POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is an inert, water-soluble, non-toxic, temperature-resistant, pH-stable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer that helps to encapsulate and cater both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
CAS Number: 9003-39-8
EC Number: 1312995-182-4
Molecular Formula: (C6H9NO)n
Molecular Weight: 16.04246
Synonyms: N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE; 88-12-0; N-Vinylpyrrolidone; 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE; 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-; Vinylpyrrolidone; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; 9003-39-8; N-Vinylpyrrolidinone; 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one; Povidone; 1-Vinylpyrrolidone; Vinylbutyrolactam; Polyvidone; Plasdone; Vinylpyrrolidinone; Luviskol; 1-Vinylpyrrolidinone; Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; Polyclar AT; V-Pyrol; PVP-40; DTXSID2021440; CHEBI:82551; MFCD00003197; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(stabilized with 200ppm Ammonium hydroxide); 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers; 76H9G81541; DSSTox_CID_1440; DSSTox_RID_76160; 2-Pyrrolidinone, homopolymer; DSSTox_GSID_21440; Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl]; WLN: /T5NVTJ AY*1*/; MFCD01076626; CAS-88-12-0; Povidone K30; K 25; K 115; HSDB 7231; Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 3500, K12; Poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl); N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with NaOH; Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 50.000, K30; EINECS 201-800-4; Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 90; Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 8.000, K16-18; 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers, compd. with aluminum acetate; N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with Kerobit(R); BRN 0110513; Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 1.300.000, K85-95; CCRIS 8581; vinyl pyrrolidone; Polyvidone iodine; Polyvinylpyrrolidon; Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1, .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-[[4-(iodo-131I)phenyl]methyl]-; N-vinyl-pyrrolidone; Povidone Impurity A; N -vinylpyrrolidinone; n-Vinyl-2-pyrolidone; 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon; N-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one; N-vinyl pyrrolidin-2-one; N-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; PVP K3O; EC 201-800-4; poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone); SCHEMBL10869; WLN: T5NVTJ A1U1; PVP K15; PVP K30; PVP-K30; KSC490C6R; Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K30; poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one); CHEMBL1878943; CTK3J0168; PVP – K-30 (Pharm Grade); Polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross linked; KS-00000C7M; NSC10222; ZINC3590964; Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 8,000
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is an inert, water-soluble, non-toxic, temperature-resistant, pH-stable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer that helps to encapsulate and cater both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has been widely tested and used as an effective wound healing accelerator.
Phenolics bind to proteins and DNA through hydrogen bonds immediately after plant cells are lysed and effect their properties and successful extraction, therefore Polyvinylpyrrolidone is important to use phenolic inhibitors.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone that binds polyphenols.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is available in a variety of molecular weights.
with the smaller molecular weights capable of binding to proteins.
For use with proteins, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is recommended to start with 2-4% 40KD PVP.
Depending on the specific phenolics in the plant tissue, the molecular weight of Polyvinylpyrrolidone will need to be optimized.
Different molecular weights bind certain phenolics better than others, so Polyvinylpyrrolidone does not bind all phenolics universally.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Povidone has the molecular formula of (C6H9NO)n and appears as a white to slightly off-white powder.
Povidone formulations are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to dissolve in both water and oil solvents.
The k number refers to the mean molecular weight of the povidone.
Povidones with higher K-values (i.e., k90) are not usually given by injection due to their high molecular weights.
The higher molecular weights prevent excretion by the kidneys and lead to accumulation in the body.
The best-known example of povidone formulations is povidone-iodine, an important disinfectant
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is the cross-linked homopolymer of pure vinylpyrrolidone.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is hygroscopic and free-flowing white or off-white powder.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has a slight foul smell.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is insoluble in common solvents such as water, ethanol and ether.
So Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s molecule weight range can’t be measured.
However, Polyvinylpyrrolidone has ability to form complex with various kinds of substances (such as “Hu” class substance which can lead to the discoloration of a variety of wines and beverages discoloration).
Also Polyvinylpyrrolidone is easily to be removed after filtration because of its insolubility.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is one of the three major pharmaceutical new excipients and can be used as the co-solvent of tablets, granules, and injection, as the glidant of capsules, as the dispersant agent of liquid preparations and the colorant, as the stabilizer of enzyme and heat sensitive drug, as the co-precipitating agent of poorly soluble drugs, and as the detoxicant of ophthalmic drugs and lubricants.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is industrially used as expanded polystyrene additive, as the gelling agents for suspension polymerization, stabilizer, and fiber treating agents, paper processing aids, adhesives, and thickening agents.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its copolymers CAP is an important raw material of cosmetics, mainly used for hair retaining agent.
The film Polyvinylpyrrolidone formed in the hair is elastic and shiny, and has excellent carding property as well as being free of dust.
Adopting different category of resin can meet various kinds of relative humidity climatic conditions.
Therefore, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is an indispensable raw material in styling hair cream, hair gel, and mousse.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used for the cosmetics of skin moisturizing agents and the dispersants for grease based hair dying, also as foam stabilizers, and can improve the consistency of the shampoo.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is the stabilizer of beer and juice which can improve its transparency, color, and flavor.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water.
In solution, Polyvinylpyrrolidone has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films.
This makes Polyvinylpyrrolidone good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was first synthesized chemist Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a polymer used as a pharmaceutical aid, complexing agent, and solubilizer.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone acts as diluent, solvent and cleaning agent in various kinds of industries.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone also acts as an adjuvant, emulsifier, filtering aid, tableting aid, thickener.
