BRONOPOL

CASNO:52-51-7

synonyms:

bronopol;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol;52-51-7;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;Bronosol;Bronocot;Bronidiol;Bronopolu;Bronotak;Onyxide 500;Lexgard bronopol;1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;Bronopolum;Bronopolu [Polish];2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;Caswell No. 116A;Bronopolum [INN-Latin];C3H6BrNO4;Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN];UNII-6PU1E16C9W;BRONOPOL;NSC 141021;HSDB 7195;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol);DSSTox_RID_77484;DSSTox_GSID_24652;Q-200765;Bioban;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid];Myacide AS plus;Myacide BT;CAS-52-51-7;Myacide Pharma BP;Canguard 409;BNPD;2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol;ACMC-1ARSQ;AC1L1DPE;BNPD; BNPK; Bronopol;WLN: WNXE1Q1Q;1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;EC 200-143-0;SCHEMBL23260;Bronopol (JAN/USAN/INN);KSC911Q1T;Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix);CHEMBL1408862;DTXSID8024652;SCHEMBL16556987;CTK8B1819;KS-00000URD;LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-;2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol;MolPort-002-497-774;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;Allergens;bronopol;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol;52-51-7;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;Bronosol;Bronocot;Bronidiol;Bronopolu;Bronotak;Onyxide 500;Lexgard bronopol;1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;Bronopolum;Bronopolu [Polish];2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;Caswell No. 116A;Bronopolum [INN-Latin];C3H6BrNO4;Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN];UNII-6PU1E16C9W;BRONOPOL;NSC 141021;HSDB 7195;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol);DSSTox_RID_77484;DSSTox_GSID_24652;Q-200765;Bioban;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid];Myacide AS plus;Myacide BT;CAS-52-51-7;Myacide Pharma BP;Canguard 409;BNPD;2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol;ACMC-1ARSQ;AC1L1DPE;BNPD; BNPK; Bronopol;WLN: WNXE1Q1Q;1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;EC 200-143-0;SCHEMBL23260;Bronopol (JAN/USAN/INN);KSC911Q1T;Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix);CHEMBL1408862;DTXSID8024652;SCHEMBL16556987;CTK8B1819;KS-00000URD;LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-;2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol;MolPort-002-497-774;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;Allergens; klima veya nemlendirme sistemleri;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;2-bromo;2-nitro;1,3-propandiol;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;Allergens; klima veya nemlendirme sistemleri;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;2-bromo;2-nitro;1,3-propandiol;bronopol;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol;52-51-7;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;Bronosol;Bronocot;Bronidiol;Bronopolu;Bronotak;Onyxide 500;Lexgard bronopol;1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;Bronopolum;Bronopolu [Polish];2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;Caswell No. 116A;Bronopolum [INN-Latin];C3H6BrNO4;Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN];UNII-6PU1E16C9W;BRONOPOL;NSC 141021;HSDB 7195;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol);DSSTox_RID_77484;DSSTox_GSID_24652;Q-200765;Bioban;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid];Myacide AS plus;Myacide BT;CAS-52-51-7;Myacide Pharma BP;Canguard 409;BNPD;2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol;ACMC-1ARSQ;AC1L1DPE;BNPD; BNPK; Bronopol;WLN: WNXE1Q1Q;1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;EC 200-143-0;SCHEMBL23260;Bronopol (JAN/USAN/INN);KSC911Q1T;Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix);CHEMBL1408862;DTXSID8024652;SCHEMBL16556987;CTK8B1819;KS-00000URD;LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-;2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol;MolPort-002-497-774;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;Allergens;bronopol;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol;52-51-7;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;Bronosol;Bronocot;Bronidiol;Bronopolu;Bronotak;Onyxide 500;Lexgard bronopol;1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;Bronopolum;Bronopolu [Polish];2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;Caswell No. 116A;Bronopolum [INN-Latin];C3H6BrNO4;Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN];UNII-6PU1E16C9W;BRONOPOL;NSC 141021;HSDB 7195;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol);DSSTox_RID_77484;DSSTox_GSID_24652;Q-200765;Bioban;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid];Myacide AS plus;Myacide BT;CAS-52-51-7;Myacide Pharma BP;Canguard 409;BNPD;2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol;ACMC-1ARSQ;AC1L1DPE;BNPD; BNPK; Bronopol;WLN: WNXE1Q1Q;1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;EC 200-143-0;SCHEMBL23260;Bronopol (JAN/USAN/INN);KSC911Q1T;Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix);CHEMBL1408862;DTXSID8024652;SCHEMBL16556987;CTK8B1819;KS-00000URD;LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-;2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol;MolPort-002-497-774;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;bronopol;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol;52-51-7;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;Bronosol;Bronocot;Bronidiol;Bronopolu;Bronotak;Onyxide 500;Lexgard bronopol;1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;Bronopolum;Bronopolu [Polish];2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;Caswell No. 116A;Bronopolum [INN-Latin];C3H6BrNO4;Bronopol [INN:BAN:JAN];UNII-6PU1E16C9W;BRONOPOL;NSC 141021;HSDB 7195;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol);DSSTox_RID_77484;DSSTox_GSID_24652;Q-200765;Bioban;2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid];Myacide AS plus;Myacide BT;CAS-52-51-7;Myacide Pharma BP;Canguard 409;BNPD;2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol;ACMC-1ARSQ;AC1L1DPE;BNPD; BNPK; Bronopol;WLN: WNXE1Q1Q;1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-;EC 200-143-0;SCHEMBL23260;Bronopol (JAN/USAN/INN);KSC911Q1T;Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix);CHEMBL1408862;DTXSID8024652;SCHEMBL16556987;CTK8B1819;KS-00000URD;LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-;2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-propanediol;MolPort-002-497-774;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838; Allergens; klima veya nemlendirme sistemleri;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;2-bromo;2-nitro;1,3-propandiol;2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838;antimikrobiyal; organik;bromlanma;nitrozamin;hidrojen bromür;Allergens; klima veya nemlendirme sistemleri;2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;2-bromo;2-nitro;1,3-propandiol;bronopol; BRONOPOL; bronopole; BRONOPOLe; brono pol; BRONO POL; brono pole; BRONO POLE; pronobol; pronobole; pronopol; PRONOPOL; pronopole; PRONOPOLE; prono pol; PRONO POL; prono pole; PRONO POLE

Bronopol

Bronopol 3D ball-and-stick.png

Names

IUPAC name

2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

Identifiers

CAS Number

52-51-7 ☑

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

ChEMBL

ChEMBL1408862 ☒

ChemSpider

2356 ☑

ECHA InfoCard 100.000.131

EC Number

200-143-0

KEGG

D01577 ☑

PubChem CID

Bronopol (INN; chemical name 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial. It is a white solid although commercial samples appear yellow.

The first reported synthesis of bronopol was in 1897.[citation needed]

Bronopol was invented by The Boots Company PLC in the early 1960s and first applications were as a preservative for pharmaceuticals. Due to its low mammalian toxicity at in-use levels and high activity against bacteria, especially Gram-negative species,[1] bronopol became popular as a preservative in many consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics. It was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

Contents

1 Production

2 Applications

3 Physical and chemical properties

3.1 Appearance

3.2 Melting point

3.3 Solubility

3.4 Partition coefficient

3.5 Stability in aqueous solution

3.6 Degradation

4 Allergy

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

Production

Bronopol is produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, which is derived from nitromethane by a nitroaldol reaction.[2] World production increased from the tens of tonnes in the late 1970s to current estimates in excess of 5,000 tonnes. Manufacturing today is the business of low cost producers, mainly in China.

Applications

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Bronopol is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems – in many of these systems bronopol can be a highly effective treatment).

The use of bronopol in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines. While bronopol is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of these substances, the term ‘significant’ means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion).

Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to avoid the formation of nitrosamines which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing bronopol from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.

Bronopol has been restricted for use in cosmetics in Canada.[3]

Physical and chemical properties

Appearance

Bronopol is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in colour depending on the grade. The yellow coloration is due to chelation of iron during the manufacturing process.

