COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE(BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT)
COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE(BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT)
CAS No.: 10031-43-3
EC No.: 221-838-5
Synonyms:
COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; 10031-43-3; Copper nitrate trihydrate; UNII-066PG1506T; COPPER(II) NITRATE, TRIHYDRATE (1:2:3); 066PG1506T; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate, 99%, pure; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate, 99%, for analysis; copper(II)nitrate trihydrate; Copper( cento) nitrate hydrate; DTXSID0051445; CTK3J8778; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; KS-00000YNT; s226; AKOS015903801; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, hydrate (2:1:3); Q27236183; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper(2+) nitrate trihydrate; Nitric acid; copper(2+) salt; trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper(2+) dinitrate trihydrate; Nitric acid; copper salt; trihydrate; copper(2+) trihydrate dinitronate; copper ii nitrate trihydrate; copper nitrate trihydrate; cupric nitrate trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; copper ii nitrate hydrate; copper ii nitrate 3-hydrate; copper 2+ trihydrate dinitronate; copper 2+ trihydrate dinitrate; copper ii nitrate trihydrate-cu puratrem; Copper dinitrate; CUPRIC NITRATE; Copper(II) nitrate; Copper nitrate; 3251-23-8; Cupric dinitrate; Claycop; Copper(2+) nitrate; Caswell No. 246; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt; UNII-9TC879S2ZVi; Copper nitrate basic; HSDB 264; EINECS 221-838-5; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076102; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt (2:1); 9TC879S2ZV; 10402-29-6; Nitric acid, copper salt; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Cop-per nitrate; copper(2+) dinitrate; CuN2O6; EC 221-838-5; copper(II) nitrate (anh.); Cu(NO3)2; KSC223M3P; copper(II) nitrate (anhydrous); DTXSID7040314; CHEBI:78036; CTK1C3637; AKOS015903393; LS-54908; LS-96717; S627; FT-0624045; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; FT-0624120; Q286064; COPPER(+2)NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; Copper(Ⅱ)nitrate; Copper dinitrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE; COPPER(II) NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; COPPER (II) NITRATE, HYDRATE; COPPER(II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; COPPER NITRATE, HYDROUS; COPPER NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE 3H2O; CUPRIC NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE, HYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper(ii) nitrate, trihydrate (1:2:3); Copper(II)nitrate,trihydrate(1:2:3); COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copperdinitratetrihydrate; Gerhardite; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, trihydrate; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper nitrate trihydrate; Copper(2+) nitrate trihydrate; Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; Gerhardite; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, trihydrate; UNII-066PG1506T; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; copper dinitrate; copper;dinitrate; copper(2+) dinitrate; copper(2+) nitrate; copper(II) nitrate; copperdinitrate; cupric dinitrate; cupricnitrate; Gerhardite; Copper(Ⅱ)nitrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE 3H2O; Copper(Ii)NitrateAr; COPPER(II) NITRATE 3H2O; Copper nitrate solution; CUPRIC NITRATE, HYDRATE; COPPER NITRATE, HYDROUS; CUPRIC NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; 10031-43-3; Copper nitrate trihydrate; UNII-066PG1506T; COPPER(II) NITRATE, TRIHYDRATE (1:2:3); 066PG1506T; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate, 99%, pure; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate, 99%, for analysis; copper(II)nitrate trihydrate; Copper( cento) nitrate hydrate; DTXSID0051445; CTK3J8778; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; KS-00000YNT; s226; AKOS015903801; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, hydrate (2:1:3); Q27236183; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper(2+) nitrate trihydrate; Nitric acid; copper(2+) salt; trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copper(2+) dinitrate trihydrate; Nitric acid; copper salt; trihydrate; copper(2+) trihydrate dinitronate; copper ii nitrate trihydrate; copper nitrate trihydrate; cupric nitrate trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; copper ii nitrate hydrate; copper ii nitrate 3-hydrate; copper 2+ trihydrate dinitronate; copper 2+ trihydrate dinitrate; copper ii nitrate trihydrate-cu puratrem; Copper dinitrate; CUPRIC NITRATE; Copper(II) nitrate; Copper nitrate; 3251-23-8; Cupric dinitrate; Claycop; Copper(2+) nitrate; Caswell No. 246; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt; UNII-9TC879S2ZVi; Copper nitrate basic; HSDB 264; EINECS 221-838-5; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076102; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt (2:1); 9TC879S2ZV; 10402-29-6; Nitric acid, copper salt; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Cop-per nitrate; copper(2+) dinitrate; CuN2O6; EC 221-838-5; copper(II) nitrate (anh.); Cu(NO3)2; KSC223M3P; copper(II) nitrate (anhydrous); DTXSID7040314; CHEBI:78036; CTK1C3637; AKOS015903393; LS-54908; LS-96717; S627; FT-0624045; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; FT-0624120; Q286064; COPPER(+2)NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; Copper(Ⅱ)nitrate; Copper dinitrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE; COPPER(II) NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; COPPER (II) NITRATE, HYDRATE; COPPER(II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; COPPER NITRATE, HYDROUS; COPPER NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE 3H2O; CUPRIC NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE, HYDRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper(ii) nitrate, trihydrate (1:2:3); Copper(II)nitrate,trihydrate(1:2:3); COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; Copperdinitratetrihydrate; Gerhardite; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, trihydrate; Copper dinitrate trihydrate; Copper nitrate trihydrate; Copper(2+) nitrate trihydrate; Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate; Cupric nitrate trihydrate; Gerhardite; Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, trihydrate; UNII-066PG1506T; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate; copper dinitrate; copper;dinitrate; copper(2+) dinitrate; copper(2+) nitrate; copper(II) nitrate; copperdinitrate; cupric dinitrate; cupricnitrate; Gerhardite; Copper(Ⅱ)nitrate; COPPER (II) NITRATE; CUPRIC NITRATE 3H2O; Copper(Ii)NitrateAr; COPPER(II) NITRATE 3H2O; Copper nitrate solution; CUPRIC NITRATE, HYDRATE; COPPER NITRATE, HYDROUS; CUPRIC NITRATE 3-HYDRATE; COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE; BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT; Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat; Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
COPPER (II) NITRATE TRIHYDRATE
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
(Redirected from Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate trihydrate)
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Not to be confused with Copper(I) nitrate.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate -monomer-2D-dimensions.png
Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate-sample.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Infobox references
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, Cu(NO3)2, is an inorganic compound that forms a blue crystalline solid. Anhydrous copper nitrate forms deep blue-green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150-200 °C.[3] Copper nitrate also occurs as five different hydrates, the most common ones being the hemipentahydrate and trihydrate.
Contents
1 Synthesis and reactions for copper nitrate
2 Structure
2.1 Anhydrous Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
2.2 Hydrated Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Synthesis and reactions for copper nitrate
Aqueous solution of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate.
Hydrated copper nitrate can be prepared by hydration of the anhydrous material or by treating copper metal with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate or concentrated nitric acid:[4]
Attempted dehydration of any of the hydrated Copper (II) nitrate trihydrates by heating instead affords the oxides, not Cu(NO3)2. At 80 °C, the hydrates convert to “basic copper nitrate” (Cu2(NO3)(OH)3), which converts to CuO at 180 °C.[4] Exploiting this reactivity, copper nitrate can be used to generate nitric acid by heating it until decomposition and passing the fumes directly into water. This method is similar to the last step in the Ostwald process. The equations are as follows:
Structure
Anhydrous Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Anhydrous Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate has been crystallized in two solvate-free polymorphs.[9][10] α- and β-Cu(NO3)2 are fully 3D coordination polymer networks. The alpha form has only one Cu environment, with [4+1] coordination, but the beta form has two different copper centers, one with [4+1] and one that is square planar. The nitromethane solvate also features “[4+ 1] coordination”, with four short Cu-O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm.[11] They are coordination polymers, with infinite chains of copper(II) centers and nitrate groups. In the gas phase, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate features two bidentate nitrate ligands (see image at upper right).[12] Thus, evaporation of the solid entails “cracking” to give the Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate molecule.
Hydrated Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Applications
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate finds a variety of applications, the main one being its conversion to copper(II) oxide, which is used as catalyst for a variety of processes in organic chemistry. Its solutions are used in textiles and polishing agents for other metals. Copper nitrates are found in some pyrotechnics.[4] It is often used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. It is a component in some ceramic glazes and metal patinas.
Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
(2N) 99% Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
CU2-NAT-02-P.3HYD
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(3N) 99.9% Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
CU2-NAT-03-P.3HYD
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(4N) 99.99% Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
CU2-NAT-04-P.3HYD
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(5N) 99.999% Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
CU2-NAT-05-P.3HYD
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About Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate
High purity Copper (II) Nitrate TrihydrateNitrate IonCopper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate is a highly water soluble crystalline Copper source for uses compatible with nitrates and lower (acidic) pH. All metallic nitrates are inorganic salts of a given metal cation and the nitrate anion. The nitrate anion is a univalent (-1 charge) polyatomic ion composed of a single nitrogen atom ionically bound to three oxygen atoms (Formula: NO3) for a total formula weight of 62.05. Nitrate compounds are generally soluble in water. Nitrate materials are also oxidizing agents. When mixed with hydrocarbons, nitrate compounds can form a flammable mixture. Nitrates are excellent precursors for production of ultra high purity compounds and certain catalyst and nanoscale (nanoparticles and nanopowders) materials. Copper Nitrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. We also produce Copper Nitrate Solution. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
[Description]
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is the cupric salt of nitrate. Cupric nitrate has various applications: a major application is its conversion to copper oxide, a powerful catalyst organic chemistry. It can also be used in textiles and polishing agents of other metals. It can also be used to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions in schools. During organic synthesis, it can be combined with acetic anhydride to be used as an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds. Its hydrate form can catalyze oxidative coupling of 2, 6-dimethylphenol to produce a polymer which is an important engineering material. Its tri-hydrate form can catalyze the solvent-free synthesis of 3-aminopropenones and 3-aminopropenoates. Its pentahydrate form may be used in the preparation of novel coordination polymers. It also has applications in medicine, as an insecticide, in chemical analysis, in making light sensitive papers.
[Chemical Properties]
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, [10031-43-3], MW 241.59, MP 114.5°C, d 2.32, is a deep blue deliquescent material that crystallizes as rhombic platelets.Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is very soluble in water, 77.4 g/100 g solution, and in methanol and ethanol. The anhydrous salt has been prepared by reaction of copper metal with N2O4 in ethylacetate, but it is not available commercially.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate trihydrate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is the cupric salt of nitrate. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate has various applications: a major application is its conversion to copper oxide, a powerful catalyst organic chemistry. It can also be used in textiles and polishing agents of other metals. It can also be used to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions in schools. During organic synthesis, it can be combined with acetic anhydride to be used as an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds. Its hydrate form can catalyze oxidative coupling of 2, 6-dimethylphenol to produce a polymer which is an important engineering material. Its tri-hydrate form can catalyze the solvent-free synthesis of 3-aminopropenones and 3-aminopropenoates. Its pentahydrate form may be used in the preparation of novel coordination polymers. It also has applications in medicine, as an insecticide, in chemical analysis, in making light sensitive papers.
Chemical Properties
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, [10031-43-3], MW 241.59, MP 114.5°C, d 2.32, is a deep blue deliquescent material that crystallizes as rhombic platelets.Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is very soluble in water, 77.4 g/100 g solution, and in methanol and ethanol. The anhydrous salt has been prepared by reaction of copper metal with N2O4 in ethylacetate, but it is not available commercially.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate trihydrate Preparation Products And Raw materials
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
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For other uses, see Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate (disambiguation).
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, 29Cu
Native Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate (~4 cm in size)
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Appearance red-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Cu) 63.546(3)[1]
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in the periodic table
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
nickel ← Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate → zinc
Spectral lines of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Main isotopes of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Category Category: Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
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Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate has a pinkish-orange color. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.[5]
In the Roman era, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate was mined principally on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum (Latin). Coper (Old English) and Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.[6]
Commonly encountered compounds are Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite, malachite, and turquoise, and have been used widely and historically as pigments.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green verdigris (or patina). Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates. In humans, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone.[7] The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate per kilogram of body weight.[8]
4.3 OrganoCopper (II) nitrate trihydrate chemistry
4.4 Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate(III) and Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate(IV)
A Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate disc (99.95% pure) made by continuous casting; etched to reveal crystallites
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange incandescence color
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, silver, and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate.[9] At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.[10]
The softness of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature.[11] This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal.[9] The maximum permissible current density of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively.[12]
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver.[13] Pure Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells corresponds to orange light.
As with other metals, if Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is put in contact with another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.[14]
Chemical
Unoxidized Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate wire (left) and oxidized Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate wire (right)
The East Tower of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. The contrast between the refurbished Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate installed in 2010 and the green color of the original 1894 Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is clearly seen.
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate oxide which, unlike the rust that forms on iron in moist air, protects the underlying metal from further corrosion (passivation). A green layer of verdigris (Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate carbonate) can often be seen on old Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings[15] and the Statue of Liberty.[16] Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate tarnishes when exposed to some sulfur compounds, with which it reacts to form various Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate sulfides.[17]
Isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
There are 29 isotopes of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate; both have a spin of 3⁄2.[18] The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours.[18] Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized; 68mCu is the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β−, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.[19]
Occurrence
See also: Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate ores
Native Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate from the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) long
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is produced in massive stars[21] and is present in the Earth’s crust in a proportion of about 50 parts per million (ppm).[22] In nature, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate occurs in a variety of minerals, including native Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite, covellite, and chalcocite, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate sulfosalts such as tetrahedite-tennantite, and enargite, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate carbonates such as azurite and malachite, and as Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate(I) or Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate(II) oxides such as cuprite and tenorite, respectively.[11] The largest mass of elemental Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US.[22] Native Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is a polycrystal, with the largest single crystal ever described measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.[23]
Production
Chuquicamata, in Chile, is one of the world’s largest open pit Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate mines
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate prices 2003–2011 in US$ per tonne
See also: List of countries by Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate production
Most Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is mined or extracted as Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate. Sites include Chuquicamata, in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine, in Utah, United States, and El Chino Mine, in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top producer of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate with at least one-third of the world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru.[11] Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method.[24] The amount of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.[25]
Reserves
See also: Peak Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate § Reserves
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900,[26] and more than half was extracted the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate on Earth is vast, with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth’s crust, which is about 5 million years’ worth at the current rate of extraction. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable with present-day prices and technologies. Estimates of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate reserves available for mining vary from 25 to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.[27] Recycling is a major source of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in the modern world.[26] Because of these and other factors, the future of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, analogous to peak oil.
The price of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate has historically been unstable,[28] and its price increased from the 60-year low of US$0.60/lb (US$1.32/kg) in June 1999 to $3.75 per pound ($8.27/kg) in May 2006. It dropped to $2.40/lb ($5.29/kg) in February 2007, then rebounded to $3.50/lb ($7.71/kg) in April 2007.[29][better source needed] In February 2009, weakening global demand and a steep fall in commodity prices since the previous year’s highs left Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate prices at $1.51/lb ($3.32/kg).[30]
Methods
Main article: Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate extraction techniques
Scheme of flash smelting process
The concentration of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4) and, to a lesser extent, covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu2S).[31] These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate by froth flotation or bioleaching.[32] Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag that floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate matte, consisting of Cu2S, is roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:[31]
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2
The cuprous oxide is converted to blister Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate upon heating:
2 Cu2O → 4 Cu + O2
The Sudbury matte process converted only half the sulfide to oxide and then used this oxide to remove the rest of the sulfur as oxide. It was then electrolytically refined and the anode mud exploited for the platinum and gold it contained. This step exploits the relatively easy reduction of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate oxides to Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate metal. Natural gas is blown across the blister to remove most of the remaining oxygen and electrorefining is performed on the resulting material to produce pure Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate:[33]
Cu2+ + 2 e− → Cu
Flowchart of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate refining (Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed)
Blister Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate casting of anodes
Flowchart of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate refining (Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed) # Blister Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate # Smelting # Reverberatory furnace # Slag removal # Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate casting of anodes # Casting wheel # Anodes removal machine # Anodes take-off # Rail cars # Transportation to the tank house
Recycling
Like aluminium,[34] Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products.[35] In volume, Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium.[36] An estimated 80% of all Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate ever mined is still in use today.[37] According to the International Resource Panel’s Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).
The process of recycling Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is roughly the same as is used to extract Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate but requires fewer steps. High-purity scrap Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is melted in a furnace and then reduced and cast into billets and ingots; lower-purity scrap is refined by electroplating in a bath of sulfuric acid.[38]
Alloys
Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate alloys are widely used in the production of coinage; seen here are two examples – post-1964 American dimes, which are composed of the alloy cupronickel[39] and a pre-1968 Canadian dime, which is composed of an alloy of 80 percent silver and 20 percent Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate.[40]
See also: List of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate alloys
Numerous Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate alloys have been formulated, many with important uses. Brass is an alloy of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and zinc. Bronze usually refers to Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate-tin alloys, but can refer to any alloy of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate such as aluminium bronze. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate is one of the most important constituents of silver and karat gold solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys.[41] Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and other metals.[42]
The alloy of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US five-cent coin (currently called a nickel) consists of 75% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and 25% nickel in homogeneous composition. Prior to the introduction of cupronickel, which was widely adopted by countries in the latter half of the 20th century,[43] alloys of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and silver were also used, with the United States using an alloy of 90% silver and 10% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate until 1965, when circulating silver was removed from all coins with the exception of the Half dollar – these were debased to an alloy of 40% silver and 60% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate between 1965 and 1970.[44] The alloy of 90% Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate and 10% nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries.[45] Alloys of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate with aluminium (about 7%) have a golden color and are used in decorations.[22] Shakudō is a Japanese decorative alloy of Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4–10%, that can be patinated to a dark blue or black color.[46]
BAKIR (II) NTRAT TRHDRAT
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
(Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat trihidrattan yönlendirilmitir)
Gezintiye atlaArama yapmak için atla
Bakr (I) nitrat ile kartrlmamaldr.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat -monomer-2D-Dimensions.png
Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat-sample.jpg
simler
IUPAC ad
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bilgi kutusu referanslar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, Cu (NO3) 2, mavi kristalli bir kat oluturan inorganik bir bileiktir. Susuz bakr nitrat 150-200 ° C’de bir vakumda koyu mavi-yeil kristaller ve süblimleir. [3] Bakr nitrat ayn zamanda be farkl hidrat olarak da bulunur, en yaygn olanlar hemipentahidrat ve trihidrattr.
çindekiler
1 Bakr nitrat için sentez ve reaksiyonlar
2 Yap
2.1 Susuz Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
2.2 Sulu Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bakr nitrat için sentez ve reaksiyonlar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn sulu çözeltisi.
Hidratl bakr nitrat, susuz malzemenin hidrasyonu yoluyla veya bakr metali sulu bir gümü nitrat veya konsantre nitrik asit çözeltisiyle ileyerek hazrlanabilir: [4]
Hidratlanm Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratlarndan herhangi birinin stlmasyla dehidratasyon giriiminde bulunulmas, Cu (NO3) 2’yi deil oksitleri verir. 80 ° C’de hidratlar, 180 ° C’de CuO’ya dönüen “bazik bakr nitrata” (Cu2 (NO3) (OH) 3) dönüür. [4] Bu reaktiviteden yararlanan bakr nitrat, ayrana kadar stlarak ve duman dorudan suya geçirerek nitrik asit üretmek için kullanlabilir. Bu yöntem Ostwald sürecindeki son adma benzer. Denklemler aadaki gibidir:
Yaps
Susuz Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Susuz Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, iki solvat içermeyen polimorf içinde kristalize edilmitir. [9] [10] α- ve β-Cu (NO3) 2 tamamen 3D koordinasyon polimer alardr. Alfa formu, [4 + 1] koordinasyonlu yalnzca bir Cu ortamna sahiptir, ancak beta formu, biri [4 + 1] ve dieri kare düzlemli olmak üzere iki farkl bakr merkeze sahiptir. Nitrometan solvat ayrca yaklak 200 pm dört ksa Cu-O ba ve 240 pm’de bir daha uzun ba ile “[4+ 1] koordinasyonuna” sahiptir. [11] Sonsuz zincir bakr (II) merkezleri ve nitrat gruplar olan koordinasyon polimerleridir. Gaz faznda, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat iki bidentat nitrat ligand içerir (sa üstteki resme bakn). [12] Dolaysyla, katnn buharlamas, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat molekülünü vermek için “çatlama” gerektirir.
Hidratl Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Uygulamalar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, organik kimyadaki çeitli ilemler için katalizör olarak kullanlan bakr (II) okside dönütürülmesi olmak üzere çeitli uygulamalar bulur. Çözümleri tekstillerde ve dier metaller için parlatclarda kullanlr. Bakr nitratlar baz pirotekniklerde bulunur. [4] Genellikle okul laboratuvarlarnda kimyasal voltaik hücre reaksiyonlarn göstermek için kullanlr. Baz seramik srlarnda ve metal patinalarda bir bileendir.
Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat
(2N)% 99 Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat
CU2-NAT-02-P.3HYD
Fiyatlandrma> SDS> Veri Sayfas>
(3N)% 99,9 Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat
CU2-NAT-03-P.3HYD
Fiyatlandrma> SDS> Veri Sayfas>
(4N)% 99.99 Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat
CU2-NAT-04-P.3HYD
Fiyatlandrma> SDS> Veri Sayfas>
(5N)% 99,999 Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat
CU2-NAT-05-P.3HYD
Fiyatlandrma> SDS> Veri Sayfas>
Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat Hakknda
Yüksek saflkta Bakr (II) Nitrat Trihidrat Nitrat IonCopper (II) Nitrat Trihidrat, nitratlarla uyumlu ve daha düük (asidik) pH kullanmlar için oldukça suda çözünür bir kristal Bakr kaynadr. Tüm metalik nitratlar, belirli bir metal katyonun ve nitrat anyonunun inorganik tuzlardr. Nitrat anyonu, toplam formül arl 62.05 olacak ekilde üç oksijen atomuna (Formül: NO3) iyonik olarak balanm tek bir nitrojen atomundan oluan tek deerli (-1 yük) çok atomlu bir iyondur. Nitrat bileikleri genellikle suda çözünür. Nitrat malzemeleri de oksitleyici maddelerdir. Hidrokarbonlarla kartrldnda, nitrat bileikleri yanc bir karm oluturabilir. Nitratlar, ultra yüksek saflkta bileiklerin ve belirli katalizör ve nano ölçekli (nanopartiküller ve nano tozlar) malzemelerin üretimi için mükemmel öncülerdir. Bakr Nitrat çou ciltte genellikle hemen bulunur. Yüksek saflk, mikron alt ve nano toz formlar düünülebilir. Bakr Nitrat Çözeltisi de üretiyoruz. American Elements, uygulanabilir olduunda, Mil Spec (askeri snf) dahil olmak üzere birçok standart snfta üretim yapar; ACS, Reaktif ve Teknik Snf; Gda, Tarm ve laç Derecesi; Optik Snf, USP ve EP / BP (Avrupa Farmakopesi / ngiliz Farmakopesi) ve ilgili ASTM test standartlarn takip eder. Tipik ve özel paketleme mevcuttur. lgili ölçüm birimlerini dönütürmek için bir Referans Hesaplayc olduu gibi ek teknik, aratrma ve güvenlik (MSDS) bilgileri mevcuttur.
