CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3 (KLOR DOKST %3)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3(KLOR DOKST %3)
CAS No.: 10049-04-4
EC No.: 233-162-8
Synonyms:
CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; chloroperoxyl[qr]; Chloryl radical; chlorylradical; chlorylradical[qr]; ClO2; dioxydedechlore; Doxcide 50; doxcide50; Chlorine dioxide; Chlorine oxide; JUN-CLARE; Alcide; alcide[qr]; Anthium dioxcide; anthiumdioxcide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; anthiumdioxcide[qr]; chlorindioxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine(IV) oxide; chlorine(iv)oxide; chlorine(iv)oxide[qr]; chlorineoxide(clo2); chlorineoxide[qr]; chlorineperoxide; chlorineperoxide[qr]; chloroperoxyl; chloroperoxyl[qr]; Chloryl radical; Alcide; Anthium dioxcide; Caswell No. 179A; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CCRIS 9130; Chlorine dioxide; Chlorine oxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine(IV) oxide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Chloroperoxyl; Chloryl radical; Doxcide 50; EC 233-162-8; EINECS 233-162-8; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 020503; HSDB 517; Purite; UNII-8061YMS4RM; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; 10049-04-4; Doxcide 50; Caswell No. 179A; chlorosyloxidanyl; CCRIS 9130; HSDB 517; Chlorine oxide?; dioxidochlorine(.); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; EINECS 233-162-8; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 020503; dioxido-lambda(5)-chloranyl; (OClO)(.); O2Cl(.); DTXSID5023958; CHEBI:29415; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; [ClO2](.); DB12453; LS-3182; E926; Chlorine dioxide (not hydrate) [Forbidden]; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine oxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine(IV) oxide; Chloroperoxyl; Chlorous acid; Chloryl radical; ClO2; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine(IV) oxide; Chloryl radical; Doxcide 50; Chlorine oxide; ClO2; Alcide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine peroxide; Chloroperoxyl; Chlorine(IV) oxide; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine peroxide; Chloryl radical; Alcide; OClO radical; chlorine dioxine; dioxidochlorine(.); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Doxcide 50; Chloroperoxyl; chlorine oxide; chloride dioxide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; Caswell No. 179A; dioxidochlorine(); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; chloroperoxyl[qr]; Chloryl radical; chlorylradical; chlorylradical[qr]; ClO2; dioxydedechlore; Doxcide 50; doxcide50; Chlorine dioxide; Chlorine oxide; JUN-CLARE; Alcide; alcide[qr]; Anthium dioxcide; anthiumdioxcide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; anthiumdioxcide[qr]; chlorindioxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine(IV) oxide; chlorine(iv)oxide; chlorine(iv)oxide[qr]; chlorineoxide(clo2); chlorineoxide[qr]; chlorineperoxide; chlorineperoxide[qr]; chloroperoxyl; chloroperoxyl[qr]; Chloryl radical; Alcide; Anthium dioxcide; Caswell No. 179A; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CCRIS 9130; Chlorine dioxide; Chlorine oxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine(IV) oxide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Chloroperoxyl; Chloryl radical; Doxcide 50; EC 233-162-8; EINECS 233-162-8; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 020503; HSDB 517; Purite; UNII-8061YMS4RM; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; 10049-04-4; Doxcide 50; Caswell No. 179A; chlorosyloxidanyl; CCRIS 9130; HSDB 517; Chlorine oxide?; dioxidochlorine(.); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; EINECS 233-162-8; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 020503; dioxido-lambda(5)-chloranyl; (OClO)(.); O2Cl(.); DTXSID5023958; CHEBI:29415; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; [ClO2](.); DB12453; LS-3182; E926; Chlorine dioxide (not hydrate) [Forbidden]; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine oxide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Chlorine peroxide; Chlorine(IV) oxide; Chloroperoxyl; Chlorous acid; Chloryl radical; ClO2; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine(IV) oxide; Chloryl radical; Doxcide 50; Chlorine oxide; ClO2; Alcide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine peroxide; Chloroperoxyl; Chlorine(IV) oxide; Anthium dioxcide; Chlorine oxide (ClO2); Chlorine peroxide; Chloryl radical; Alcide; OClO radical; chlorine dioxine; dioxidochlorine(.); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; Doxcide 50; Chloroperoxyl; chlorine oxide; chloride dioxide; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; Caswell No. 179A; dioxidochlorine(); CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3; CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3; KLOR DOKST %3; Chlorine dioxide %3; klor dioksit %3
CHLORINE DIOXIDE %3
Chlorine dioxide %3
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Not to be confused with the chlorite ion or hydroxychloroquine.
Chlorine dioxide %3
Structural formula of Chlorine dioxide %3 with assorted dimensions
Spacefill model of Chlorine dioxide %3
Chlorine dioxide %3 gas and solution.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Chlorine dioxide %3
Other names
Chlorine(IV) oxide
Identifiers
CAS Number
10049-04-4 ☑
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:29415 ☑
ChemSpider
23251 ☑
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.135 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
233-162-8
E number E926 (glazing agents, …)
Gmelin Reference 1265
MeSH Chlorine+dioxide
PubChem CID
24870
RTECS number
FO3000000
UNII
8061YMS4RM ☑
UN number 9191
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID5023958 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula ClO2
Molar mass 67.45 gmol−1
Appearance Yellow to reddish gas
Odor Acrid
Density 2.757 g dm−3[1]
Melting point −59 C (−74 F; 214 K)
Boiling point 11 C (52 F; 284 K)
Solubility in water 8 g/L (at 20 C)
Solubility soluble in alkaline and sulfuric acid solutions
Vapor pressure >1 atm[2]
Henry`s law
constant (kH) 4.0110−2 atm m3 mol−1
Acidity (pKa) 3.0(5)
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy (So298) 257.22 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) 104.60 kJ/mol
Hazards
Main hazards Acute toxicity
Safety data sheet Safety Data Sheet Archive.
GHS pictograms GHS03: OxidizingGHS05: CorrosiveGHS06: Toxic
GHS Signal word Danger
GHS hazard statements H271, H314, H330
GHS precautionary statements P210, P220, P280, P283, P260, P264, P271, P284, P301, P330, P331, P311, P306, P360, P304, P340, P305, P351, P338, P371+380+375, P405, P403+233, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
034OX
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose) 94 mg/kg (oral, rat)[3]
LCLo (lowest published) 260 ppm (rat, 2 hr)[4]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible) TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3)[2]
REL (Recommended) TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m3)[2]
IDLH (Immediate danger) 5 ppm[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 C [77 F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chlorine dioxide %3 is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 C and −59 C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 C. It is an oxidizing agent, able to transfer oxygen to a variety of substrates, while gaining one or more electrons via oxidation-reduction (redox). It does not hydrolyze when it enters water, and is usually handled as a dissolved gas in solution in water. Potential hazards with Chlorine dioxide %3 include health concerns, explosiveness and fire ignition.[5] It is commonly used as a bleach.
Chlorine dioxide %3 was discovered in 1811 and has been widely used for bleaching purposes in the paper industry, and for treatment of drinking water. More recent developments have extended its application into food processing, disinfection of premises and vehicles, mold eradication, air disinfection and odor control, treatment of swimming pools, dental applications, and wound cleansing.
The compound has been fraudulently marketed as an ingestible cure for a wide range of diseases, including childhood autism[6] and COVID-19.[7][8][9] Children who have been given enemas of Chlorine dioxide %3 as a supposed cure for childhood autism have suffered life-threatening ailments.[6] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that ingestion or other internal use of Chlorine dioxide %3 (other than perhaps oral rinsing under dentist supervision) has no health benefits and it should not be used internally for any reason.[10][11]
Contents
1 Structure and bonding
2 Preparation
2.1 Oxidation of chlorite
2.2 Reduction of chlorate
2.3 Other processes
3 Handling properties
4 Uses
4.1 Bleaching
4.2 Water treatment
4.3 Use in public crises
4.4 Other disinfection uses
4.5 Pseudomedicine
4.6 Other uses
5 Safety issues in water and supplements
6 References
7 External links
Structure and bonding
Comparison of three-electron bond to the conventional covalent bond
The two resonance structures
Chlorine dioxide %3 is a neutral chlorine compound. It is very different from elemental chlorine, both in its chemical structure and in its behavior.[12] One of the most important qualities of Chlorine dioxide %3 is its high water solubility, especially in cold water. Chlorine dioxide %3 does not hydrolyze when it enters water; it remains a dissolved gas in solution. Chlorine dioxide %3 is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than chlorine.[12]
The molecule ClO2 has an odd number of valence electrons, and therefore, it is a paramagnetic radical. Its electronic structure has long baffled chemists because none of the possible Lewis structures is very satisfactory. In 1933, L. O. Brockway proposed a structure that involved a three-electron bond.[13] Chemist Linus Pauling further developed this idea and arrived at two resonance structures involving a double bond on one side and a single bond plus three-electron bond on the other.[14] In Pauling`s view the latter combination should represent a bond that is slightly weaker than the double bond. In molecular orbital theory this idea is commonplace if the third electron is placed in an anti-bonding orbital. Later work has confirmed that the highest occupied molecular orbital is indeed an incompletely-filled antibonding orbital.[15]
Preparation
Chlorine dioxide %3 is a compound that can decompose extremely violently when separated from diluting substances. As a result, preparation methods that involve producing solutions of it without going through a gas-phase stage are often preferred. Arranging handling in a safe manner is essential.
Oxidation of chlorite
In the laboratory, ClO2 can be prepared by oxidation of sodium chlorite with chlorine:[16]
2 NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaCl
Traditionally, Chlorine dioxide %3 for disinfection applications has been made from sodium chlorite or the sodium chloritehypochlorite method:
2 NaClO2 + 2 HCl + NaOCl → 2 ClO2 + 3 NaCl + H2O
or the sodium chloritehydrochloric acid method:
5 NaClO2 + 4 HCl → 5 NaCl + 4 ClO2 + 2 H2O
or the chloritesulfuric acid method:
4 ClO−
2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 ClO2 + HClO3 + 2 SO2−
4 + H2O + HCl
All three methods can produce Chlorine dioxide %3 with high chlorite conversion yield. Unlike the other processes, the chloritesulfuric acid method produces completely chlorine-free Chlorine dioxide %3, although it suffers from the requirement of 25% more chlorite to produce an equivalent amount of Chlorine dioxide %3. Alternatively, hydrogen peroxide may be efficiently used in small-scale applications.[12]
Reduction of chlorate
In the laboratory, Chlorine dioxide %3 can also be prepared by reaction of potassium chlorate with oxalic acid:
2 KClO3 + 2 H2C2O4 → K2C2O4 + 2 ClO2 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
2 KClO3 + H2C2O4 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 KHSO4 + 2 ClO2 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Over 95% of the Chlorine dioxide %3 produced in the world today is made by reduction of sodium chlorate, for use in pulp bleaching. It is produced with high efficiency in a strong acid solution with a suitable reducing agent such as methanol, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid or sulfur dioxide.[12] Modern technologies are based on methanol or hydrogen peroxide, as these chemistries allow the best economy and do not co-produce elemental chlorine. The overall reaction can be written as:[17]
chlorate + acid + reducing agent → Chlorine dioxide %3 + by-products
As a typical example, the reaction of sodium chlorate with hydrochloric acid in a single reactor is believed to proceed through the following pathway:
which gives the overall reaction
The commercially more important production route uses methanol as the reducing agent and sulfuric acid for the acidity. Two advantages of not using the chloride-based processes are that there is no formation of elemental chlorine, and that sodium sulfate, a valuable chemical for the pulp mill, is a side-product. These methanol-based processes provide high efficiency and can be made very safe.[12]
The variant process using chlorate, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid has been increasingly used since 1999 for water treatment and other small-scale disinfection applications, since it produce a chlorine-free product at high efficiency.
Other processes
Very pure Chlorine dioxide %3 can also be produced by electrolysis of a chlorite solution:[18]
2 NaClO2 + 2 H2O → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaOH + H2
High-purity Chlorine dioxide %3 gas (7.7% in air or nitrogen) can be produced by the gassolid method, which reacts dilute chlorine gas with solid sodium chlorite:[18]
2 NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaCl
Handling properties
At partial pressures above 10 kPa[12] (or gas-phase concentrations greater than 10% volume in air at STP), ClO2 may explosively decompose into chlorine and oxygen. The decomposition can be initiated by light, hot spots, chemical reaction, or pressure shock. Thus, Chlorine dioxide %3 gas is never handled in concentrated form, but is almost always handled as a dissolved gas in water in a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 grams per liter. Its solubility increases at lower temperatures, thus it is common to use chilled water (5 C) when storing at concentrations above 3 grams per liter. In many countries, such as the United States, Chlorine dioxide %3 gas may not be transported at any concentration and is almost always produced at the application site using a Chlorine dioxide %3 generator.[12] In some countries,[which?] Chlorine dioxide %3 solutions below 3 grams per liter in concentration may be transported by land, however, they are relatively unstable and deteriorate quickly.
Uses
Chlorine dioxide %3 is used for bleaching of wood pulp and for the disinfection (called chlorination) of municipal drinking water.[19][20]:41[21] As a disinfectant, it is effective even at low concentrations because of its unique qualities.[12][20]
Bleaching
Chlorine dioxide %3 is sometimes used for bleaching of wood pulp in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental chlorine-free) bleaching sequences. It is used at moderately acidic pH (3.5 to 6). The use of Chlorine dioxide %3 minimizes the amount of organochlorine compounds produced.[22] Chlorine dioxide %3 (ECF technology) currently is the most important bleaching method worldwide. About 95% of all bleached kraft pulp is made using Chlorine dioxide %3 in ECF bleaching sequences.[23]
Chlorine dioxide %3 has been used to bleach flour.[24]
Water treatment
Further information: Water chlorination and Portable water purification Chlorine dioxide %3
The Niagara Falls, New York, water treatment plant first used Chlorine dioxide %3 for drinking water treatment in 1944 for destroying “taste and odor producing phenolic compounds”.[20]:417[21] Chlorine dioxide %3 was introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale in 1956, when Brussels, Belgium, changed from chlorine to Chlorine dioxide %3.[21] Its most common use in water treatment is as a pre-oxidant prior to chlorination of drinking water to destroy natural water impurities that would otherwise produce trihalomethanes on exposure to free chlorine.[25][26][27] Trihalomethanes are suspect carcinogenic disinfection by-products[28] associated with chlorination of naturally occurring organics in the raw water.[27] Chlorine dioxide %3 is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7,[20]:433 in the presence of ammonia and amines[citation needed] and for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems.[27] Chlorine dioxide %3 is used in many industrial water treatment applications as a biocide including cooling towers, process water, and food processing.[29]
Chlorine dioxide %3 is less corrosive than chlorine and superior for the control of Legionella bacteria.[21][30] Chlorine dioxide %3 is superior to some other secondary water disinfection methods in that Chlorine dioxide %3 is an EPA-registered biocide, is not negatively impacted by pH, does not lose efficacy over time (the bacteria will not grow resistant to it), and is not negatively impacted by silica and phosphates, which are commonly used potable water corrosion inhibitors.
It is more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine in most circumstances against waterborne pathogenic agents such as viruses,[31] bacteria and protozoa including the cysts of Giardia and the oocysts of Cryptosporidium.[20]:420421
The use of Chlorine dioxide %3 in water treatment leads to the formation of the by-product chlorite, which is currently limited to a maximum of 1 part per million in drinking water in the USA.[20]:433 This EPA standard limits the use of Chlorine dioxide %3 in the US to relatively high-quality water because this minimizes chlorite concentration, or water that is to be treated with iron-based coagulants (iron can reduce chlorite to chloride).[citation needed]
Use in public crises
Chlorine dioxide %3 has many applications as an oxidizer or disinfectant.[12] Chlorine dioxide %3 can be used for air disinfection[32] and was the principal agent used in the decontamination of buildings in the United States after the 2001 anthrax attacks.[33] After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the surrounding Gulf Coast, Chlorine dioxide %3 was used to eradicate dangerous mold from houses inundated by the flood water.[34]
In addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has posted a list of many disinfectants that meet its criteria for use in environmental measures against the causative coronavirus.[35][36] Some are based on sodium chlorite that is activated into Chlorine dioxide %3, though differing formulations are used in each product. Many other products on the EPA list contain sodium hypochlorite, which is similar in name but should not be confused with sodium chlorite because they have very different modes of chemical action.
Other disinfection uses
Chlorine dioxide %3 may be used as a fumigant treatment to “sanitize” fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast.[37]
Chlorine dioxide %3 may be used to disinfect poultry by spraying or immersing it after slaughtering.[38]
Chlorine dioxide %3 may be used for the disinfection of endoscopes, such as under the trade name Tristel.[39] It is also available in a trio consisting of a preceding pre-clean with surfactant and a succeeding rinse with deionized water and a low-level antioxidant.[40]
Chlorine dioxide %3 may be used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes.[20]:434
Chlorine dioxide %3 was shown to be effective in bedbug eradication.[41]
Pseudomedicine
See also: Miracle Mineral Supplement
Chlorine dioxide %3 is fraudulently marketed as a magic cure for a range of diseases from brain cancer to AIDS. Enemas of Chlorine dioxide %3 are a supposed cure for childhood autism, resulting in complaints to the FDA reporting life-threatening reactions,[42] and even death.[43] Chlorine dioxide %3 is relabelled to a variety of brand names including, but not limited to MMS, Miracle Mineral Solution and CD protocol.[44] There is no scientific basis for Chlorine dioxide %3`s medical properties and FDA has warned against its usage.[45][46]
Other uses
Chlorine dioxide %3 is used as an oxidant for destroying phenols in wastewater streams and for odor control in the air scrubbers of animal byproduct (rendering) plants.[20]:434 It is also available for use as a deodorant for cars and boats, in Chlorine dioxide %3-generating packages that are activated by water and left in the boat or car overnight.
Safety issues in water and supplements
Chlorine dioxide %3 is toxic, hence limits on exposure to it are needed to ensure its safe use. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for Chlorine dioxide %3 in drinking water.[47] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the United States Department of Labor, has set an 8-hour permissible exposure limit of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3 mg/m3) for people working with Chlorine dioxide %3.[48]
On July 30, 2010, and again on October 1, 2010, the United States Food and Drug Administration warned against the use of the product “Miracle Mineral Supplement”, or “MMS”, which when made up according to instructions produces Chlorine dioxide %3. MMS has been marketed as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including HIV, cancer, autism, and acne. The FDA warnings informed consumers that MMS can cause serious harm to health and stated that it has received numerous reports of nausea, diarrhea, severe vomiting, and life-threatening low blood pressure caused by dehydration.[49][50] This warning was repeated for a third time on 12 August 2019, and a fourth on April 8, 2020, stating that ingesting MMS is the same as drinking bleach, and urging consumers to not use them or give these products to their children for any reason.[46]
Chlorine dioxide %3
Chlorine dioxide %3 (ClO2) is a chemical compound consisting of one chlorine atom and two oxygen atoms. It is a reddish to yellowish-green gas at room temperature that dissolves in water. It is used for a variety of antimicrobial uses, including the disinfection of drinking water. Chlorine dioxide %3 gas is usually produced onsite from sodium chlorate or sodium chlorite.
Safety Information
Answering Questions
Uses & Benefits
Powerful Disinfection in Water Treatment
Chlorine dioxide %3 is a disinfectant. When added to drinking water, it helps destroy bacteria, viruses and some types of parasites that can make people sick, such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the maximum concentration of Chlorine dioxide %3 in drinking water to be no greater than 0.8 parts per million (ppm).
Industrial/Manufacturing Uses
Chlorine dioxide %3 chemistry is used in a wide variety of industrial, oil and gas, food and municipal applications:
Food and Beverage Production
Chlorine dioxide %3 can be used as an antimicrobial agent in water used in poultry processing and to wash fruits and vegetables.
Paper Processing
Chlorine dioxide %3 is used to chemically process wood pulp for paper manufacturing.
Medical Applications
In hospitals and other healthcare environments, Chlorine dioxide %3 gas helps to sterilize medical and laboratory equipment, surfaces, rooms and tools. Researchers have found that at appropriate concentrations, Chlorine dioxide %3 is both safe and effective at helping to eliminate Legionella bacteria in hospital environments. Legionella pneumophila bacteria can cause Legionnaires disease, a potentially deadly type of pneumonia.
Chlorine dioxide %3 is not a cure or treatment for medical ailments, including but not limited to autism, HIV, malaria, hepatitis viruses, influenza, common colds, and cancer. Claims that the ingestion of Chlorine dioxide %3, often advertised as Miracle Mineral Solution or MMS, will cure these or other ailments are false. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises MMS should not be consumed.
Uses & BenefitsSafety Information
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Safety Information
Chlorine dioxide %3 is used to disinfect drinking water around the world. According to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chlorine dioxide %3 is added to drinking water to protect people from harmful bacteria and other microorganisms. EPA recognizes Chlorine dioxide %3 use as a drinking water disinfectant, and it is included in the World Health Organizations (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
In its pure form, Chlorine dioxide %3 is a hazardous gas but most people are not likely to breathe air containing dangerous levels of Chlorine dioxide %3 as it rapidly breaks down in air to chlorine gas and oxygen. For workers who use Chlorine dioxide %3, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration (OSHA) regulates the level of Chlorine dioxide %3 in workplace air for safety. OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Chlorine dioxide %3 at 0.1 parts per million (ppm), or 0.3 milligrams (mg) per cubic meters (m3) for workers using Chlorine dioxide %3 for general industrial purposes. OSHA also has a PEL for Chlorine dioxide %3 for the construction industry. Chlorine dioxide %3 is always made at the location where it is used.
Uses & BenefitsSafety Information
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Answering Questions
How is Chlorine dioxide %3 used in water treatment?
According to EPA, Chlorine dioxide %3 is used in public water-treatment facilities, to make water safe for drinking. When Chlorine dioxide %3 is added to drinking water, it helps destroy bacteria, viruses and some types of parasites that can make people sick, such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia.
Is Chlorine dioxide %3 a miracle cure for numerous diseases and illnesses?
No. Claims that Chlorine dioxide %3 is a treatment or cure for medical ailments such as autism, HIV, malaria, hepatitis viruses, influenza, common colds, cancer, or other diseases/ailments are not backed by science. Consumption of Chlorine dioxide %3 solutions, such as MMS, can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration. These products should not be consumed or given to someone to consume. The sale of these products as miracle cures is dangerous and has resulted in criminal convictions.
Does Chlorine dioxide %3 remove odor?
In water, Chlorine dioxide %3 is used to remove unpleasant tastes and odors, as well as to kill algae and bacteria that produce some bad tastes and odors. It is also used in some personal hygiene products. For example, Chlorine dioxide %3 can be used in mouthwashes and dentistry products as an oxidizing biocide compound to treat bad breath.
Disinfectants Chlorine dioxide %3
discovery characteristics storage production applications drinking water swimming pools
disinfectant disinfection health effects advantages and disadvantages legislation
Chlorine dioxide %3 in bags
Chlorine dioxide %3
Chlorine dioxide %3 is mainly used as a bleach. As a disinfectant it is effective even at low concentrations, because of its unique qualities.
Figure 1: sir Humphrey Day discovered Chlorine dioxide %3 in 1814.
When was Chlorine dioxide %3 discovered?
Chlorine dioxide %3 was discovered in 1814 by Sir Humphrey Davy. He produced the gas by pouring sulphuric acid (H2SO4) on potassium chlorate (KClO3). Than he replaced sulphuric acid by hypochlorous acid (HOCl). In the last few years this reaction has also been used to produce large quantities of Chlorine dioxide %3. Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) was used instead of potassium chlorate.
2NaClO3 + 4HCl 2ClO2 + Cl2 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
What are the characteristics of Chlorine dioxide %3 ?
Chlorine dioxide %3 (ClO2) is a synthetic, green-yellowish gas with a chlorine-like, irritating odor. Chlorine dioxide %3 is a neutral chlorine compound. Chlorine dioxide %3 is very different from elementary chlorine, both in its chemical structure as in its behavior. Chlorine dioxide %3 is a small, volatile and very strong molecule. In diluted, watery solutions Chlorine dioxide %3 is a free radical. At high concentrations it reacts strongly with reducing agents. Chlorine dioxide %3 is an unstable gas that dissociates into chlorine gas (Cl2), oxygen gas (O2) and heat. When Chlorine dioxide %3 is photo-oxidized by sunlight, it falls apart. The end-products of Chlorine dioxide %3 reactions are chloride (Cl-), chlorite (ClO-) and chlorate (ClO3-).
At 59C, solid Chlorine dioxide %3 becomes a reddish liquid. At 11C Chlorine dioxide %3 turns into gas.
Chlorine dioxide %3 is 2,4 times denser than air. As a liquid Chlorine dioxide %3 has a bigger density than water.
Can Chlorine dioxide %3 be dissolved in water?
One of the most important qualities of Chlorine dioxide %3 is its high water solubility, especially in cold water. Chlorine dioxide %3 does not hydrolyze when it enters water; it remains a dissolved gas in solution. Chlorine dioxide %3 is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide %3 can be removed by aeration or carbon dioxide.
Table 1: the solubility of Chlorine dioxide %3 in water
How can Chlorine dioxide %3 be stored?
The best way to store Chlorine dioxide %3 is as a liquid at 4 C. At this state it is fairly stable. Chlorine dioxide %3 cannot be stored for too long, because it slowly dissociates into chlorine and oxygen. It is rarely stored as a gas, because it is explosive under pressure. When concentrations are higher than 10% Chlorine dioxide %3 in air, there is an explosion hazard. In a watery solution, Chlorine dioxide %3 remain stable and soluble. Watery solutions containing approximately 1% ClO2 (10 g/L) can safely be stored, under the condition that they are protected from light and heat interference. Chlorine dioxide %3 is rarely transported, because of its explosiveness and instability. It is usually manufactured on site.
How is Chlorine dioxide %3 produced?
Chlorine dioxide %3 is explosive under pressure. It is difficult to transport and is usually manufactured on site. Chlorine dioxide %3 is usually produced as a watery solution or gas. It is produced in acidic solutions of sodium chlorite (NaClO2), or sodium chlorate (NaClO3). For large installations sodium chlorite, chlorine gas (Cl2), sodium hydrogen chlorite (NaHClO2) and sulphuric or hydrogen acid are used for the production of Chlorine dioxide %3 on site.
To produce Chlorine dioxide %3 gas, hydrochloric acid (HCl) or chlorine is brought together with sodium chlorite.
The to main reactions are:
2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
(Acidified hypochlorite can also be used as an alternative source for chlorine.)
And:
5 NaClO2 + 4HCl 4 ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O
(One disadvantage of this method is that it is rather hazardous.)
An alternative is:
2 NaClO2 + Na2S2O8 2ClO2 + 2Na2SO4
Chlorine dioxide %3 can also be produced by the reaction of sodium hypochlorite with hydrochloric acid:
HCl + NaOCl + 2NaClO2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl + NaOH
The amount Chlorine dioxide %3 that is produced varies between 0 and 50 g/L.
What are the applications of Chlorine dioxide %3?
Chlorine dioxide %3 has many applications. It is used in the electronics industry to clean circuit boards, in the oil industry to treat sulfides and to bleach textile and candles. In World War II, chlorine became scarce and Chlorine dioxide %3 was used as a bleach.
Nowadays Chlorine dioxide %3 is used most often to bleach paper. It produces a clearer and stronger fiber than chlorine does. Chlorine dioxide %3 has the advantage that it produces less harmful byproducts than chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide %3 gas is used to sterilize medical and laboratory equipment, surfaces, rooms and tools.
Chlorine dioxide %3 can be used as oxidizer or disinfectant. It is a very strong oxidizer and it effectively kills pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. It also prevents and removes bio film. As a disinfectant and pesticide it is mainly used in liquid form. Chlorine dioxide %3 can also be used against anthrax, because it is effective against spore-forming bacteria.
Chlorine dioxide %3 as an oxidizer
As an oxidizer Chlorine dioxide %3 is very selective. It has this ability due to unique one-electron exchange mechanisms. Chlorine dioxide %3 attacks the electron-rich centers of organic molecules. One electron is transferred and Chlorine dioxide %3 is reduced to chlorite (ClO2- ).
Figure 2: Chlorine dioxide %3 is more selective as an oxidizer than chlorine. While dosing the same concentrations, the residual concentration of Chlorine dioxide %3 is much higher with heavy pollution than the residual concentration of chlorine.
By comparing the oxidation strength and oxidation capacity of different disinfectants, one can conclude that Chlorine dioxide %3 is effective at low concentrations. Chlorine dioxide %3 is not as reactive as ozone or chlorine and it only reacts with sulphuric substances, amines and some other reactive organic substances. In comparison to chlorine and ozone, less Chlorine dioxide %3 is required to obtain an active residual disinfectant. It can also be used when a large amount of organic matter is present.
The oxidation strength describes how strongly an oxidizer reacts with an oxidizable substance. Ozone has the highest oxidation strength and reacts with every substance that can be oxidized. Chlorine dioxide %3 is weak, it has a lower potential than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid.
The oxidation capacity shows how many electrons are transferred at an oxidation or reduction reaction. The chlorine atom in Chlorine dioxide %3 has an oxidation number of +4. For this reason Chlorine dioxide %3 accepts 5 electrons when it is reduced to chloride. When we look at the molecular weight, Chlorine dioxide %3 contains 263 % `available chlorine`; this is more than 2,5 times the oxidation capacity of chlorine.
KLOR DOKST %3
Klor dioksit %3
zgr ansiklopedi
Gezintiye atlaArama yapmak iin atla
Klorit iyonu veya hidroksiklorokin ile kartrlmamaldr.
Klor dioksit %3
eitli boyutlarda Klor dioksit %3 yapsal forml
Klor dioksit %3in boluk doldurma modeli
Klor dioksit %3 gaz ve solsyon.jpg
simler
IUPAC ad
Klor dioksit %3
Dier isimler
Klor (IV) oksit
Tanmlayclar
CAS numaras
10049-04-4 ☑
3B modeli (JSmol)
Etkileimli grnt
Etkileimli grnt
ChEBI
CHEBI: 29415 ☑
ChemSpider
23251 ☑
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.135 Bunu Vikiveri`de dzenleyin
EC Numaras
233-162-8
E numaras E926 (cam ajanlar, …)
Gmelin Referans 1265
MeSH Klor + dioksit
PubChem Mteri Kimlii
24870
RTECS numaras
FO3000000
UNII
8061YMS4RM ☑
UN numaras 9191
CompTox Kontrol Paneli (EPA)
DTXSID5023958 Bunu Vikiveri`de dzenleyin
InChI [gsteri]
SMILES [gsteri]
zellikleri
Kimyasal forml ClO2
Molar ktle 67,45 g mol − 1
Grnm Sar ila krmzms gaz
Koku Acrid
Younluk 2.757 g dm − 3 [1]
Erime noktas −59 C (−74 F; 214 K)
Kaynama noktas 11 C (52 F; 284 K)
Suda znrlk 8 g / L (20 C`de)
Alkali ve slfrik asit zeltilerinde znr znrlk
Buhar basnc> 1 atm [2]
Henry yasas
sabit (kH) 4.01 10−2 atm m3 mol − 1
Asitlik (pKa) 3.0 (5)
Termokimya
Standart az dii
entropi (So298) 257.22 J K − 1 mol − 1
Std entalpisi
oluumu (ΔfH⦵298) 104.60 kJ / mol
Tehlikeler
Ana tehlikeler Akut toksisite
Gvenlik bilgi formu Gvenlik Bilgi Formu Arivi.
GHS piktogramlar GHS03: Oksitleyici GHS05: Andrc GHS06: Toksik
GHS Sinyal kelimesi Tehlike
GHS tehlike beyanlar H271, H314, H330
GHS nlem ifadeleri P210, P220, P280, P283, P260, P264, P271, P284, P301, P330, P331, P311, P306, P360, P304, P340, P305, P351, P338, P371 + 380 + 375, P405, P403 +233, P501
NFPA 704 (ate elmas)
NFPA 704 drt renkli elmas
034OX
lmcl doz veya konsantrasyon (LD, LC):
LD50 (medyan doz) 94 mg / kg (oral, san) [3]
LCLo (yaynlanan en dk) 260 ppm (san, 2 saat) [4]
NIOSH (ABD salk maruziyet snrlar):
PEL (zin Verilebilir) TWA 0,1 ppm (0,3 mg / m3) [2]
REL (nerilen) TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg / m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg / m3) [2]
IDLH (Ani tehlike) 5 ppm [2]
Aksi belirtilmedike, veriler standart hallerinde (25 C [77 F], 100 kPa) malzemeler iin verilmitir.
☑ dorula (☑☒ nedir?)
Bilgi kutusu referanslar
Klor dioksit %3, 11 C`nin zerinde sarms-yeil gaz, 11 C ile -59 C arasnda krmzms-kahverengi bir sv ve -59 C`nin altnda parlak turuncu kristaller halinde bulunan ClO2 formlne sahip kimyasal bir bileiktir. Oksidasyon-indirgeme (redoks) yoluyla bir veya daha fazla elektron kazanrken, oksijeni eitli substratlara aktarabilen bir oksitleyici ajandr. Suya girdiinde hidrolize olmaz ve genellikle suda zelti iinde znm bir gaz olarak ele alnr. Klor dioksit %3 ile olas tehlikeler salk sorunlar, patlayclk ve yangnn tutumasn ierir. [5] Genellikle aartc olarak kullanlr.
Klor dioksit %3 1811 ylnda kefedilmi olup kat endstrisinde aartma amal ve ime suyunun artlmasnda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Daha yeni gelimeler, uygulamasn gda ileme, bina ve aralarn dezenfeksiyonu, kf eradikasyonu, hava dezenfeksiyonu ve koku kontrol, yzme havuzlarnn tedavisi, diilik uygulamalar ve yara temizlii alanlarnda geniletmitir.
Bileik, ocukluk otizmi [6] ve COVID-19 [7] [8] [9] dahil olmak zere ok eitli hastalklar iin yenilebilir bir tedavi olarak sahtekarlkla pazarlanmtr. ocukluk otizmi iin szde bir tedavi olarak Klor dioksit %3 lavman verilen ocuklar, yaam tehdit eden rahatszlklar yaadlar. [6] ABD Gda ve la Dairesi (FDA), Klor dioksit %3`n yutulmas veya dier dahili kullanmnn (belki di hekimi gzetiminde azdan alkalama dnda) salk asndan hibir faydas olmadn ve herhangi bir nedenle dahili olarak kullanlmamas gerektiini belirtmitir. [10] [11]
indekiler
1 Yap ve ba
2 Hazrlk
2.1 Kloritin oksidasyonu
2.2 Kloratn azaltlmas
2.3 Dier ilemler
3 Kullanm zellikleri
4 Kullanmlar
4.1 Aartma
4.2 Su artma
4.3 Kamu krizlerinde kullanm
4.4 Dier dezenfeksiyon kullanmlar
4.5 Szde tp
4.6 Dier kullanmlar
5 Su ve takviyelerdeki gvenlik sorunlar
6 Kaynaklar
7 D balantlar
Yap ve ba
elektronlu ban geleneksel kovalent ba ile karlatrlmas
ki rezonans yaps
Klor dioksit %3 ntr bir klor bileiidir. Hem kimyasal yapsnda hem de davrannda elementel klordan ok farkldr. [12] Klor dioksit %3`n en nemli zelliklerinden biri, zellikle souk suda yksek suda znrldr. Klor dioksit %3 suya girdiinde hidrolize olmaz; zelti iinde znm bir gaz olarak kalr. Klor dioksit %3, suda klordan yaklak 10 kat daha fazla znr. [12]
ClO2 molekl, tek sayda valans elektronuna sahiptir ve bu nedenle, paramanyetik bir radikaldir. Elektronik yaps uzun zamandr akn kimyagerlere sahiptir nk olas Lewis yaplarnn hibiri ok tatmin edici deildir. 1933`te L. O. Brockway, elektronlu bir ba ieren bir yap nerdi. [13] Kimyager Linus Pauling bu fikri daha da gelitirdi ve bir tarafta bir ift ba ve dier tarafta tek bir ba art elektron ba ieren iki rezonans yapsna ulat. [14] Pauling`in grne gre, ikinci kombinasyon, ift badan biraz daha zayf bir ba temsil etmelidir. Molekler yrnge teorisinde, nc elektron bir balanma nleyici yrngeye yerletirilirse bu fikir yaygndr. Daha sonraki almalar, igal edilen en yksek molekler orbitalin gerekten de eksik doldurulmu bir antibonding orbitali olduunu dorulad. [15]
Hazrlk
Klor dioksit %3, seyreltici maddelerden ayrldnda son derece iddetli ayrabilen bir bileiktir. Sonu olarak, bir gaz faz aamasndan gemeden bunun zeltilerinin retilmesini ieren hazrlama yntemleri sklkla tercih edilir. Tama ileminin gvenli bir ekilde yaplmas esastr.
Kloritin oksidasyonu
Laboratuvarda, ClO2 sodyum kloritin klor ile oksidasyonu ile hazrlanabilir: [16]
2 NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaCl
Geleneksel olarak dezenfeksiyon uygulamalar iin Klor dioksit %3, sodyum klorit veya sodyum klorit-hipoklorit ynteminden yaplmtr:
2 NaClO2 + 2 HCl + NaOCl → 2 ClO2 + 3 NaCl + H2O
veya sodyum klorit-hidroklorik asit yntemi:
5 NaClO2 + 4 HCl → 5 NaCl + 4 ClO2 + 2 H2O
veya klorit-slfrik asit yntemi:
4 ClO−
2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 ClO2 + HClO3 + 2 SO2−
4 + H2O + HCl
Her yntem de yksek klorit dnm verimi ile Klor dioksit %3 retebilir. Dier proseslerden farkl olarak, klorit-slfrik asit yntemi, orannda klor dioksit %3 retmek iin% 25 daha fazla klorit gerekmesine ramen tamamen klorsuz Klor dioksit %3 retir. Alternatif olarak, hidrojen peroksit kk lekli uygulamalarda verimli bir ekilde kullanlabilir. [12]
Kloratn azaltlmas
Laboratuvarda, Klor dioksit %3, potasyum kloratn oksalik asit ile reaksiyonu ile de hazrlanabilir:
2 KClO3 + 2 H2C2O4 → K2C2O4 + 2 ClO2 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
2 KClO3 + H2C2O4 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 KHSO4 + 2 ClO2 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Bugn dnyada retilen Klor dioksit %3 in% 95`inden fazlas, hamur aartmada kullanlmak zere sodyum kloratn indirgenmesiyle yaplr. Metanol, hidrojen peroksit, hidroklorik asit veya slfr dioksit gibi uygun bir indirgeme ajan ile gl bir asit solsyonunda yksek verimlilikle retilir. [12] Modern teknolojiler metanol veya hidrojen peroksite dayanr, nk bu kimyasallar en iyi ekonomiyi salar ve elementel kloru birlikte retmez. Genel tepki u ekilde yazlabilir: [17]
klorat + asit + indirgeme ajan → Klor dioksit %3 + yan rnler
Tipik bir rnek olarak, tek bir reaktrde sodyum kloratn hidroklorik asit ile reaksiyonunun aadaki yoldan ilerlediine inanlmaktadr:
genel reaksiyonu veren
Ticari olarak daha nemli olan retim yolu, indirgeme ajan olarak metanol ve asitlik iin slfrik asit kullanr. Klorr bazl ilemlerin kullanlmamasnn iki avantaj, elementel klor oluumunun olmamas ve hamur deirmeni iin deerli bir kimyasal olan sodyum slfatn bir yan rn olmasdr. Bu metanol bazl ilemler yksek verimlilik salar ve ok gvenli hale getirilebilir. [12]
Klorat, hidrojen peroksit ve slfrik asit kullanan deiken proses, yksek verimlilikte klor iermeyen bir rn rettii iin 1999`dan beri su artma ve dier kk lekli dezenfeksiyon uygulamalarnda giderek daha fazla kullanlmaktadr.
Dier ilemler
ok saf Klor dioksit %3, bir klorit zeltisinin elektroliziyle de retilebilir: [18]
2 NaClO2 + 2 H2O → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaOH + H2
Seyreltik klor gazn kat sodyum klorit ile reaksiyona sokan gaz-kat yntemi ile yksek saflkta Klor dioksit %3 gaz (havada veya nitrojende% 7,7) retilebilir: [18]
2 NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2 ClO2 + 2 NaCl
leme zellikleri
10 kPa`nn [12] zerindeki ksmi basnlarda (veya STP`de havada% 10`dan daha byk gaz faz konsantrasyonlarnda), ClO2 patlayarak klor ve oksijene ayrabilir. Ayrma k, scak noktalar, kimyasal reaksiyon veya basn oku ile balatlabilir. Bu nedenle, Klor dioksit %3 gaz asla konsantre formda ilenmez, hemen hemen her zaman litre bana 0,5 ila 10 gram konsantrasyon aralnda suda znm bir gaz olarak kullanlr. znrl dk scaklklarda artar, bu nedenle litre bana 3 gramn zerindeki konsantrasyonlarda saklanrken soutulmu su (5 C) kullanlmas yaygndr. Amerika Birleik Devletleri gibi birok lkede Klor dioksit %3 gaz herhangi bir konsantrasyonda tanmayabilir ve neredeyse her zaman Klor dioksit %3 jeneratr kullanlarak uygulama yerinde retilir. [12] Baz lkelerde, konsantrasyon olarak litre bana 3 gramn altndaki klor dioksit %3 zeltileri karayolu ile tanabilir, ancak bunlar nispeten kararszdr ve hzla bozulur.
Kullanmlar
Klor dioksit %3, odun hamurunun aartlmasnda ve belediye ime suyunun dezenfeksiyonunda (klorlama olarak adlandrlr) kullanlr. [19] [20]: 41 [21] Dezenfektan olarak dk konsantrasyonlarda bile etkilidir. benzersiz nitelikleri. [12] [20]
Aartma
Klor dioksit %3 bazen klor ile kombinasyon halinde odun hamurunun aartlmasnda kullanlrken ECF (elementel klorsuz) aartma dizilerinde tek bana kullanlr. Orta derecede asidik pH`ta (3,5 ila 6) kullanlr. Klor dioksit %3 kullanlmas, retilen organoklor bileiklerinin miktarn en aza indirir. [22] Klor dioksit %3 (ECF teknolojisi) u anda dnya apnda en nemli aartma yntemidir. Tm aartlm kraft hamurunun yaklak% 95`i ECF aartma sekanslarnda Klor dioksit %3 kullanlarak yaplr. [23]
Unun aartlmasnda klor dioksit %3 kullanlmtr. [24]
Su artma
Daha fazla bilgi: Su klorlama ve Tanabilir su artma Klor dioksit %3
Niagara elalesi, New York, su artma tesisi ilk kez 1944 ylnda ime suyu artmnda “tat ve koku reten fenolik bileikleri” yok etmek iin Klor dioksit %3 kulland. [20]: 417 [21] Klor dioksit %3 olarak tantld. 1956`da Brksel, Belika`nn klordan klor dioksit %3 e dnt byk lekli bir ime suyu dezenfektan. [21] Su artmada en yaygn kullanm, aksi takdirde serbest klora maruz kaldnda trihalometan retecek olan doal su kirliliklerini yok etmek iin ime suyunun klorlanmasndan nce bir n oksidan olarak kullanlmasdr. [25] [26] [27] Trihalometanlar, ham suda doal olarak oluan organik maddelerin klorlanmasyla ilikili pheli kanserojen dezenfeksiyon yan rnleridir [28]. [27] Klor dioksit %3, pH 7`nin zerinde altnda da klordan stndr, [20]: amonyak ve aminlerin varlnda [kaynak belirtilmeli] ve su datm sistemlerinde biyofilmlerin kontrol iin 433. [27] klor dioksit %3, soutma kuleleri, proses suyu ve gda ileme dahil olmak zere birok endstriyel su artma uygulamasnda biyosit olarak kullanlmaktadr. [29]
Klor dioksit %3 klordan daha az andrcdr ve Legionella bakterilerinin kontrol iin stndr. [21] [30] Klor dioksit %3, Klor dioksit %3 EPA tescilli bir biyosit olmas, pH`dan olumsuz etkilenmemesi, zamanla etkinliini kaybetmemesi (bakteri buna direnli olarak bymeyecektir), ve yaygn olarak kullanlan ime suyu korozyon inhibitrleri olan silika ve fosfatlardan olumsuz etkilenmez.
Giardia kistleri ve Cryptosporidium ookistleri de dahil olmak zere virsler, [31] bakteriler ve protozoa gibi su kaynakl patojenik ajanlara kar ou durumda dezenfektan olarak klordan daha etkilidir. [20]: 420421
Su artmada Klor dioksit %3 kullanm, u anda ABD`de ime suyunda milyonda maksimum 1 ksm ile snrl olan yan rn klorit oluumuna yol aar. [20]: 433 Bu EPA standard ABD`de Klor dioksit %3 kullanmn nispeten yksek kaliteli suyla snrlandrr nk bu, klorit konsantrasyonunu veya demir bazl phtlatrclarla ilenecek suyu en aza indirir (demir, kloriti klorre indirgeyebilir). [kaynak belirtilmeli]
Kamuya ak krizlerde kullann
Klor dioksit %3 oksitleyici veya dezenfektan olarak birok uygulamaya sahiptir. [12] Klor dioksit %3 hava dezenfeksiyonu iin kullanlabilir [32] ve 2001 arbon saldrlarndan sonra Amerika Birleik Devletleri`ndeki binalarn dekontaminasyonunda kullanlan balca ajan olmutur. [33] New Orleans, Louisiana ve evredeki Gulf Coast`taki Katrina Kasrgas felaketinden sonra, sel sular altnda kalan evlerden tehlikeli kf yok etmek iin Klor dioksit %3 kullanld. [34]
ABD evre Koruma Ajans, COVID-19 pandemisini ele alrken, koronavirse kar evresel nlemlerde kullanm kriterlerini karlayan birok dezenfektann bir listesini yaynlad. [35] [36] Bazlar, her rnde farkl formlasyonlar kullanlmakla birlikte, Klor dioksit %3 ierisine aktive olan sodyum klorit esasldr. EPA listesindeki dier birok rn, ad olarak benzer olan ancak ok farkl kimyasal etki modlarna sahip olduklar iin sodyum klorit ile kartrlmamas gereken sodyum hipoklorit ierir.
Dier dezenfeksiyon kullanmlar
Klor dioksit %3, kf ve maya gelitiren yaban mersini, ahududu ve ilek gibi meyveleri “sterilize etmek” iin fumigant muamelesi olarak kullanlabilir. [37]
Klor dioksit %3, kesim sonras pskrtlerek veya daldrlarak kmes hayvanlarnn dezenfekte edilmesinde kullanlabilir. [38]
Tristel ticari ad altnda olduu gibi, endoskoplarn dezenfeksiyonunda klor dioksit %3 kullanlabilir. [39] Ayrca, yzey aktif madde ile nceki bir n temizleme ve ardndan deiyonize su ve dk seviyeli bir antioksidan ile durulama ieren bir l olarak da mevcuttur. [40]
Su almlarnda zebra ve bataklk midyelerinin kontrol iin klor dioksit %3 kullanlabilir. [20]: 434
Tahtakurular yok etmede klor dioksit %3 in etkili olduu gsterilmitir. [41]
Szde tp
Ayrca baknz: Mucize Mineral Takviyesi
Klor dioksit %3, beyin kanserinden AIDS`e kadar bir dizi hastaln sihirli bir tedavisi olarak sahtekarlkla pazarlanmaktadr. Klor dioksit %3 lavman, ocukluk otizmi iin varsaylan bir tedavi yntemidir ve FDA`ya yaam tehdit eden reaksiyonlar bildiren ikayetlere [42] ve hatta lme neden olur. [43] Klor dioksit %3, MMS, Mucize Mineral zeltisi ve CD protokol dahil ancak bunlarla snrl olmamak zere eitli marka adlaryla yeniden etiketlenmitir. [44] Klor dioksit %3`n tbbi zelliklerinin bilimsel bir temeli yoktur ve FDA kullanmna kar uyarda bulunmutur. [45] [46]
Dier kullanmlar
Klor dioksit %3, atk su akmlarnda fenolleri yok etmek ve hayvansal yan rn (render) tesislerinin hava ykayclarnda koku kontrol iin oksidan olarak kullanlr. [20]: 434 Ayrca arabalar iin deodorant olarak kullanlabilir ve tekneler, Klor dioksit %3 iinde reten, su ile aktive olan ve gece boyunca tekne veya arabada braklan paketler.
Su ve takviyelerdeki gvenlik sorunlar
Klor dioksit %3 toksiktir, bu nedenle gvenli kullanmn salamak iin maruziyet snrlarna ihtiya vardr. Amerika Birleik Devletleri evre Koruma Ajans ime suyunda Klor dioksit %3 iin maksimum 0,8 mg / L seviyesi belirlemitir. [47] Amerika Birleik Devletleri alma Bakanl`nn bir kurumu olan Mesleki Gvenlik ve Salk daresi (OSHA), Klor dioksit %3 ile alan kiiler iin havada 0,1 ppm (0,3 mg / m3) 8 saatlik izin verilen maruz kalma limiti belirlemitir. [ 48]
Amerika Birleik Devletleri Gda ve la Dairesi, 30 Temmuz 2010 ve 1 Ekim 2010 tarihlerinde, talimatlara gre yapldnda% Klor dioksit reten “Miracle Mineral Supplement” veya “MMS” rnnn kullanmna kar uyarda bulunmutur. 3. MMS, HIV, kanser, otizm ve akne gibi eitli rahatszlklarn tedavisi olarak pazarlanmtr. FDA uyarlar, tketicileri MMS`in sala ciddi zarar verebilecei konusunda bilgilendirdi ve dehidrasyonun neden olduu ok sayda mide bulants, ishal, iddetli kusma ve hayat tehdit eden dk tansiyon raporu aldn belirtti. [49] [50] Bu uyar, 12 Austos 2019`da nc kez, 8 Nisan 2020`de drdnc kez tekrarland ve MMS`i yutmann amar suyu imekle ayn ey olduunu belirterek ve tketicileri herhangi bir nedenle bunlar kullanmamaya veya bu rnleri ocuklarna vermemeye ard. . [46]
Klor dioksit %3
Klor dioksit %3 (ClO2), bir klor atomu ve iki oksijen atomundan oluan kimyasal bir bileiktir. Suda znen, oda scaklnda krmzms ila sarms yeil bir gazdr. me suyunun dezenfeksiyonu dahil olmak zere eitli antimikrobiyal kullanmlar iin kullanlr. Klor dioksit %3 gaz genellikle yerinde sodyum klorat veya sodyum kloritten retilir.
Gvenlik Bilgisi
Sorular Cevaplama
Kullanmlar ve Faydalar
Su Artmada Gl Dezenfeksiyon
Klor dioksit %3 dezenfektandr. me suyuna eklendiinde, Cryptosporidium parvum ve Giardia lamblia gibi insanlar hasta edebilecek bakterileri, virsleri ve baz parazit trlerini yok etmeye yardmc olur. evre Koruma Ajans (EPA), ime suyundaki maksimum Klor dioksit %3 konsantrasyonunu milyonda 0,8 paradan (ppm) fazla olmayacak ekilde dzenler.
Endstriyel / malat Kullanmlar
Klor dioksit %3 kimyas ok eitli endstriyel, petrol ve gaz, gda ve belediye uygulamalarnda kullanlmaktadr:
Yiyecek ve ecek retimi
Klor dioksit %3, kmes hayvanlarnn ilenmesinde ve meyve ve sebzelerin ykanmasnda kullanlan suda antimikrobiyal ajan olarak kullanlabilir.
Kat leme
Kat retiminde aa hamurunun kimyasal olarak ilenmesinde klor dioksit %3 kullanlmaktadr.
Tbbi Uygulamalar
Hastanelerde ve dier salk bakm ortamlarnda, Klor dioksit %3 gaz, tbbi ve laboratuvar ekipmanlarnn, yzeylerin, odalarn ve aletlerin sterilize edilmesine yardmc olur. Aratrmaclar, uygun konsantrasyonlarda Klor dioksit %3`n hastane ortamlarnda Lejyonella bakterisini yok etmeye yardmc olmak iin hem gvenli hem de etkili olduunu bulmulardr. Legionella pneumophila bakterisi, potansiyel olarak lmcl bir pnmoni tr olan Lejyoner hastalna neden olabilir.
Klor dioksit %3 otizm, HIV, stma, hepatit virsleri, grip, souk algnl ve kanser dahil ancak bunlarla snrl olmamak zere tbbi rahatszlklarn tedavisi veya tedavisi deildir. Genellikle “Mucize Mineral zeltisi” veya MMS olarak tantlan Klor dioksit %3 yutulmasnn bunlar veya dier rahatszlklar tedavi edecei iddialar yanltr. ABD Gda ve la Dairesi (FDA), MMS`in tketilmemesi gerektiini nermektedir.
Kullanmlar ve FaydalarGvenlik Bilgileri
Baa dn
Gvenlik Bilgisi
Klor dioksit %3 dnyada ime sularnn dezenfekte edilmesinde kullanlmaktadr. ABD Hastalk Kontrol ve nleme Merkezlerine gre, insanlar zararl bakterilerden ve dier mikroorganizmalardan korumak iin ime suyuna klor dioksit %3 eklenir. EPA, Klor dioksit %3 ime suyu dezenfektan olarak kullanldn kabul eder ve Dnya Salk rgt`nn (WHO) me Suyu Kalitesi Klavuzuna dahil edilmitir.
Saf haliyle, Klor dioksit %3 tehlikeli bir gazdr, ancak havada klor gazna ve oksijene hzla paralandndan, ou insann tehlikeli seviyelerde Klor dioksit %3 ieren havay solumas “muhtemel” deildir. ABD Mesleki Gvenlik ve Tehlike daresi (OSHA) Klor dioksit %3 kullanan iiler iin iyeri havasndaki Klor dioksit %3 seviyesini gvenlik iin dzenler. OSHA, Klor dioksit %3 iin Milyonda 0,1 para (ppm) iin zin Verilebilir Maruz Kalma Snr (PEL) veya genel endstriyel amalar iin Klor dioksit %3 kullanan iiler iin metrekp (m3) bana 0,3 miligram (mg) belirlemitir. OSHA ayrca inaat sektr iin Klor dioksit %3 iin PEL`e sahiptir. Klor dioksit %3 daima kullanld yerde yaplr.
Kullanmlar ve FaydalarGvenlik Bilgileri
Baa dn
Sorular Cevaplama
Klor dioksit %3 su artmnda nasl kullanlr?
EPA`ya gre Klor dioksit %3, suyu ime iin gvenli hale getirmek iin kamu su artma tesislerinde kullanlmaktadr. me suyuna Klor dioksit %3 eklendiinde, Cryptosporidium parvum ve Giardia lamblia gibi insanlar hasta edebilecek bakteri, virs ve baz parazit trlerinin yok edilmesine yardmc olur.
Klor dioksit %3 ok sayda hastalk ve rahatszln mucizevi bir tedavisi midir?
Hayr. Klor dioksit %3`n otizm, HIV, stma, hepatit virsleri, grip, souk algnl, kanser veya dier hastalklar / rahatszlklar gibi tbbi rahatszlklarn tedavisi veya tedavisi olduu iddialar bilim tarafndan desteklenmemektedir. MMS gibi Klor dioksit %3 zeltilerinin tketimi mide bulants, kusma, ishal ve iddetli dehidrasyona neden olabilir. Bu rnler tketilmemeli veya tketmesi iin birisine verilmemelidir. Bu rnlerin mucize tedaviler olarak sat tehlikelidir ve cezai mahkumiyetle sonulanmtr.
Klor dioksit %3 kokuyu giderir mi?
Suda Klor dioksit %3, ho olmayan tat ve kokular gidermek, ayrca baz kt tat ve koku reten alg ve bakterileri ldrmek iin kullanlr. Baz kiisel hijyen rnlerinde de kullanlmaktadr. rnein Klor dioksit %3 az gargaralarnda ve di hekimlii rnlerinde okside biyosit bileeni olarak az kokusunu tedavi etmek iin kullanlabilir.
Dezenfektanlar Klor dioksit %3
keif zellikleri depolama retim uygulamalar ime suyu yzme havuzlar
dezenfektan dezenfeksiyon salk etkileri avantajlar ve dezavantajlar mevzuat
Torbalarda Klor dioksit %3
Klor dioksit %3
Klor dioksit %3 arlkl olarak aartc olarak kullanlmaktadr. Bir dezenfektan olarak, benzersiz nitelikleri nedeniyle dk konsantrasyonlarda bile etkilidir.
ekil 1: Sir Humphrey Day, 1814`te Klor dioksit %3` kefetti.
Klor dioksit %3 ne zaman kefedildi?
Klor dioksit %3, 1814 ylnda Sir Humphrey Davy tarafndan bulunmutur. Potasyum klorat (KClO3) zerine slfrik asit (H2SO4) dkerek gaz retti. Daha sonra slfrik asidi hipoklorz asitle (HOCl) deitirdi. Son birka ylda bu reaksiyon, byk miktarlarda Klor dioksit %3 retmek iin de kullanlmtr. Potasyum klorat yerine sodyum klorat (NaClO3) kullanld.
2NaClO3 + 4HCl 2ClO2 + Cl2 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
Klor dioksit %3`n zellikleri nelerdir?
Klor dioksit %3 (ClO2), klor benzeri, rahatsz edici bir kokusu olan sentetik, yeil-sarms bir gazdr. Klor dioksit %3 ntr bir klor bileiidir. Klor dioksit %3 hem kimyasal yapsnda hem de davrannda elementer klordan ok farkldr. Klor dioksit %3 kk, uucu ve ok gl bir molekldr. Seyreltilmi sulu zeltilerde Klor dioksit %3 serbest radikaldir. Yksek konsantrasyonlarda indirgeyici maddelerle gl reaksiyona girer. Klor dioksit %3, klor gaz (Cl2), oksijen gaz (O2) ve sya ayran kararsz bir gazdr. Klor dioksit %3 gne ile foto-oksitlendiinde paralanr. Klor dioksit %3 reaksiyonlarnn son rnleri klorr (Cl-), klorit (ClO-) ve klorattr (ClO3-).
59 C`de kat Klor dioksit %3 krmzms bir svya dnr. 11 C`de Klor dioksit %3 gaza dnr.
Klor dioksit %3 havadan 2,4 kat daha youndur. Sv olarak Klor dioksit %3 sudan daha fazla younlua sahiptir.
Klor dioksit %3 suda zlebilir mi?
Klor dioksit %3`n en nemli zelliklerinden biri, zellikle souk suda yksek suda znrldr. Klor dioksit %3 suya girdiinde hidrolize olmaz; zelti iinde znm bir gaz olarak kalr. Klor dioksit %3, suda klordan yaklak 10 kat daha fazla znr. Klor dioksit %3 havalandrma veya karbondioksit ile uzaklatrlabilir.
Tablo 1: Klor dioksit %3`n sudaki znrl
Klor dioksit %3 nasl depolanabilir?
Klor dioksit %3` depolamann en iyi yolu 4 C`de sv haldedir. Bu durumda olduka kararldr. Klor dioksit %3, klor ve oksijene yavaa ayrt iin ok uzun sre saklanamaz. Basn altnda patlayc olduu iin nadiren gaz olarak depolanr. Havadaki konsantrasyonlar% 10 Klor dioksit %3`ten yksek olduunda patlama tehlikesi vardr. Sulu bir zelti iinde Klor dioksit %3 kararl ve znr kalr. Yaklak% 1 ClO2 (10 g / L) ieren sulu zeltiler, k ve s giriiminden korunmalar artyla gvenle saklanabilir. Klor dioksit %3 patlaycl ve istikrarszl nedeniyle nadiren tanmaktadr. Genellikle yerinde retilir.
Klor dioksit %3 nasl retilir?
Klor dioksit %3 basn altnda patlaycdr. Tanmas zordur ve genellikle yerinde retilir. Klor dioksit %3 genellikle sulu zelti veya gaz olarak retilir. Asidik sodyum klorit (NaClO2) veya sodyum klorat (NaClO3) zeltilerinde retilir. Byk tesisler iin sahada Klor dioksit %3 retimi iin sodyum klorit, klor gaz (Cl2), sodyum hidrojen klorit (NaHClO2) ve slfrik veya hidrojen asit kullanlmaktadr.
Klor dioksit %3 retmek iin gaz, hidroklorik asit (HCl) veya klor, sodyum klorit ile bir araya getirilir.
Ana tepkiler unlardr:
2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
(Asitlenmi hipoklorit, klor iin alternatif bir kaynak olarak da kullanlabilir.)
Ve:
5 NaClO2 + 4HCl 4 ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O
(Bu yntemin bir dezavantaj, olduka tehlikeli olmasdr.)
Bir alternatif udur:
2 NaClO2 + Na2S2O8 2ClO2 + 2Na2SO4
Klor dioksit %3 sodyum hipokloritin hidroklorik asit ile reaksiyonu ile de retilebilir:
HCl + NaOCl + 2NaClO2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl + NaOH
retilen klor dioksit %3 miktar 0 ile 50 g / L arasnda deimektedir.
Klor dioksit %3`n uygulamalar nelerdir?
Klor dioksit %3 birok uygulama alanna sahiptir. Elektronik endstrisinde devre kartlarn temizlemek, petrol endstrisinde slfitleri ilemek ve tekstil ve mumlar aartmak iin kullanlr. II.Dnya Sava`nda klor ktlat ve aartc olarak Klor dioksit %3 kullanld.
Gnmzde klor dioksit %3 en ok kad aartmak iin kullanlmaktadr. Klordan daha net ve daha gl bir lif retir. Klor dioksit %3, klora gre daha az zararl yan rn retme avantajna sahiptir.
Klor dioksit %3 gaz tbbi ve laboratuar ekipmanlar, yzeyleri, odalar ve aletleri sterilize etmek iin kullanlr.
Klor dioksit %3 oksitleyici veya dezenfektan olarak kullanlabilir. ok gl bir oksitleyicidir ve mantar, bakteri ve virs gibi patojenik mikroorganizmalar etkin bir ekilde ldrr. Ayrca biyo filmi nler ve kaldrr. Dezenfektan ve bcek ilac olarak esas olarak sv formda kullanlr. Klor dioksit %3, spor oluturan bakterilere kar da etkili olduu iin arbona kar da kullanlabilir.
Oksitleyici olarak Klor dioksit %3
Oksitleyici olarak Klor dioksit %3 ok seicidir. Benzersiz tek elektron deiim mekanizmalar nedeniyle bu yetenee sahiptir. Klor dioksit %3, organik molekllerin elektron asndan zengin merkezlerine saldrr. Bir elektron aktarlr ve Klor dioksit %3 orannda klorite (ClO2-) indirgenir.
ekil 2: Klor dioksit %3 oksitleyici olarak klordan daha seicidir. Ayn konsantrasyonlarda dozlama yaplrken, kalan klor dioksit %3 konsantrasyonuar kirlilikte kalan klor konsantrasyonundan ok daha yksektir.
Farkl dezenfektanlarn oksidasyon mukavemeti ve oksidasyon kapasitesi karlatrlarak, Klor dioksit %3`n dk konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduu sonucuna varlabilir. Klor dioksit %3, ozon veya klor kadar reaktif deildir ve sadece slfrik maddeler, aminler ve dier baz reaktif organik maddelerle reaksiyona girer. Klor ve ozon ile karlatrldnda, aktif bir artk dezenfektan elde etmek iindaha az Klor dioksit %3 gerekir. Ayrca byk miktarda organik madde bulunduunda da kullanlabilir.
Oksidasyon mukavemeti, bir oksitleyicinin oksitlenebilir bir maddeyle ne kadar gl reaksiyona girdiini aklar. Ozon en yksek oksidasyon gcne sahiptir ve oksitlenebilen her maddeyle reaksiyona girer. Klor dioksit %3 zayftr, hipoklorz asit veya hipobromz asitten daha dk potansiyele sahiptir.
Oksidasyon kapasitesi, bir oksidasyon veya indirgeme reaksiyonunda ka elektronun transfer edildiini gsterir. Klor dioksit %3`teki klor atomunun oksidasyon says +4`tr. Bu nedenle Klor dioksit %3, klorre indirgendiinde 5 elektron kabul eder. Molekler arla baktmzda, Klor dioksit %3,% 263 `kullanlabilir klor`; bu, klorun oksidasyon kapasitesinin 2,5 katndan fazladr.