Melting point

As a pure material, bronopol has a melting point of about 130 °C. However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, bronopol undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.

At temperatures above 140 °C, bronopol decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Solubility

Bronopol is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic. Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.

Bronopol is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

Solubilities at 22-25 °C

Solvent %w/v

Water 28

Methanol 89

Ethanol 56

Isopropanol 41

Liquid Paraffin <0.5

Partition coefficient

Study of the solubility data shows that bronopol has a high affinity for polar rather than non-polar environments. In two-phase systems, bronopol partitions preferentially into the polar (usually aqueous) phase.

Partition coefficients at 22-24 °C

Solvent Combination Partition Co-efficient

Hexanol/Water 0.74

Alkane|Liquid Paraffin/Water 0.043

Chloroform/Water 0.068

Stability in aqueous solution

In aqueous solutions, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral. Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.

Degradation

Under extreme alkaline conditions, bronopol decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced.[4] Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with bronopol. Other decomposition products detected after bronopol breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

About Bronopol

Helpful information

Bronopol is manufactured and/or imported in the European Economic Area in 100 – 1 000 tonnes per year.

Bronopol is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses) and in formulation or re-packing.

Biocidal Uses

Bronopol is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection, product preservation, preservation of fibres, leather, rubber, or polymers, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes, embalming or taxidermy.

Consumer Uses

Bronopol is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, fertilisers and plant protection products.

Other release to the environment of Bronopol is likely to occur from: outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use as processing aid.

Article service life

ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Bronopol is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers

Bronopol is used in the following products: fertilisers, plant protection products, perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products and washing & cleaning products.

Bronopol is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Other release to the environment of Bronopol is likely to occur from: outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use as processing aid.

Formulation or re-packing

Bronopol is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fertilisers, plant protection products, perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products and washing & cleaning products.

Release to the environment of Bronopol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites

ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Bronopol. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Bronopol is most likely to be released to the environment.

Manufacture

ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Bronopol is most likely to be released to the environment.

Bronopol is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of bronopol is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. The chemical classification of bronopol is Allergens.

Bronopol, or 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, is an inorganic compound with wide-spectrum antimicrobial properties. First synthesized in 1897, bronopol was primarily used as a preservative for pharmaceuticals and was registered in the United States in 1984 for use in industrial bactericides, slimicides and preservatives [F13]. Bronopol is used as a microbicide or microbiostat in various commercial and industrial applications, including oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning or humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer products [F13]. Compared to other aliphatic halogen-nitro compounds, bronopol is more stable to hydrolysis in aqueous media under normal conditions [A32792]. The inhibitory activity against various bacteria, including _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, was demonstrated _in vitro_ [A32792]. Bronopol is approved for use in antibacterial OTC products in Canada.

2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1,3-DIOL is a white crystals. Ignite easily and burn readily. May detonate under strong shock. Decomposes when heated, evolving toxic gases. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion.

Bronopol (INN) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial. It is a white solid although commercial samples appear yellow.

The first cited synthesis of 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is 1897 according to Molbase.

Bronopol was invented by The Boots Company PLC in the early 1960s and first applications were as a preservative for pharmaceuticals. Owing to its low mammalian toxicity (at in-use levels) and high activity against bacteria (especially the troublesome Gram-negative species) bronopol became popular as a preservative in many consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics. It was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

Production

Bronopol is produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, which is derived from nitromethane by a nitroaldol reaction. World production increased from the tens of tonnes in the late 1970s to current estimates in excess of 5,000 tonnes. Manufacturing today is the business of low cost producers, mainly in China.

Applications

The use of bronopol in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines. While Bronopol is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of these substances, the term ‘significant’ means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion).

Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to ‘avoid the formation of nitrosamines’ which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing Bronopol from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.

Bronopol has been restricted for use in cosmetics in Canada.

Physical and chemical properties

Appearance

Bronopol is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in colour depending on the grade. The yellow colouration is due to chelation of iron during the manufacturing process.

Melting point

As a pure material, Bronopol has a melting point of about 130 °C. However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, Bronopol undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.

At temperatures above 140 °C, bronopol decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Solubility

Bronopol is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic. Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.

Bronopol is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

Partition coefficient

Study of the solubility data clearly shows that Bronopol has a high affinity for polar rather than non-polar environments. In two phase systems, Bronopol partitions preferentially into the polar (usually aqueous) phase.

Stability in aqueous solution

In aqueous solutions, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral. Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.

Degradation

Under extreme alkaline conditions, bronopol decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced. Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with bronopol. Other decomposition products detected after bronopol breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

Allergy

In 2005-06, it was the 15th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.4%) of people with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. It is used as a substitute for formaldehyde, a disinfectant and preservative, in solvents. It is prevalent in skin and personal care products and topical medications.

Properties: Biocidal products containing active ingredient Bronopol are used for the preservation of industrial and consumer products and for conditioning industrial and process water. Bronopol is soluble in water and compatible with proteins and non-ionic. Mantarsal activity is poor, poor stability over pH 8, associated with nitrosamine formation, detectable formaldehyde release. Typical usage concentration is between 0,01-0,04%.

Solubility and miscibility: Bronopol can be easily incorporated into aqueous formulation systems. Concentrated aqueous solutions tend to crystallize at low temperatures. Bronopol dissolves poorly in polar solvents, but organic polar solvents show a high degree of interest.

In non-aqueous systems, it is possible to achieve an effective level of Bronopol by using a suitable carrier solvent with careful selection of the raw materials.

Storage stability: When stored at ambient temperature, sealed packaging, Bronopol crystal types are stable for at least 3 years and liquid formulations are stable for at least 2 years. When aqueous solutions of crystalline material are prepared, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is acidic. In the presence of buffers, Bronopol’s concentration solutions tend to be self-stabilizing. The best pH for stability is around 4 and the data obtained from studies in dilute solutions of Bronopol show that the lifetime at pH = 4 and room temperature is more than 5 years. At pH and temperature increases, aqueous bronopol solutions become less stable.

Compatibility: Indicates that the concentrated aqueous solutions (20%) of the bronopol solutions (321 type) are compatible with solid PVC, Polyethylene (XDG33), plasticized PVC, silicone rubber, nylon and polypropylene in stainless steel. A diluted aqueous bronopol solution (0.02%) (representative of the level of use); stainless steel (321), aluminum, brass, copper, solid PVC, polyethylene (WJ611) and polyethylene (XD633).

Antimicrobial activity: Bronopol has a complex style of antimicrobial action. It has a broad spectrum against all groups of Bronopol bacteria containing bacteria-reducing anaerobic sulphate. The majority of bacteria are stopped between 6.25 and 50 ppm.

More doses are needed to reduce the activity of Bronopol’s fungi more and more generally. Most yeasts and molds require about 400 to 1600 ppm search. This procedure can not always control bronchopneumic dosages alone. It is not like this, it can be used with other assets. The Bronopol industry has pressure diagnostics:

Paper industry biocides: Processes of water treatment and mill (grinding). Calcium carbonate processing paper mill (grinding) additive preservative.

Water and oil field biocides:

Increasing oil recovery and conditioning cleaning waters such as cooling towers.

Bronopol is capable of controlling microbial contamination (in piercing mud). Tests show that you can clear all levels of contamination.

Industrial product enclosure:

Technical files such as polymer emulsion adhesives and motor materials. Bronopol is a very low level in a multidimensional arrangement.

Pharmacology

At concentrations of 12.5 to 50 µg/mL, bronopol mediated an inhibitory activity against various strains of Gram negative and positive bacteria _in vitro_ [A32792]. The bactericidal activity is reported to be greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive cocci [A32792]. Bronopol was also demonstrated to be effective against various fungal species, but the inhibitory action is reported to be minimal compared to that of against bacterial species [A32792]. The inhibitory activity of bronopol decreases with increasing pH of the media [A32792, F13]. Bronopol also elicits an anti-protozoal activity, as demonstrated with _Ichthyophthirius multifiliis_ _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ [A32791]. It is proposed that bronopol affects the survival of all free-living stages of _I. multifiliis_ [A32791].

Health Hazard

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Fire Potential

Combustible.

Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

The substance irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.

Bronopol (INN) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial. It is a white solid although commercial samples appear yellow.

The first cited synthesis of 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is 1897 according to Molbase.

Production

Applications

Bronopol has been restricted for use in cosmetics in Canada.

Physical and chemical properties

Appearance

Melting point

At temperatures above 140 °C, bronopol decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Solubility

Bronopol is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic. Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.

Bronopol is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

Partition coefficient

Stability in aqueous solution

In aqueous solutions, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral. Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.

Degradation

Allergy

In non-aqueous systems, it is possible to achieve an effective level of Bronopol by using a suitable carrier solvent with careful selection of the raw materials.

Paper industry biocides: Processes of water treatment and mill (grinding). Calcium carbonate processing paper mill (grinding) additive preservative.

Water and oil field biocides:

Increasing oil recovery and conditioning cleaning waters such as cooling towers.

Bronopol is capable of controlling microbial contamination (in piercing mud). Tests show that you can clear all levels of contamination.

Industrial product enclosure:

Technical files such as polymer emulsion adhesives and motor materials. Bronopol is a very low level in a multidimensional arrangement.

Pharmacology

At concentrations of 12.5 to 50 μg/mL, bronopol mediated an inhibitory activity against various strains of Gram negative and positive bacteria _in vitro_ [A32792]. The bactericidal activity is reported to be greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive cocci [A32792]. Bronopol was also demonstrated to be effective against various fungal species, but the inhibitory action is reported to be minimal compared to that of against bacterial species [A32792]. The inhibitory activity of bronopol decreases with increasing pH of the media [A32792, F13]. Bronopol also elicits an anti-protozoal activity, as demonstrated with _Ichthyophthirius multifiliis_ _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ [A32791]. It is proposed that bronopol affects the survival of all free-living stages of _I. multifiliis_ [A32791].

Bronopol (INN; chemical name 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial. It is a white solid although commercial samples appear yellow.

CAS Registry Number: 52-51-7

Bronopol was invented by The Boots Company PLC in the early 1960s and first applications were as a preservative for pharmaceuticals. Due to its low mammalian toxicity at in-use

levels and high activity against bacteria, especially Gram-negative species, bronopol became popular as a preservative in many consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics.

It was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection

plants.

2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol appears as white crystals. Ignite easily and burn readily. May detonate under strong shock. Decomposes when heated, evolving toxic gases. Toxic by skin

absorption, inhalation or ingestion.

Bronopol, or 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, is an organic compound with wide-spectrum antimicrobial properties. First synthesized in 1897, bronopol was primarily used as a

preservative for pharmaceuticals and was registered in the United States in 1984 for use in industrial bactericides, slimicides and preservatives. Bronopol is used as a microbicide

or microbiostat in various commercial and industrial applications, including oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning or humidifying systems, cooling water systems,

papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer products. Compared to other aliphatic halogen-nitro compounds, bronopol is more stable

to hydrolysis in aqueous media under normal conditions. The inhibitory activity against various bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was demonstrated in vitro. The agent is

largely available commercially as an antibacterial for a variety of industrial purposes while it is predominantly available for purchase as a pet animal litter antibacterial at the

domestic consumer level. Nevertheless, ongoing contemporary re-evaluations of bronopol use in large markets such as Canada now place various compositional and product restrictions

on the use of the agent in cosmetic products and in other products where it may not primarily be used in the role of a non-medicinal preservative antimicrobial.

Bronopol is produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, which is derived from nitromethane by a nitroaldol reaction.World production increased from the tens

of tonnes in the late 1970s to current estimates in excess of 5,000 tonnes. Manufacturing today is the business of low cost producers, mainly in China.

Applications

Bronopol is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential

environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems – in many of these systems bronopol can be a highly effective treatment).

The use of bronopol in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines. While bronopol is not in itself

a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition

products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of these substances,

the term ‘significant’ means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion).

Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to avoid the formation of nitrosamines which might mean removing amines or amides from the

formulation, removing bronopol from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.

Bronopol has been restricted for use in cosmetics in Canada.[3]

Physical and chemical properties

Appearance

Bronopol is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in colour depending on the grade. The yellow coloration is due to chelation of iron

during the manufacturing process.

Melting point

As a pure material, bronopol has a melting point of about 130 °C. However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, bronopol undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this

can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.

At temperatures above 140 °C, bronopol decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

Solubility

Bronopol is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic. Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.

Bronopol is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

Solubilities at 22–25 °C

Solvent %w/v

Water 28

Methanol 89

Ethanol 56

Isopropanol 41

Liquid Paraffin <0.5

Partition coefficient

Study of the solubility data shows that bronopol has a high affinity for polar rather than non-polar environments. In two-phase systems, bronopol partitions preferentially into

the polar (usually aqueous) phase.

Partition coefficients at 22–24 °C

Solvent Combination Partition Co-efficient

Hexanol/Water 0.74

Alkane|Liquid Paraffin/Water 0.043

Chloroform/Water 0.068

Stability in aqueous solution

In aqueous solutions, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral. Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.

Degradation

Under extreme alkaline conditions, bronopol decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced. Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the

biological activity associated with bronopol. Other decomposition products detected after bronopol breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and

2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

Allergy

Patch test

In 2005–2006, it was the 15th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.4%) of people with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. It is used as a substitute for formaldehyde,

a disinfectant and preservative, in solvents. It is prevalent in skin and personal care products and topical medications.

1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol

beta-Bromo-beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol

Bronidiol

Bronocot

Bronopolu

Bronopolum

Bronosol

Bronotak

Lexgard bronopol

Onyxide 500

Translated names

2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (cs)

2-brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolis (lt)

2-brom-2-nitropropān-1,3-diols (lv)

2-Brom-2-nitroropan-1,3-diol (de)

2-Bromi-2-nitropropaani-1,3-dioli (fi)

2-bromo-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diool (et)

2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (hr)

2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diolo (it)

2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)

2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol (es)

2-broom-2-nitropropaan-1,3-diol (nl)

2-bróm-2-nitropropán-1,3-diol (hu)

2-βρωμο-2-νιτρο-προπανο-1,3-διόλη (el)

2-бромо-2-нитропропан-1,3-диол (bg)

bronopol (cs)

bronopol (DCI) (es)

bronopol (INN) (cs)

bronopol (INN); 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (fr)

Bronopoli (fi)

Bronopoli (INN) (fi)

Bronopolis (lt)

bronopolis (INN) (lt)

Bronopols (lv)

bronopols (INN) (lv)

Bronopool (et)

bronopool (INN) (et)

Бронопол (bg)

Biocidal active substances

бронопол (INN) (bg)

IUPAC names

2 bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

2-Brom-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol

2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediolbronopol

2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol

2-bromo-2-nitropropane-

2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol bronopol (INN)

2-bromo-2nitropropane-1,3-diol

BromnitropropandiolBronopolRD_CLP_52-51-7_1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-_V1_20180110_TS

Morpholin-4-yl morpholine-4-carbodithioate

Trade names

2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (chemical name)

BNPD

Bronopol (common name)

Bronopol strongly inhibits the growth of Gram positive and Gram negative

Bacteria. It also is highly effective in eliminating the growth of Pseudomonas

species, including pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its applications

include cosmetic, pharmaceutical, toiletry and household products.

When the control of yeasts and molds is required, Bronopol can be combined

with other antimicrobials that provide additional anti-fungicidal activity.

Blends of Bronopol and Parabens give excellent coverage of all microbial

spectra. High compatibility with cationic, nonionic, anionic and amphoteric

surfactants and many other raw materials, including other preservatives,

makes Bronopol a very versatile product.

It is soluble in water and other polar solvents such as propylene glycol and

isopropanol. We recommend adding Bronopol to aqueous phase as it will

prevent the primary bacterial growth that takes place in this medium.

Bronopol breaks down under alkaline conditions and elevated temperatures

and should not be used in combination with secondary amines. This can lead

to an undesired chemical reaction and formation of nitrosamines. For cold

process products, we recommend adding Bronopol from the onset of the

formulation preparation process.

The recommended use level for Bronopol ranges from 0.03% to 0.1%.

BRONOPOL

MINIMUM INHIBITION CONCENTRATIONS (MIC) FOR BRONOPOL

Microorganism Type MIC (ppm)

Escherichia coli Bacteria Gram – 15

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria Gram – 15

Burkholderia cepacia Bacteria Gram – 15

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Gram + 10

Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria Gram + 15

Aspergillus niger Mold 2000

Candida albicans Yeast 1250

Other names: 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-; Bronocot; Onyxide 500; 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol; 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol; Bronosol; 2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol;

2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol; β-Bromo-β-nitrotrimethyleneglycol; Bronopolu; Bronotak; Bioban; Bronidiol; Canguard 409; Lexgard bronopol; Myacide AS plus; Myacide BT; NSC 141021;

Myacide Pharma BP

Bronopol

CAS number:52-51-7

Gross formula:C3H6BrNO4

Appearance:white or beige crystalline substance.

Chemical name and synonym:2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, Bronopol.

Physical and chemical properties:

Molecular weight 199.99 g / mol

Melting point 124-129 ºC

Solubility in water 25 g / 100 ml (22 ºC)

Description:

Bronopol is a white, odorless crystalline substance that melts at about 130 ºC. It is readily soluble in water, lower alcohols, acetic acid, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, but poorly soluble in chloroform, acetone and practically insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. The values of the solubility of bronopol in some solvents are as follows (w / v% at 22-25 ° C): water 28; methyl alcohol 89; ethyl alcohol 56; isopropyl alcohol 41; ethylene glycol 61; methylcarbitol 54; 1,2-propylene glycol 52; dipropylene glycol 48; polyethylene glycol 300; diethyl sebacate 10; isopropyl myristate, mineral oil and vegetable oils less than 0.5. Aqueous solutions of a pure compound have a pH of 5.0-5.5, which is explained by the mobility of hydroxyl hydrogen atoms. Solid compound can be stored for 3 years or longer, it is not influenced by factors such as daylight, humidity (up to 90%) and temperature (up to 45 ° C). However, an aqueous solution of Bronopol is stable only in the cold, provided that the acidity is high enough. An increase in pH and temperature leads to the decomposition of the compound as a result of the decomposition of formaldehyde. The initial process of decomposition of bronopol appears to be a retroaldol reaction with the release of formaldehyde and the formation of bromonitroethanol.

Bromonitroethanol itself is significantly less stable than bronopol, and in the range of conditions studied, its maximum concentration did not exceed 0.5% of the initial concentrations of bronopol. At the same time, a second-order reaction occurs with the participation of bronopol and formaldehyde to obtain 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol. The antimicrobial activity of bronopol is mainly due to the presence of electron-deficient bromine atoms in the molecules, which exhibit oxidizing properties, and not the ability to release formaldehyde. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of bronopol consists of cross-linking of sulfhydride groups of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur on the surface of microbial cells. Disulfide bridges block the metabolism of microorganisms.

Application:

Bronopol is used as a preservative in various cosmetic and household products due to its high activity against gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads. These organisms are common water dwellers and can cause pollution and deterioration problems. Bronopol is an effective antibacterial preservative in a wide pH range. It is stable at acidic pH values and is also useful as a labile antibacterial preservative in an alkaline environment. Due to its broad spectrum antibacterial activity, Bronopol can also be used as an active agent, for example in aerosol preparations.

Receiving:

The method for producing bronopol includes loading the reaction vessel with water, bromopicrin, nitromethane and paraformaldehyde, gradually supplying the base to the reaction vessel with stirring, bringing the reaction to completion and separating bronopol from the aqueous reaction mixture.

Bronopol products are currently registered for use in oilfield systems, air purification systems, industrial water treatment systems, laboratory water baths, coatings, emulsions, air conditioning / humidification systems, pulp and paper industry systems, metalworking cutting fluids, and also consumer / institutional products.

Action on the body:

Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is a bactericide with limited effectiveness against fungal organisms. It is active against Pseudomonas species and should be used at a pH of 5 to 8.8, below the application temperature of 45 ° C. Bronopol has a complex mechanism of action that attacks thiol groups in cells, suppressing respiration and cellular metabolism.

Research indicates that bronopol is a corrosive eye irritant and moderate to severe skin irritant in rabbits. The fate of the environment and the ecological consequences of the use of Bronopol are moderately highly toxic for estuarine / marine invertebrates; slightly toxic to marine fish; slightly toxic to birds with acute oral ingestion. However, no quantitative risk assessment has been carried out. The risk to the aquatic environment is being addressed under the NPDES permitting program by the Water Resources Authority. It is now required that labels on all products containing Bronopol meet NPDES requirements.

Toxicological data:

Acute toxicity:

LD50 oral – rat – 180 mg / kg

LD50 cutaneous – rat – 1.600 mg / kg

Oral (LD50): 270 mg / kg [Mouse].

Oral (LD50): 250 mg / kg [Dog].

Ecotoxicity:

Fish toxicity LC50 – Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) – 20 mg / l – 96 h

Toxicity to Daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates.

EC50 – Daphnia magna (large daphnia) – 1.6 mg / l – 48 h

Very toxic to aquatic life.

Bacteria: Phytobacterium phosphoreum: EC50 = 0.41-0.90 mg / l; 5.15.30 minutes; Microtoxic test; 15 degrees Celsius.

Bronopol

Bronopol is a fairly popular broad-spectrum preservative, which allows it to be used in some formulations as the only preservative. It is effective at low concentrations; as a rule, dosages used in cosmetics are below the maximum allowable limit of 0.1%, established by law.

The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of bronopol is quite complex, and, as a rule, it is not associated with the release of formaldehyde. That is why it is considered that it is a mistake to classify this preservative as a typical formaldehyde donor. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that formaldehyde is nevertheless formed during the decomposition of bronopol, and the presence of cross-sensitivity to bronopol with an established allergy to formaldehyde takes place. However, the release of formaldehyde does not occur at the same rate and in the same amount under different conditions.

The main factors affecting the destruction of bronopol are pH, sunlight and temperature. It was found that with the addition of citric acid, which lowers the pH, the decomposition of bronopol in aqueous solutions slows down, which is quite natural, and an increase in temperature and exposure to sunlight increases the rate of decomposition. These facts are taken into account when formulating recipes.

There are few quantitative data on the destruction of bronopol – much less than for typical formaldehyde donors, but they are still there; the highest concentration of formaldehyde in alkaline compounds, which is quite natural, but they are not so high as to cause concern or put a warning about the presence of formaldehyde in the marking. The pH range from 5 to 6 can be considered quite favorable for the preservative’s behavior and for the skin.

Bronopol, like other preservatives, can cause the development of symptoms of contact dermatitis, but in most cases it does not belong to the leaders, but rather an outsider. A different situation is observed only in case of serious skin diseases, such as chronic eczema or atopic dermatitis, in which the normal barrier function of the skin is disrupted, and the frequency of using special cosmetics designed to relieve symptoms is increased, which leads to an increased risk of developing sensitization. But the specificity of allergic reactions to bronopol is not due to formaldehyde, but to other products of its decay, such as 2-bromoethanol, 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol and bromonitromethane.

The connection between the use of bronopol in cosmetics and the potential for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines theoretically exists (and if the established precautions are not followed, it can be realized in practice), but for this, restrictions are introduced to minimize these risks [1]… Nitrosamines are found almost everywhere in the environment; moreover, they are formed in the human digestive tract as a result of the reaction between secondary amines or amides and nitrite ions. Bronopol itself is not a nitrosating agent, but under conditions under which it decomposes (alkaline environment and / or elevated temperature), it can release nitrite ions, potentially capable of producing nitrosamines – if anything, because for this reaction there is only nitrite is not enough. Accordingly, bronopol is not used where there is a risk of formation of nitrosamines, and cosmetic raw materials, which may contain trace amounts of secondary amines or amides, undergo thorough cleaning and strict control

Bronopol

Bronopol ( INN ; kimyasal ad 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol ), antimikrobiyal olarak kullanlan organik bir bileiktir . Ticari örnekler sar görünse de beyaz bir katdr.

Bildirilen ilk bronopol sentezi 1897’de idi. [ Alnt gerekli ]

Bronopol 1960’l yllarn banda The Boots Company PLC tarafndan icat edildi ve ilk uygulamalar farmasötikler için bir koruyucu idi . Kullanmdaki düzeylerde düük memeli toksisitesi ve bakterilere , özellikle Gram-negatif türlere kar yüksek aktivitesinden dolay , [1] bronopol ampuan ve kozmetik gibi birçok tüketici ürününde koruyucu olarak popüler oldu . Daha sonra kat fabrikalar , petrol arama gibi dier endüstriyel ortamlarda antimikrobiyal olarak kabul edildi. ve üretim tesislerinin yan sra soutma suyu dezenfeksiyon tesisleri.

içindekiler

1 Üretim

2 Uygulamalar

3 Fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler

3.1 Görünüm

3.2 Erime noktas

3.3 Çözünürlük

3.4 Bölme katsays

3.5 Sulu çözeltide stabilite

3.6 Bozunma

4 Alerji

5 Ayrca baknz

6 Kaynakça

7 D balantlar

Üretim

Bronopol, bir nitroaldol reaksiyonuyla nitrometandan türetilen di (hidroksimetil) nitrometann brominasyonu ile üretilir . [2] Dünya üretimi 1970’lerin sonlarnda onlarca tondan 5.000 tonu aan mevcut tahminlere yükseldi. Bugün üretim, bata Çin olmak üzere düük maliyetli üreticilerin iidir .

Uygulamalar

Bu bölüm , dorulama için ek alntlara ihtiyaç duyuyor . Yardm edin bu yazy iyiletirmek tarafndan güvenilir kaynaklara alntlar ekleyerek . Kaynaksz malzeme itiraz edilebilir ve kaldrlabilir.

Kaynaklar bul: “Bronopol” – haberler · gazeteler · kitaplar · bilgin · JSTOR ( Ocak 2017 ) ( Bu ablon mesajnn nasl ve ne zaman kaldrlacan örenin )

Bronopol, tüketici ürünlerinde etkili bir koruyucu ajan olarak ve çok çeitli endüstriyel uygulamalar olarak kullanlr (hemen hemen her endüstriyel su sistemi, bakteriyel büyüme için potansiyel bir ortamdr, balçk ve korozyon sorunlarna yol açar – bu sistemlerin çounda bronopol, oldukça etkili bir tedavi).

Kiisel bakm ürünlerinde ( kozmetik , tuvalet malzemeleri ) bronopol kullanm , potansiyel nitrozamin oluumu nedeniyle 1980’lerin sonundan bu yana azalmtr . Bronopol kendi bana bir nitrozlama maddesi olmasa da, ayrt koullar altnda ( alkalin çözeltisi ve / veya yüksek scaklklar) nitrit ve düük seviyelerde formaldehit aça çkarabilir ve bu ayrma ürünleri kiisel bakmdaki herhangi bir kirletici ikincil amin veya amid ile reaksiyona girebilir önemli seviyelerde nitrozamin üretmek için formülasyon (bu maddelerin toksisitesi nedeniyle, ‘önemli’ terimi milyarda 10s kadar düük seviyeler anlamna gelir).

Kiisel bakm ürünleri imalatçlar bu nedenle düzenleyici makamlar tarafndan formülasyondan amin veya amidlerin uzaklatrlmas, bronopolün bir formülasyondan çkarlmas veya nitrosamin inhibitörlerinin kullanlmas anlamna gelebilecek nitrozaminlerin oluumundan kaçnmalar için talimat verilir.

Bronopol’un Kanada’daki kozmetik ürünlerinde kullanm kstlanmtr. [3]

Fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler

Görünüm

Bronopol, dereceye bal olarak beyazdan soluk sarya kadar deiebilen kristaller veya kristal toz olarak salanr . Sar renklenme, imalat ilemi srasnda demirin elasyonundan kaynaklanmaktadr.

Erime noktas

Saf bir malzeme olarak bronopolün erime noktas yaklak 130 ° C’dir. Bununla birlikte, polimorfik özellikleri nedeniyle , bronopol 100 ila 105 ° C’de bir kafes yeniden düzenlemesine maruz kalr ve bu genellikle erime noktas olarak yanl yorumlanabilir.

140 ° C’nin üzerindeki scaklklarda bronopol, egzotermik olarak hidrojen bromür ve azot oksitleri salarak ayrr .

Çözünürlük

Bronopol suda kolayca çözünür; çözünme ilemi endotermiktir . Ortam scaklnda % 28 a / h’a kadar çözeltiler mümkündür .

Bronopol, polar olmayan çözücülerde az çözünür ancak polar organik çözücüler için yüksek bir afinite gösterir.

22-25 ° C’de çözünürlükler

çözücü % A / h

Su 28

Metanol 89

Etanol 56

izopropanol 41

Sv parafin <0,5

Bölme katsays

Çözünürlük verilerinin incelenmesi, bronopolün polar olmayan ortamlardan ziyade polar için yüksek bir afiniteye sahip olduunu göstermektedir. ki fazl sistemlerde, bronopol tercihen polar (genellikle sulu) faza ayrlr.

22-24 ° C’de bölme katsaylar

Solvent Kombinasyonu Ayrlm katsays

Heksanol / Su 0.74

Sv Parafin / Su 0.043

Kloroform / Su 0.068

Sulu çözeltide stabilite

Sulu çözeltilerde, sistemin pH deeri nötr asit tarafnda olduunda bronopol en kararldr . Scakln alkali sistemlerde stabilite üzerinde de önemli bir etkisi vardr.

stlerinde (% 3.4) en yaygn 15. alerjen olmutur . [5] Çözücülerde dezenfektan ve koruyucu olan formaldehit yerine kullanlr. Cilt ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde ve topikal ilaçlarda yaygndr. [6]

Bronopol, Standartlatrlm bir Kimyasal Allerjendir. Bronopann fizyolojik etkisi, Artan Histamin Salm ve Hücre-aracl Baklktr. Bronopolün kimyasal snflandrmas Allergens’dir.

Bronopol veya 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol, geni spektrumlu antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip inorganik bir bileiktir. lk olarak 1897’de sentezlenen bronopol, 1984 ylnda ABD’de, endüstriyel bakterisit, inceltici ve koruyucu maddeler için koruyucu olarak kullanld [F13]. Bronopol, petrol sahas sistemleri, hava ykama sistemleri, klima veya nemlendirme sistemleri, soutma suyu sistemleri, papermiller, emici killer, tüketici ürünleri de dahil olmak üzere çeitli ticari ve endüstriyel uygulamalar için bir mikrobisid veya mikrobiyostat olarak kullanlr [F13]. Dier alifatik halojen-nitro bileiklerine kyasla, bronopol normal koullarda sulu ortamda hidrolize daha stabildir [A32792]. _Pseudomonas aeruginosa dahil olmak üzere çeitli bakterilere kar inhibitör aktivite, in vitro olarak gösterilmitir [A32792]. Bronopol, Kanada’daki antibakteriyel OTC ürünlerinde kullanlmak üzere onaylanmtr.

2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1,3-DIOL beyaz kristallerdir. Kolayca tututurun ve kolayca yank. Güçlü ok altnda patlayabilir. Isndnda zehirli gazlar aça çkarr. Cilt emilimi, inhalasyon veya yutulmasyla toksiktir.

Bronopol (INN) antimikrobiyal olarak kullanlan organik bir bileiktir. Ticari numuneler sar görünse de beyaz bir katdr.

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol’ün ilk belirtilen sentezi, Molbase’ye göre 1897’dir.

Bronopol, 1960’larn balarnda The Boots Company PLC tarafndan icat edildi ve ilk uygulamalar, farmasötikler için koruyucu olarak kullanld. Düük memeli toksisitesi (kullanm seviyelerinde) ve bakterilere kar yüksek aktivitesi (özellikle zorlu Gram negatif türler) nedeniyle, kozmetik ve kozmetik gibi birçok tüketici ürününde koruyucu olarak popüler hale gelmitir. Daha sonra kat fabrikalar, petrol arama ve üretim tesisleri ve soutma suyu dezenfeksiyon tesisleri gibi dier endüstriyel ortamlarda antimikrobiyal olarak kabul edildi.

Üretim

Bronopol bir nitroaldol reaksiyonu ile nitrometandan türetilmi di (hidroksimetil) nitrometann bromlanmas ile üretilir. Dünya üretimi 1970’lerin sonlarndaki on tondan 5.000 tonun üzerindeki tahminlere yükseldi. Bugün üretim, çounlukla Çin’de düük maliyetli üreticilerin ii.

Uygulamalar

Bronopol, tüketici ürünlerinde, etkili bir koruyucu ajan olarak ve çok çeitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda (neredeyse her endüstriyel su sistemi, bakteri büyümesi için potansiyel bir ortam olup, balçk ve korozyon sorunlarna yol açar) kullanlr. son derece etkili bir tedavidir.

Kiisel bakm ürünlerinde (kozmetik, tuvalet malzemeleri) bronopol kullanm, potansiyel olarak nitrozamin oluumuna bal olarak 1980’lerin sonlarndan beri azalmtr. Bronopol kendi bana bir nitrojenatlama maddesi deildir, ayrt koullar altnda (alkali çözelti ve / veya yükseltilmi scaklklar) nitrit ve düük formaldehit seviyelerini serbest brakabilir ve bu ayrma ürünleri herhangi bir kontaminant ikincil amin veya amid ile kiisel olarak reaksiyona girebilir.

Önemli düzeyde nitrozaminler üretmek için bakm formülasyonu (bu maddelerin toksisitesi nedeniyle, “anlaml” terimi, milyarda 10’luk ksm kadar düük seviyeler anlamna gelir).

Kiisel bakm ürünleri imalatçlar bu nedenle düzenleyici otoriteler tarafndan formülasyondan aminlerin veya amitlerin çkarlmas, Bronopol’ün bir formülasyondan çkarlmas veya nitrozamin inhibitörlerinin kullanlmas anlamna gelebilecek “nitrozaminlerin oluumundan saknlmas” talimat verilmitir.

Bronopol, Kanada’da kozmetikte kullanm için snrlandrlmtr.

Fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler

Görünüm

Bronopol, dereceye bal olarak beyazdan soluk sarya kadar deiebilen kristaller veya kristal toz olarak tedarik edilir. Sar renklenme, imalat ilemi srasnda demirin elatlandrlmasndan kaynaklanmaktadr.

Erime noktas

Saf bir materyal olarak, Bronopol yaklak 130 ° C’lik bir erime noktasna sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, polimorfik özelliklerinden dolay, Bronopol 100 ila 105 ° C’de bir kafes düzenlemesine urar ve bu genellikle erime noktas olarak yanl bir ekilde yorumlanabilir.

140 ° C’nin üzerindeki scaklklarda, bronopol ekzotermik olarak hidrojen bromür ve nitrojen oksitlerini ayrr.

Çözünürlük

Bronopol suda kolayca çözünür; çözünme süreci endotermiktir. Ortam scaklnda% 28’e kadar w / v içeren solüsyonlar mümkündür.

Bronopol, polar olmayan çözücülerde zayf bir ekilde çözünür, ancak polar organik çözücüler için yüksek bir afinite gösterir.

Bölüm katsays

Çözünürlük verilerinin incelenmesi, Bronopol’ün polar olmayan ortamlardan çok polar için yüksek bir afiniteye sahip olduunu açkça göstermektedir. ki fazl sistemlerde, Bronopol tercihen polar (genellikle sulu) faza ayrlr.

Sulu çözeltide kararllk

Sulu çözeltilerde, bronit, sistemin pH’ nötrün asit tarafnda olduunda en stabildir. Scaklk ayrca alkali sistemlerde stabilite üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir.

bozulma

Ar alkali koullar altnda, aköz solüsyonda bronopol ayrr ve çok düük formaldehit seviyeleri oluur. Liberal formaldehit, bronopol ile ilikili biyolojik aktiviteden sorumlu deildir. Bron arzas sonrasnda saptanan dier ayrma ürünleri bromür iyonu, nitrit iyonu, bromonitroetanol ve 2-hidroksimetil-2-nitropropan-l, 3-dioldür.

Alerji

2005-06’da, alerjik kontakt dermatitten üphelenilen kiilerin yama testlerinde (% 3.4) 15. en yaygn allerjen oldu. Solventlerde formaldehit, dezenfektan ve koruyucu yerine kullanlr. Cilt ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde ve topikal ilaçlarda yaygndr.

Özellikler: Aktif madde Bronopol içeren biosidal ürünler, endüstriyel ve tüketici ürünlerinin muhafazas için ve endüstriyel ve proses suyunun artlandrlmasnda kullanlr. Bronopol, suda çözünürdür ve proteinler ve non iyoniklerle uyumludur. Mantarsal aktivitesi zayftr, pH 8’in üzerinde zayf stabilite gösterir, nitrozamin oluumuyla ilikilidir, alglanabilir formaldehit salar. Tipik kullanm konsantrasyonu % 0,01-0,04 arasndadr.

Çözünürlük ve karabilirlik: Bronopol kolaylkla sulu formülasyon sistemlerine dahil edilebilir. Konsantre sulu çözeltileri düük scaklkta kristallenmeye eilim gösterirler. Bronopol polar olmayan çözücülerde zayf bir ekilde çözünür, fakat organik polar solventlere yüksek ilgi gösterir.

Sulu olmayan sistemlerde, hammaddelerin dikkatli bir seçimiyle uygun tayc bir solvent kullanmyla, Bronopol’ün etkili düzeyini elde etmek mümkündür.

Depolama kararll: Ortam scaklnda, kapal ambalajnda depolandnda, Bronopol’ün kristal tipleri en az 3 yl, sv formülasyonlar en az 2 yl stabildir. Kristal maddenin sulu çözeltileri hazrlandnda, bronopol en çok sistemin pH’ asidik olduunda kararldr. Tamponlarn varlnda, Bronopol’ün konsantre çözeltileri kendi kendini kararl yapmaya eilim gösterir. Stabilite için en iyi pH, 4 civarndadr ve Bronopol’ün seyreltik çözeltilerindeki çalmalardan elde edilen veriler, pH=4’de ve oda scaklnda ömrünün 5 yldan fazla olduunu ortaya koyar. pH ve scaklk artlarnda sulu bronopol çözeltileri daha az kararl olurlar.

Uyumluluk: Bronopol çözeltilerinin (%20) konsantre sulu çözeltilerinin paslanmaz çelikte (321 tipi), kat PVC, Polietilen (XDG33), plastiklemi PVC, silikon kauçuk, nylon ve polipropilenle uyumlu olduunu gösterir. Seyreltilmi sulu bir bronopol çözeltisi (% 0,02)(kullanm düzeyinin temsilcisi); paslanmaz çelik (321), alüminyum, prinç, bakr, kat PVC, polietilen (WJ611) ve polietilen (XD633) ile uyumlu olduu görülür.

Antimikrobiyal aktivite: Bronopol, antimikrobiyal hareketin kompleks bir tarzna sahiptir. Bakteri azaltan anaerobik sülfat içeren Bronopol bakterilerin bütün gruplarna kar geni bir spektruma sahiptir. Bakterilerin çounluu 6,25 ve 50 ppm arasnda durdurulur.

Bronopol’ün mantarlara kar aktivitesi daha deiiktir ve genel olarak çoalmay durdurmak için daha yüksek dozlar gerekir. Maya ve küflerin çounun durdurulmasnda 400-1600 ppm aralna ihtiyaç duyulur. Bununla birlikte bozucu mantar 6400 ppm’in arsn ister ve bu yüzden her zaman tek bana Bronopol’le ekonomik dozaj oranlar kontrol edilemez. Bu gibi durumlarda, dier aktiflerle kombinasyon içinde kullanm tavsiye edilir. Bronopol endüstride aada belirtilen uygulamalara sahiptir:

Kat endüstrisi biositleri: Proses suyu muamelesinde ve fabrika (öütme) katklarnn korunmasnda. Kalsiyum karbonat bazl tipik kat fabrika (öütme) katks koruyucusu olarak etkilidir.

Su ve svya alan biositleri:

Ya geri kazanmnn yükseltilmesi ve soutma kuleleri gibi endüstriyel sularn artlandrlmas.

Bronopol, (delici çamurlarda) mikrobiyal kirlenmeyi kontrol etmek için kabiliyetlidir. Yaplan testlerde bütün düzeylerdeki kontaminasyonu temizleyebildiini gösterir.

Endüstriyel ürün muhafazas:

Polimer emülsiyon yaptrclar ve endüstriyel katklar gibi teknik ürünlerin muhafazas. Bronopol, ev ürünlerinin farkl bir aralnda çok düük düzeylerde uygulanmak üzere yeterli bir ekilde etkili olmasna ramen, uzun süre koruma saplamak için de yeterli bir kararllktadr.

Farmakoloji

12,5 ila 50 µg / mL konsantrasyonlarnda, bronkof, çeitli Gram negatif ve pozitif bakteri türlerine kar bir inhibitör aktiviteye araclk etmitir [in vitro_ [A32792]. Gram-pozitif koklara kar bakterisit aktivitesinin Gram negatif bakterilere kar daha fazla olduu bildirilmitir [A32792]. Bronopol’ün çeitli mantar türlerine kar da etkili olduu gösterilmitir, ancak inhibitör etkinin bakteriyel türlere kar minimal düzeyde olduu bildirilmitir [A32792]. Bronann inhibe edici aktivitesi, medyann pH’nn artmasyla azalr [A32792, F13]. Bronopol ayrca _Ichthyophthirius multifiliis_ _in vitro_ ve _in vivo_ [A32791] ile gösterildii gibi bir anti-protozoal aktivite ortaya çkarr. Bronolün, bütün serbest yaayan aamalarnn hayatta kalmasn etkiledii öne sürülmütür. multifiliis_ [A32791].

Salk tehlikesi

ERG Guide’dan alntlar 133 [Yanc Katlar]: Yangn, tahri edici ve / veya toksik gazlar oluturabilir. Temas cilt ve göz yanklarna neden olabilir. Erimi madde ile temas cilt ve gözlere ciddi yanklara neden olabilir. Yangn kontrolünden kaynaklanan ak kirlilie neden olabilir.

Yangn tehlikesi

ERG Guide’dan alntlar 133 133 [Yanc Katlar]: Yanc / yanc malzeme. Sürtünme, s, kvlcm veya alevle atelenebilir. Bazlar parlama-yanma etkisi ile hzla yanabilir. Tozlar, tozlar, talalar, sondajlar, dönüler veya kesimler patlayc iddet ile patlayabilir veya yanabilir. Madde, parlama noktasnn üzerinde olabilen bir scaklkta erimi bir formda nakledilebilir. Yangn söndürüldükten sonra yeniden atelenebilir.

Yanc. Yangnda tahri edici veya zehirli dumanlar (veya gazlar) verir.

Yangn potansiyeli

Yanc.

Deri, Göz ve Solunum Tahrii

Bu madde gözleri, cildi ve solunum sistemini tahri eder.

Güvenlik ve Tehlikeli Özellikler

Kimyasal Tehlikeler

Istma ve yanma üzerine bozulur. Bu, hidrojen bromür ve azot oksitleri içeren zehirli ve tahri edici dumanlar üretir. Baz metaller, aminler ve alkali bileiklerle reaksiyona girer.

lk YARDIM TEDBRLER

lk yardm

GÖZLER: Önce kontakt lensleri kontrol edin ve varsa çkarn. Ayn anda bir hastane veya zehir kontrol merkezini çarrken kurbann gözlerini 20 ila 30 dakika boyunca su veya normal tuzlu suyla ykayn. Bir doktorun özel talimatlar olmakszn kurbann gözlerine hiçbir merhem, ya veya ilaç koymayn. HATIRLATMAYIN Herhangi bir semptom (kzarklk veya tahri gibi) gelimemi olsa bile, gözleri kzardktan sonra hastaneye götürün. CLT: HEMEN sürülen cildi tüm kirli giysileri çkarrken ve izole ederken su ile etkiledi. Etkilenen tüm cilt bölgelerini nazikçe sabun ve suyla ykayn. Kzarklk veya tahri gibi belirtiler geliirse, HEMEN doktor çarr ve kurban tedavi için bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. SOLUMA: HEMEN kirli bölgeyi terk edin; temiz hava derin nefes al. Semptomlar (hrltl solunum, öksürük, nefes darl veya azda, boazda veya gösünde yanma gibi) geliirse, bir doktora bavurunuz ve kurban bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. Bilinmeyen bir atmosfere giren kurtarclar için uygun solunum korumas salayn. Mümkünse, Bamsz Solunum Aparat (SCBA) kullanlmaldr; Mevcut deilse, Koruyucu Giysiler kapsamnda tavsiye edilene eit veya ondan daha büyük bir koruma seviyesi kullann. YUTMA: VOMITING ÇMEYN. Madur bilinçli ise ve sarslmazsa, kimyasal maddeyi sulandrmak için 1 veya 2 bardak su verin ve HEMEN bir hastane veya zehir kontrol merkezi arayn. Bir doktor tarafndan tavsiye edilirse kurban bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. Eer madur uyuukluk veya bilinçsiz ise, azdan bir ey vermeyin, madurun hava yolunun açk olduundan emin olun ve kurban vücudun alt ksmndan aa gelecek ekilde kurcalayn. VOMITING ÇMEYN. HATIRLATMAK Kurban bir hastaneye nakledin.

Soluma lk Yardm

Temiz hava, dinlen.

Cilt lk Yardm

Kirlenmi giysileri çkarn. Vucudu bol su ve ya du ile durulayn.

Göz lkyardm

lk önce birkaç dakika bol su ile durulayn (eer mümkünse kontak lensleri çkarn), ardndan tbbi yardm aln.

Yutma lk Yardm

Az çalkalayn. Kusmay (SADECE KUSURSUZ KLERDE!) ndükleyin.

Yangnla Mücadele Tedbirleri

Gerekirse, yangnla mücadele için bamsz solunum cihaz kullann.

Açlmam kaplar soutmak için su spreyi kullann.

Uygun yangn söndürme arac: Su spreyi, alkole dirençli köpük, kuru kimyasal veya karbondioksit kullann.

Toz, alkole dirençli köpük, su spreyi, karbondioksit.

Yangn söndürme

ERG Guide’dan alnt 133 [Yanc Katlar]: KÜÇÜK YANGIN: Kuru kimyasal, CO2, kum, toprak, su spreyi veya normal köpük. BÜYÜK YANGIN: Su spreyi, sis veya düzenli köpük. Risk almadan yapabiliyorsanz kaplar yangn alanndan uzaklatrn. Metal Pigmentler veya Macunlar çeren Yangn (örn. “Alüminyum Macun”) Alüminyum Macun yangnlar, yanc bir metal yangn olarak ele alnmaldr. DRY kum, grafit tozu, kuru sodyum klorür bazl yangn söndürücüler, G-1® veya Met-L-X® tozu kullann. Ayrca, bkz. ERG Klavuzu 170. TANKLARIN VEYA ARABA / RÖMORK YÜKLEME YANGINLARI: Yangin söndükten sonra su miktarinda suyla dolu kaplar. Büyük yangnlar için insansz hortum tutucular kullann veya nozullar izleyin; Bu mümkün deilse, alandan çekilip ate yakmasna izin verin. Havalandrma güvenlik cihazlarndan gelen yükselen ses veya tankn renginin solmas durumunda derhal geri çekilmelidir. HER ZAMAN yangnda yutulmu tanklardan uzak durun.

Su spreyi, toz, alkole dirençli köpük, karbon dioksit kullann.

omo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol;ALBB-031641;HY-B1217;ZINC1088216;Tox21_112079;Tox21_300126;1,3-Propanediol,2-bromo-2-nitro-;ANW-31486;LS-172;MFCD00007390;NSC141021;s4553;SBB000393;2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol;AKOS003606838

Bronopol, Standartlatrlm bir Kimyasal Allerjendir. Bronopann fizyolojik etkisi, Artan Histamin Salm ve Hücre-aracl Baklktr. Bronopolün kimyasal snflandrmas Allergens’dir.

Bronopol (INN) antimikrobiyal olarak kullanlan organik bir bileiktir. Ticari numuneler sar görünse de beyaz bir katdr.

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol’ün ilk belirtilen sentezi, Molbase’ye göre 1897’dir.

Üretim

Uygulamalar

Önemli düzeyde nitrozaminler üretmek için bakm formülasyonu (bu maddelerin toksisitesi nedeniyle, “anlaml” terimi, milyarda 10’luk ksm kadar düük seviyeler anlamna gelir).

Bronopol, Kanada’da kozmetikte kullanm için snrlandrlmtr.

Fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler

Görünüm

Bronopol, dereceye bal olarak beyazdan soluk sarya kadar deiebilen kristaller veya kristal toz olarak tedarik edilir. Sar renklenme, imalat ilemi srasnda demirin elatlandrlmasndan kaynaklanmaktadr.

Erime noktas

140 ° C’nin üzerindeki scaklklarda, bronopol ekzotermik olarak hidrojen bromür ve nitrojen oksitlerini ayrr.

Çözünürlük

Bronopol suda kolayca çözünür; çözünme süreci endotermiktir. Ortam scaklnda% 28’e kadar w / v içeren solüsyonlar mümkündür.

Bronopol, polar olmayan çözücülerde zayf bir ekilde çözünür, ancak polar organik çözücüler için yüksek bir afinite gösterir.

Bölüm katsays

Sulu çözeltide kararllk

Sulu çözeltilerde, bronit, sistemin pH’ nötrün asit tarafnda olduunda en stabildir. Scaklk ayrca alkali sistemlerde stabilite üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir.

bozulma

Alerji

Sulu olmayan sistemlerde, hammaddelerin dikkatli bir seçimiyle uygun tayc bir solvent kullanmyla, Bronopol’ün etkili düzeyini elde etmek mümkündür.

Kat endüstrisi biositleri: Proses suyu muamelesinde ve fabrika (öütme) katklarnn korunmasnda. Kalsiyum karbonat bazl tipik kat fabrika (öütme) katks koruyucusu olarak etkilidir.

Su ve svya alan biositleri:

Ya geri kazanmnn yükseltilmesi ve soutma kuleleri gibi endüstriyel sularn artlandrlmas.

Bronopol, (delici çamurlarda) mikrobiyal kirlenmeyi kontrol etmek için kabiliyetlidir. Yaplan testlerde bütün düzeylerdeki kontaminasyonu temizleyebildiini gösterir.

Endüstriyel ürün muhafazas:

Farmakoloji

12,5 ila 50 μg / mL konsantrasyonlarnda, bronkof, çeitli Gram negatif ve pozitif bakteri türlerine kar bir inhibitör aktiviteye araclk etmitir [in vitro_ [A32792]. Gram-pozitif koklara kar bakterisit aktivitesinin Gram negatif bakterilere kar daha fazla olduu bildirilmitir [A32792]. Bronopol’ün çeitli mantar türlerine kar da etkili olduu gösterilmitir, ancak inhibitör etkinin bakteriyel türlere kar minimal düzeyde olduu bildirilmitir [A32792]. Bronann inhibe edici aktivitesi, medyann pH’nn artmasyla azalr [A32792, F13]. Bronopol ayrca _Ichthyophthirius multifiliis_ _in vitro_ ve _in vivo_ [A32791] ile gösterildii gibi bir anti-protozoal aktivite ortaya çkarr. Bronolün, bütün serbest yaayan aamalarnn hayatta kalmasn etkiledii öne sürülmütür. multifiliis_ [A32791].

Salk tehlikesi

Yangn tehlikesi

Yanc. Yangnda tahri edici veya zehirli dumanlar (veya gazlar) verir.

Yangn potansiyeli

Yanc.

Deri, Göz ve Solunum Tahrii

Bu madde gözleri, cildi ve solunum sistemini tahri eder.

Güvenlik ve Tehlikeli Özellikler

Kimyasal Tehlikeler

Istma ve yanma üzerine bozulur. Bu, hidrojen bromür ve azot oksitleri içeren zehirli ve tahri edici dumanlar üretir. Baz metaller, aminler ve alkali bileiklerle reaksiyona girer.

lk YARDIM TEDBRLER

lk yardm

Soluma lk Yardm

Temiz hava, dinlen.

Cilt lk Yardm

Kirlenmi giysileri çkarn. Vucudu bol su ve ya du ile durulayn.

Göz lkyardm

lk önce birkaç dakika bol su ile durulayn (eer mümkünse kontak lensleri çkarn), ardndan tbbi yardm aln.

Yutma lk Yardm

Az çalkalayn. Kusmay (SADECE KUSURSUZ KLERDE!) ndükleyin.

Yangnla Mücadele Tedbirleri

Gerekirse, yangnla mücadele için bamsz solunum cihaz kullann.

Açlmam kaplar soutmak için su spreyi kullann.

Uygun yangn söndürme arac: Su spreyi, alkole dirençli köpük, kuru kimyasal veya karbondioksit kullann.

Toz, alkole dirençli köpük, su spreyi, karbondioksit.

Yangn söndürme

Su spreyi, toz, alkole dirençli köpük, karbon dioksit kullann.

Bronopol

Bronopol skeletal.svg Bronopol 3D ball-and-stick.png

Structure du bronopol

Identification

Nom UICPA 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

Synonymes

2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

No CAS 52-51-7

No ECHA 100.000.131

No CE 200-143-0

PubChem 2450

SMILES

[Afficher]

InChI

[Afficher]

Propriétés chimiques

Formule brute C3H6BrNO4 [Isomères]

Masse molaire1 199,988 ± 0,005 g/mol

C 18,02 %, H 3,02 %, Br 39,95 %, N 7 %, O 32 %,

Propriétés physiques

T° fusion 130 à 133 °C2

Solubilité 250 g·L-1 à 22 °C2

Point d’éclair 167 °C2

Précautions

SGH2

SGH05 : CorrosifSGH09 : Danger pour le milieu aquatique

Danger

H302, H312, H318, H335, H400, P261, P321, P405, P501,

[+]

Transport2

3241

[+]

Unités du SI et CNTP, sauf indication contraire.

modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle

Le bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) est un alcool synthétique utilisé comme un antimicrobien. Il s’agit d’un solide blanc bien que les échantillons commerciaux apparaissent jaunes. Le bronopol a été inventé par The Boots Company PLC (en) au début des années 1960. En raison de sa faible toxicité pour les mammifères et une forte activité contre les bactéries, le bronopol est devenu populaire comme conservateur dans de nombreux produits de consommation tels que les shampooings et produits cosmétiques. Il a ensuite été adopté comme agent antimicrobien dans d’autres environnements industriels comme les usines de papier, l’exploration pétrolière et les installations de production, ainsi que de refroidissement des usines de désinfection de l’eau. Il est utilisé à des concentrations de 0,0025 % (25 parties par million).

Production

Le bronopol est produit par la bromation du di (hydroxyméthyl) nitrométhane, qui est dérivé du nitrométhane. Cet alcool est entièrement synthétique et est particulièrement corrosif, notamment à cause du brome.

Applications

Le bronopol est utilisé dans les produits de consommation comme un agent de conservation efficace, ainsi que dans une grande variété d’applications industrielles.

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