Uses of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Medical:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; Polyvinylpyrrolidone simply passes through the body when taken orally.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is known under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among a plethora of others.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions).
For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb’s Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called “copolymer 845”).
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb’s Soothe.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is not preferred as volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.
The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.
Technical:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used in many technical applications:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode ray tubes (CRT)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in aqueous metal quenching
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as an additive to Doro’s RNA extraction buffer
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells
Other uses:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity.
This has led to Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.
As a food additive, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. PVPP (crospovidone) is E1202.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
In molecular biology, Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt’s buffer.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production
Preparation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is water-soluble and is usually polymerized in aqueous solution at about 50C with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
The polymer is also water-soluble and is isolated by spray-drying.
Commercial grades of Polyvinylpyrrolidone have average molecular weights (Mv) ranging from about 10000 up to 360000.
The largest use of Polyvinylpyrrolidone is in cosmetic formulations, especially hair lacquers. In the latter applications, polyvinylpyrrolidone is the preferred film-former on account of good adhesion to hair, lustre of the film and ease of removal on washing.
The polymer is also used as a binder in pharmaceutical tablets.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone also finds use in the textile industry, particularly in colour stripping operations, where the great affinity of the polymer for dyestuffs is utilized.
An interesting application of Polyvinylpyrrolidone is in aqueous solution as a blood plasma substitute; such material was extensively used in Germany during the Second World War.
Production Methods of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is manufactured by the Reppe process.
Acetylene and formaldehyde are reacted in the presence of a highly active copper acetylide catalyst to form butynediol, which is hydrogenated to butanediol and then cyclodehydrogenated to form butyrolactone.
Pyrrolidone is produced by reacting butyrolactone with ammonia.
This is followed by a vinylation reaction in which pyrrolidone and acetylene are reacted under pressure.
The monomer, vinylpyrrolidone, is then polymerized in the presence of a combination of catalysts to produce Polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Polyvinylpyrrolidones crude product comes from the polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone under basic catalyst or the existence of N, N’-divinyl amidine and further cross-inking reaction.
Then use water, 5% acetic acid and 50% ethanol for reflux to until extract ≤50mg/kg (for over 3h).
The 30% to 60% aqueous solution of the purified 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, in the presence of ammonia or amines and also with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst, has cross-linking and homo-polymerization reaction at a temperature of 50 °C and subject to further purification to obtain the final product.
Biochemistry of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone itself has no microbicidal activity.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone exhibits rapid, potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.
Propeties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in water and other polar solvents.
For example, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s weight in atmospheric water.
In solution, Polyvinylpyrrolidone has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films.
This makes Polyvinylpyrrolidone good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s oxidized hydrolyzate.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer with the following features.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be suitable for the usage of various applications and fields.
Other Properties:
Soluble in various solvents (e.g.: water, alcohol, amide and chlorineated solvents)
Heat Resistance （Tg=160-170℃）
Highly hygroscopicity
Good film-forming properties
Adhesion
Ability to form complexes
History of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was first synthesized chemist, Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.
Handling and Storage of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
Stability and Reactivity of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.
First Aid Measures of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area.
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
Firefighting Measures of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental Release Measures of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove’s outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Identifiers of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
CAS Number: 9003-39-8
EC Number: 1312995-182-4
Molecular Formula: CH4
Molecular Weight: 16.04246
CAS Number: 9003-39-8
Chemical Formula: (C6H9NO)n
IUPAC Name: 1-Ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one homopolymer
EC Number: 201-800-4
PubChem CID: 6914103
UNII: 8J2K5SCV0R
CAS Number : 9003-39-8
IUPAC name: 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone:
Chemical formula: (C6H9NO)n
Molar mass: 2,500 – 2,500,000 g•mol−1
Appearance: white to light yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder
Density :1.2 g/cm3
Melting point: 150 to 180 °C (302 to 356 °F; 423 to 453 K) (glass temperature)
Molecular Weight :40,000 (Avg.)
Molecular Formula: (C6H9NO)n
Storage: Room Temperature
Purity: min. 99.0%
Heavy metals as (Pb): <0.001%
pH (5%, water): 3.0-7.0
CAS #: 9003-39-8
Density: 1.23-1.29 g/mL (lit.)
Molecular Formula: (C6H9NO)x
Molecular Weight: avg. 10,000
Appearance (Colour): White to off – white
Appearance (Form): Crystalline powder
Solubility (Turbidity): 10% aq. solution Clear
Nitrogen content (N): 11.5 – 12.5%
Molecular Weight: 111.14
XLogP3: 0.4
Exact Mass: 111.068413911
Monoisotopic Mass: 111.068413911
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.3 Ų
Physical Description: White or nearly white powder
Color: Faintly yellow
Form: Solid
Odor: Odorless
Boiling Point: 90-93 °C
Melting Point: 13.9 °C
Flash Point: 93 °C
Solubility: Soluble in water and in ethanol. Insoluble in ether
Density: 1.23-1.29
Vapor Density: 3.83
Vapor Pressure: 0.1 mmHg
Autoignition Temperature: 364 °C
Viscosity: 2.07 cP
Chemical Classes: Plastics & Rubber -> Other Monomers
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 120
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes