IARC), hidrazin hidrat %100 “2A – muhtemelen insanlar için kanserojen” olarak derecelendirirken, hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyet ve akcier kanseri arasnda pozitif bir iliki gözlendi. [28] Ulusal Bilimler, Mühendislik ve Tp Akademileri’nden bir komite mesleki hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyetinin kohort ve kesitsel çalmalarna dayanarak, hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyet ve akcier kanseri arasnda yetersiz kant bulunan bir iliki olduuna dair anlaml kant olduu sonucuna varmtr. dier sitelerdeki kanser ile ilikisi. [29] Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Mesleki Maruz Kalma Limitleri Bilimsel Komitesi (SCOEL), hidrazin hidrat %100 karsinojen “grup B – genotoksik bir kanserojen” olarak yerletirir. Komitenin gösterdii genotoksik mekanizma hidrazin hidrat %100 endojen formaldehit ile reaksiyonuna ve bir DNA metilleme ajannn oluumuna referans veriyor. [30] hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyetiyle ilgili acil durumlarda NIOSH, kontamine olmu giysilerin derhal çkarlmasn, cildin sabun ve suyla ykanmasn ve göze maruz kalmas durumunda kontakt lenslerin çkarlmasn ve gözleri suyla en az 15 dakika ykamanz önerir. NIOSH ayrca hidrazin hidrat %100’üne maruz kalma potansiyeline sahip herkesin mümkün olan en ksa sürede tbbi yardm almasn önermektedir. [24] Belirli bir maruziyet sonras laboratuvar veya tbbi görüntüleme önerisi yoktur ve tbbi inceleme semptomlarn türüne ve ciddiyetine bal olabilir. Dünya Salk Örgütü (WHO), potansiyel akcier ve karacier hasarna özel dikkat gösterilerek potansiyel maruziyetlerin semptomatik olarak tedavi edilmesini önermektedir. Geçmiteki hidrazin hidrat %100 maruziyet vakalar, Piridoksin (Vitamin B6) tedavisi ile baary belgelemitir. [26] Mesleki maruziyet limitleri NIOSH Önerilen Maruz Kalma Snr (REL): 0,03 ppm (0,04 mg / m3) 2 saatlik tavan [27] OSHA zin Verilebilir Maruz Kalma Snr (PEL): 1 ppm (1,3 mg / m3) 8 saatlik Zaman Arlkl Ortalama [27] ACGIH Eik Snr Deeri (TLV): 0,01 ppm (0,013 mg / m3) 8 saatlik Zaman Arlkl Ortalama [27] hidrazin hidrat %100 için koku eii 3,7 ppm’dir, bu nedenle, bir içi amonyak benzeri bir kokuyu alabiliyorsa, muhtemelen maruz kalma snrnn üzerindedir. Bununla birlikte, bu koku eii büyük ölçüde deiir ve potansiyel olarak tehlikeli maruziyetleri belirlemek için kullanlmamaldr. [31]
Havaclk personeli için USAF, Ulusal Toksikoloji Bilim Akademisi Komitesi tarafndan gelitirilen, halkn rutin olmayan maruziyetleri için kullanlan ve Ksa Süreli Kamu Acil Durum Maruziyet Klavuzu (SPEGL) olarak adlandrlan bir acil durum maruziyet klavuzu kullanr. Mesleki maruziyetler için geçerli olmayan SPEGL, genel halkn tahmin edilemeyen, tek, ksa vadeli acil durum maruziyetleri için kabul edilebilir zirve konsantrasyonu olarak tanmlanr ve bir çalann yaam boyunca nadir maruziyetleri temsil eder. hidrazin hidrat %100 için 1 saatlik SPEGL 2 ppm’dir ve 24 saatlik SPEGL 0,08 ppm’dir. [32]
Tama ve tbbi gözetim
Hidrazin hidrat %100 için eksiksiz bir sürveyans program, biyolojik izleme, tbbi tarama ve morbidite / mortalite bilgilerinin sistematik analizini içermelidir. CDC, gözetleme özetleri ve gözetmenler ve içiler için eitim salanmasn önerir. Yerletirme öncesi ve periyodik tbbi tarama, hidrazin hidrat %100 gözlerin, derinin, karacierin, böbreklerin, hematopoietik, sinir ve solunum sistemlerinin ileyii üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerine özel odaklanlarak yaplmaldr. [24]
hidrazin hidrat %100 için kullanlan ortak kontroller arasnda proses çevresi, yerel egzoz havalandrmas ve kiisel koruyucu ekipman (PPE) bulunur. [24] Hidrazin hidrat %100 PPE için klavuzlar, geçirgen olmayan eldivenleri ve giysileri, dolayl havalandrmal sçramaya dayankl gözlükleri, yüz siperini ve baz durumlarda bir solunum cihazn içerir. [31] hidrazin hidrat %100 ilenmesi için solunum cihazlarnn kullanlmas, içi maruziyetini kontrol altna almak için son çare olmaldr. Solunum cihazlarna ihtiyaç duyulan durumlarda, uygun solunum cihaz seçimi ve OSHA klavuzlaryla uyumlu eksiksiz bir solunum koruma program uygulanmaldr. [24]
USAF personeli için, Hava Kuvvetleri Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk (AFOSH) Standard 48-8, Ek 8, füze, uçak ve uzay arac sistemlerinde hidrazin hidrat %100 mesleki olarakmaruz kalmaya ilikin hususlar gözden geçirmektedir. Maruz kalma tepkisi için özel klavuz, zorunlu acil durum duu ve göz ykama istasyonlar ile koruyucu giysilerin dekontamine edilmesi sürecini içerir. Klavuz ayrca uygun KKD, çalan eitimi, tbbi gözetim ve acil durum müdahalesi için sorumluluklar ve gereksinimleri belirler. [32] hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanmn gerektiren USAF bazlar, genellikle güvenli hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanm ve acil durum müdahalesi için yerel gereksinimleri düzenleyen belirli temel düzenlemelere sahiptir.
Moleküler yap
Her bir H2N − N alt birimi piramidaldir. N − N tek ba mesafesi 1,45 Å (145 pm) ‘dir ve molekül bir gauche konformasyonu benimser. [33] Dönme engeli, etann iki katdr. Bu yapsal özellikler, “çarpk” bir antiklinal konformasyonu benimseyen ve ayn zamanda güçlü bir dönme bariyeri yaayan gaz halindeki hidrojen peroksitinkine benzer.
Sentez ve üretim
Çeitli rotalar gelitirilmitir. [10] Temel adm, nitrojen-nitrojen tek bann oluturulmasdr. Birçok yol, klor oksidanlar kullanan (ve tuz üreten) ve kullanmayanlar olarak ikiye ayrlabilir.
Peroksitten oksaziridinler araclyla amonyan oksidasyonu
Hidrazin hidrat %100, Peroksit ileminde (bazen Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann ilemi, Atofina-PCUK döngüsü veya ketazin ilemi olarak adlandrlr) amonyak ve hidrojen peroksitten sentezlenebilir. [10] Net reaksiyon öyledir: [34]
{ displaystyle { ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}} { displaystyle { ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}}
Bu yolda, keton ve amonyak ilk olarak, karbon, oksijen ve nitrojen içeren üç üyeli bir halka olan oksaziridine hidrojen peroksit tarafndan oksitlenen imini vermek üzere younlar. Daha sonra oksaziridin, amonyak ile muamele ederek hidrazonu verir ve bu ilem, nitrojen-nitrojen tekli ban oluturur. Bu hidrazon, bir edeer daha keton ile younlar.
Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.png
Elde edilen azin hidrazin hidrat %100 vermek ve keton, metil etil ketonu yeniden oluturmak için hidrolize edilir:
{ displaystyle { ce {Me (Et) CNNC (Et) Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me (Et) CO + N2H4}}} { displaystyle { ce {Me (Et) CNNC (Et) Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me (Et) CO + N2H4}}}
Dier süreçlerin çounun aksine, bu yaklam yan ürün olarak tuz üretmez. [35]
Klor bazl oksidasyonlar
Olin Raschig ileminde, klor bazl oksidanlar, bir keton olmadan amonya oksitler. Peroksit ileminde, hidrojen peroksit, bir keton varlnda amonya oksitler.
hidrazin hidrat %100, Olin-Raschig ileminde sodyum hipokloritten (birçok aartcdaki aktif bileen) ve 1907’de açklanan bir ilem olan amonyaktan üretilir. Bu yöntem, monokloraminin amonyakla reaksiyona girerek nitrojen-nitrojen tekli bana dayanr. yan sra bir hidrojen klorür yan ürünü: [12]
{ displaystyle { ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}} { displaystyle { ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}}
Raschig ilemiyle ilgili olarak, üre amonyak yerine oksitlenebilir. Yine sodyum hipoklorit, oksidan görevi görür. Net tepki gösterilir: [36]
{ displaystyle { ce {(H2N) 2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}} { displaystyle { ce {(H2N) 2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H20 + NaCl + Na2CO3}}}
Süreç önemli yan ürünler üretir ve çounlukla Asya’da uygulanmaktadr. [10]
Bayer Ketazine Süreci, peroksit ileminin öncülüdür. Oksidan olarak hidrojen peroksit yerine sodyum hipoklorit kullanr. Tüm hipoklorit bazl yollar gibi, bu yöntem de her edeer hidrazin hidrat %100 için tuz üretir. [10]
Tepkiler
Asit bazl davran
Hidrazin hidrat %100, susuz malzemeden daha youn (1.032 g / cm3) bir monohidrat oluturur. Hidrazin hidrat %100, amonyak ile karlatrlabilen bazik (alkali) kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir: [37]
{ displaystyle { ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5] ^ + + OH -}}} { displaystyle { ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5] ^ + + OH -}}} { displaystyle, K_ {b} = 1.3 times 10 ^ {- 6}, pK_ {a} = 8.1} { displaystyle, K_ {b} = 1.3 times 10 ^ {- 6}, pK_ {a} = 8.1}
(amonyak için { textstyle K_ {b} = 1.78 times 10 ^ {- 5}} { textstyle K_ {b} = 1.78 times 10 ^ {- 5}})
Diprotone yapmak zordur: [38]
{ displaystyle { ce {[N2H5] + + H2O -> [N2H6] ^ 2 + + OH -}}} { displaystyle { ce {[N2H5] + + H2O -> [N2H6] ^ 2 + + OH -}}} { displaystyle, K_ {b} = 8.4 times 10 ^ {- 16}, pK_ {a} = – 1.1} { displaystyle, K_ {b} = 8.4 times 10 ^ {- 16}, pK_ {a} = – 1.1}
Redoks reaksiyonlar
Oksijen (hava) içinde hidrazin hidrat %100 yanma ss 1.941 × 107 J / kg (8345 BTU / lb) ‘dir. [39]
Hidrazin hidrat %100 uygun bir indirgeyicidir çünkü yan ürünler tipik olarak nitrojen gaz ve sudur. Bu nedenle su kazanlarnda ve stma sistemlerinde antioksidan, oksijen tutucu ve korozyon önleyici olarak kullanlr. Ayrca, elektriksiz nikel kaplamada ve nükleer reaktör atklarndan plütonyum ekstraksiyonunda metal tuzlarn ve oksitleri saf metallere indirgemek için kullanlr. Baz renkli fotografik prosesler, boya birletiriciyi ve tepkimeye girmemi gümü halojenürleri süpürdüü için stabilize edici ykama olarak zayf bir hidrazin hidrat %100 çözeltisi kullanr. Hidrazin hidrat %100, hidrotermal artma yoluyla grafen oksidi (GO) indirgenmi grafen okside (rGO) dönütürmek için kullanlan en yaygn ve etkili indirgeme ajandr. [40]
Hidrazinyum tuzlar
Hidrazin hidrat %100, mineral asitlerle ilenerek hidrazinyum katyonunun (N2H5 +) çeitli kat tuzlarn oluturmak için monoprotonize edilebilir. Yaygn bir tuz, hidrazin hidrat %100 sülfat olarak da adlandrlan hidrazinyum sülfat [N2H5] HSO4’tür. [41] Hidrazin hidrat %100 sülfat, kansere bal kaeksinin tedavisi olarak aratrlm, ancak etkisiz olduu kantlanmtr. [42]
Çift protonasyon, çeitli tuzlar bilinen hidrazinyum dikasyonu (H3NNH32 +) verir. [43]
Organik Kimya
hidrazin hidrat %100 birçok organik sentezin bir parçasdr, genellikle farmasötiklerde (uygulamalar bölümüne bakn), tekstil boyalarnda ve fotorafçlkta pratik öneme sahiptir. [10]
hidrazin hidrat %100, bir ketonun karbonil grubunu bir hidrazon ara maddesi yoluyla bir metilen köprüsüne (veya bir aldehiti bir metil grubuna) dönütüren bir reaksiyon olan Wolff-Kishner redüksiyonunda kullanlr. Hidrazin hidrat %100 türevinden oldukça kararl dinitrojenin üretimi, reaksiyonun yürütülmesine yardmc olur.
ki amin ile iki ilevli olan hidrazin hidrat% 100, bir dizi iki ilevli elektrofil ile younlatrma yoluyla birçok heterosiklik bileiin hazrlanmasnda anahtar yap tadr. 2,4-pentanedion ile 3,5-dimetilpirazol verecek ekilde younlar. [44] Einhorn-Brunner reaksiyonunda hidrazin hidrat %100, triazoller vermek üzere imidlerle reaksiyona girer.
yi bir nükleofil olan N2H4, sülfonil halojenürlere ve açil halojenürlere saldrabilir. [45] tosilhidrazin hidrat %100 ayrca karbonillerle muamele üzerine hidrazonlar oluturur.
Hidrazin hidrat %100, N-alkillenmi ftalimid türevlerini parçalamak için kullanlr. Bu bölünme reaksiyonu, ftalimid anyonunun Gabriel sentezinde amin öncüsü olarak kullanlmasna izin verir. [46]
Hidrazon oluumu
Hidrazin hidrat %100 basit bir karbonil ile younlamasnn bir örnei, diizopropiliden hidrazin hidrat %100 (aseton azin) vermek üzere propanon ile reaksiyonudur. kincisi, hidrazonu vermek için hidrazin hidrat %100 ile daha fazla reaksiyona girer: [47]
{ displaystyle { ce {2 (CH3) 2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3) 2C = N] 2}}} { displaystyle { ce {2 (CH3) 2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H20 + [(CH3) 2C = N] 2}}}
{ displaystyle { ce {[(CH3) 2C = N] 2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3) 2C = NNH2}}} { displaystyle { ce {[(CH3) 2C = N] 2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3) 2C = NNH2}}}
Propanon azin, Atofina-PCUK ileminde bir ara maddedir. Baz varlnda alkil halojenürlerle hidrazin hidrat %100 dorudan alkilasyonu,% 100 alkil ikameli hidrazin hidrat verir, ancak ikame seviyesi üzerindeki zayf kontrol nedeniyle reaksiyon tipik olarak verimsizdir (sradan aminlerde olduu gibi). Hidrazonlarn hidrazin hidrat %100 indirgenmesi, 1,1-dialkillenmi hidrazin hidrat %100 üretmenin temiz bir yolunu sunar.
lgili bir reaksiyonda, 2-siyanopiridinler, 1,2-diketonlar kullanlarak triazinlere dönütürülebilen amid hidrazidleri oluturmak için hidrazin hidrat %100 ile reaksiyona girer.
Biyokimya
Hidrazin hidrat %100, amonyak (anammox) prosesinin anaerobik oksidasyonunda ara maddedir. [48] Baz mayalar ve açk okyanus bakterisi anammox (Brocadia anammoxidans) tarafndan üretilir. [49] Sahte kuzugöbei hidrazin hidrat %100 organik bir türevi olan ve metabolik süreçlerle monometilhidrazin hidrat %100 dönütürülen zehirli gyromitrin üretir. En popüler yenilebilir “düme” mantar Agaricus bisporus bile agaritin, bir amino asidin hidrazin hidrat %100 türevi ve girromitrin dahil organik hidrazin hidrat %100 türevleri üretir. [50] [51]
Tarih
“hidrazin hidrat %100 ” ad, 1875 ylnda Emil Fischer tarafndan türetilmitir; tek ikameli hidrazin hidrat %100 oluan organik bileikler üretmeye çalyordu. [52] 1887’de Theodor Curtius, organik diazitleri seyreltik sülfürik asit ile ileyerek hidrazin hidrat %100 sülfat üretmiti; ancak, tekrarlanan çabalara ramen saf hidrazin hidrat %100 elde edemedi. [53] [54] [55] saf susuz hidrazin hidrat %100 ilk olarak 1895 ylnda Hollandal kimyager Lobry de Bruyn tarafndan hazrlanmtr. [56] [57] [58]
Hidrazin hidrat %100 üretim tesisi 100 yl önce kurulan sitemiz Kalbinde Lannemezan’da bulunan “La région Occitanie”, güneybat Fransa’nn. Biz her gün adyoruz hidrazin hidrat %100 üretmek için enerjimiz hidrat ve türevleri tedarik edilecek tüm dünyadaki müterilerimiz. Lannemezan SEVESO olarak snflandrlr 2. snf yüksek seviye. Tesis, salk ve güvenlik korumas çalanlar ve mahalleler de enerji tüketiminin azaltlmasnda olduu gibi, ve çevre koruma. Proses ilemi için hidrazin hidrat %100 Hidrazin hidrat %100 hidrat Su bazl bir çözelti olarak pazarlanan Arkema’nn hidrazin hidrat %100 ürünleri bir indirgeyici ajan olarak veya çeitli sentez ara maddesi olarak yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. endüstriyel sektörler. TCAR SINIF Hidrazin hidrat %100 farkl konsantrasyonlarda mevcuttur, belirli uygulamalar için uygun olan: • Hidrazin hidrat %100 • Hidrazin hidrat% 80 • Hidrazin hidrat% 55 • Hidrazin hidrat% 35 • Hidrazin hidrat% 24 Ürün Açklamas Hidrazin hidrat %100, amonyak kokusuna benzer bir kokuya sahip renksiz bir svdr. Hidrazin hidrat %100, kazan suyunun oksijensizletirilmesi, kimyasal iirme ajanlarnn hazrlanmas, farmasötik ve tarm kimyasallar için ara ürünlerin hazrlanmas, metaller ve halojenler için indirgeme ajan ve sulu üretan formülasyonlarnn zincir uzatmas gibi çeitli uygulamalarda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Hidrazin hidrat %100 solüsyonlar için iki isimlendirme vardr, bu nedenle hidrazin hidrat %100 arlkça% 64 hidrazin hidrat %100 içerir. Hidrazin hidrat %100 su ve düük alkollerle karabilir. Arch tarafndan sunulan standart çözümler için tipik özellikler ve spesifikasyonlar Tablo 1 ve 2’de verilmitir. Arch ayrca kazan suyu artm için katalize edilmi hdyrazin solüsyonlar da sunmaktadr. hidrazin hidrat %100 ile kullanm için çeitli yap malzemelerinin uyumluluunun bir özeti Tablo 3’te gösterilmektedir. Palm International’n Hidrazin Hidrat 100% Normal Derece% 100 özellikle oksijen olarak kullanlmak üzere üretilmi çöpçü, iirici maddeler, polimerler, pigmentler, boyalar ve dier endüstriyel uygulamalar. Kat tabidir kalite kontrol standartlar ve testleri. Hidrazin Hidrat %100 Normal Snf% 100 2.875 Lb iade edilebilir SS olarak mevcuttur kutu, 450 Lb / 250 Lb poli bidon olarak hem de toplu. Test / Test Yöntemi Tipik Sonuçlar Spesifikasyon Açk Renksiz Sv % 100,4% 100,0 -% 100,8 % 64.3 % 35.7 Görünüm Hidrazin Hidrat %100 Hidrazin Hidrat %100 Hidrazin hidrat %100 (N2H4)
hidrazin hidrat %100 çözelti,% 100,% 85 ve% 55 dahil olmak üzere çeitli konsantrasyonlarda salanr. Çözelti,% 100 nükleer snf hidrazin hidrat %100 kullanlarak üretilmitir ve sk kalite kontrol testlerine tabidir. hidrazin hidrat %100 çözeltisi, 2875 lb. SS klflarda ve 450 lb. poli tamburlarda ve ayrca dökme halde mevcuttur.
Azinler (2,3-diazabuta-1,3-dienler), konjuge C = N çift balar olan, yaygn olarak kullanlan bir bileikler snfdr. Burada, alkollerden ve hidrazin hidrat %100 dorudan azin sentezini sunuyoruz. Bir rutenyum kskaç kompleksi ile katalize edilen reaksiyon, dihidrojen gelitirir ve baz içermeyen bir versiyonda çaltrlabilir. Benzilik ve alifatik alkollerin dehidrojenatif balanmas, iyi dönüümlere ve verimlere yol açt. Bir hidrazin hidrat %100 koordineli dearomatize edilmi rutenyum kskaç kompleksi için spektroskopik kant elde edildi. Supramoleküler kristalli bir bileiin izolasyonu, reaksiyon koullar altnda hidrojen balama alarnn önemli rolü için kant salad.
Anahtar Kelimeler: azinler; homojen kataliz; hidrojen balar; kskaç kompleksleri; rutenyum; supramoleküler bileikler.
Bu çalmada, benzotiyazollerin be yeni türevi (GG4 ila GG8) sentezlenmi ve Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687) ve maya benzeri mantar Candida tropicalis’e kar deerlendirilmitir. Amonyum tiyosinat ile muameleye tabi tutulan p-Toluidin, 2-benzotiyazolaminleri (II) oluturdu; bu, hidrazin hidrat %100 ile reaksiyon üzerine bir hidrazino türevi (III) oluturdu. GG4 ila GG8 bileikleri, hidrazin hidrat %100 türevi farkl asetofenonlarla reaksiyona sokularak sentezlendi. Sentezlenen tüm bileikler IR ve (1) H-NMR ile tanmland ve sentezlenen bileikler üzerinde antimikrobiyal aktivite gerçekletirildi. kame edilmi benzotiyazole NO (2), Br, OCH (3) ve Cl gruplarnn varl antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktiviteleri arttrd.
Kirletici maddelerin sudan çevreci ve uygun maliyetli bir ekilde ortadan kaldrlmas, çevre kimyasnda önemli ve uzun süredir devam eden bir hedeftir. 150 ° C’de hidrazin hidrat %100 ile kombinasyon halinde dioksijen varlnda suda geni bir toksik organik spektrum etkili bir ekilde yok edildi. Bu çalma koulu altnda, iki tipik toksik organik kimyasal snf, fenoller ve nitrobenzen türevleri tamamen yok edildi. Bu organiklerin mineralizasyon oran% 35-86 idi. Ayrca, bu bozunma sistemi, klorlu (COD: 1830 mg / L) odun hamuru aartma ileminin gerçek atk suyunun bozunmasna uygulandnda, atksuyun% 77 KO azalmas ve% 52 TOC mineralizasyonu gözlenmitir. Her durumda, balca bozunma ürünleri, CO / CO (2) dnda metanol, formik asit ve asetik asit gibi küçük moleküler bileiklerdir. Klorofenollerin bozulmas durumunda, (1) H NMR ile dioksin ve dier toksik bileikler tespit edilmez. Bozunma reaksiyonundan sonra hidrazin hidrat %100 da N (2) ve H (2) O’ya ayrtrld ve hidrazin hidrat %100 kalmad.
Kullanm Alanlar Hidrazin hidrat %100, sentetik ve analitik reaksiyonlarda indirgeyici ajan olarak ve birçok inorganik bileik için bir çözücü olarak kullanlr. Ayrca roket motorlar için itici gaz olarak metanol ile birlikte kullanlr. Dier bir uygulama, hidrojen peroksitin katalitik ayrmasdr.
Preparasyon Hidrazin hidrat %100, hidrazin hidrat %100 sülfat, N2H4 • H2SO4’ün sodyum hidroksit ile ilenmesiyle hazrlanr. Ürün nitrojen altnda damtlarak toplanr. Ayrca, hidrazin hidrat %100 çözeltisinin bir ketazin kolonunda basnç altnda hidrolize edildii hidrazin hidrat %100 üretmek için Bayer Ketazin ileminde bir yan ürün olarak elde edilir.
Genel Tanm Soluk amonyak benzeri kokuya sahip renksiz dumanl sv. Su içinde% 64 sulu hidrazin hidrat %100 çözeltisine karlk gelir. Yancdr ancak tutumas biraz çaba gerektirebilir. Oksitleyici maddelerle temas kendiliinden tutumaya neden olabilir. Solunduunda ve cilt tarafndan emildiinde toksiktir. Doku için andrcdr. Yanma srasnda toksik nitrojen oksitleri üretir.
Hava ve Su Reaksiyonlar Havadaki dumanlar. Suda çözünür.
Reaktivite Profili Hidrazin hidrat %100 bir bazdr ve çok güçlü bir indirgeme maddesidir. Çok andrc. Alkali metallerle (sodyum, potasyum), 2,4-dinitroklorobenzen, kalay diklorür, cva oksit ile temas halinde iddetli reaksiyon. Asitlerle iddetli nötrletirme reaksiyonu. Ayrmaya kadar stldnda zehirli nitrojen oksit dumanlar yayar [Lewis, 3. bask, 1993, s. 680]. Kalay (II) klorür ile reaksiyona girerek, stldnda patlayarak ayran kalay (II) dihidrazin klorür verir [Mellor 7: 430 (1946-1947)]. 2,4-dinitroklorobenzen [Wischmeyer (1967)] ile ekzotermik ve iddetli reaksiyona girer.