[Açklama]
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, nitratn bakr tuzudur. Bakr nitratn çeitli uygulamalar vardr: önemli bir uygulama, güçlü bir organik kimya katalizörü olan bakr okside dönütürülmesidir. Tekstillerde ve dier metallerin parlatclarnda da kullanlabilir. Okullarda kimyasal voltaik hücre reaksiyonlarn göstermek için de kullanlabilir. Organik sentez srasnda, aromatik bileiklerin nitrasyonunda etkili bir reaktif olarak kullanlmak üzere asetik anhidrit ile birletirilebilir. Hidrat formu, önemli bir mühendislik malzemesi olan bir polimer üretmek için 2,6-dimetilfenolün oksidatif balanmasn katalize edebilir. Tri-hidrat formu, 3-aminopropenonlarn ve 3-aminopropenoatlarn solventsiz sentezini katalize edebilir. Pentahidrat formu, yeni koordinasyon polimerlerinin hazrlanmasnda kullanlabilir. Ayn zamanda tpta, böcek ilac olarak, kimyasal analizde, a duyarl katlarn yapmnda uygulamalar vardr.
[Kimyasal özellikler]
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, Cu (NO3) 2 · 3H2O, [10031-43-3], MW 241.59, MP 114.5 ° C, d 2.32, ekenar dörtgen trombositler halinde kristalleen koyu mavi nem ile eriyebilen bir malzemedir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat suda, 77.4 g / 100 g çözelti ve metanol ve etanolde çok çözünür. Susuz tuz, bakr metalinin etilasetat içinde N2O4 ile reaksiyona sokulmasyla hazrlanmtr, ancak ticari olarak mevcut deildir.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat trihidrat Kimyasal Özellikler, Kullanm Alanlar, Üretim
Açklama
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, nitratn bakr tuzudur. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn çeitli uygulamalar vardr: önemli bir uygulama, güçlü bir katalizör organik kimyas olan bakr okside dönütürülmesidir. Tekstillerde ve dier metallerin parlatclarnda da kullanlabilir. Okullarda kimyasal voltaik hücre reaksiyonlarn göstermek için de kullanlabilir. Organik sentez srasnda, aromatik bileiklerin nitrasyonunda etkili bir reaktif olarak kullanlmak üzere asetik anhidrit ile birletirilebilir. Hidrat formu, önemli bir mühendislik malzemesi olan bir polimer üretmek için 2,6-dimetilfenolün oksidatif balanmasn katalize edebilir. Tri-hidrat formu, 3-aminopropenonlarn ve 3-aminopropenoatlarn solventsiz sentezini katalize edebilir. Pentahidrat formu, yeni koordinasyon polimerlerinin hazrlanmasnda kullanlabilir. Ayn zamanda tpta, böcek ilac olarak, kimyasal analizde, a duyarl katlarn yapmnda uygulamalar vardr.
Kimyasal özellikler
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, Cu (NO3) 2 · 3H2O, [10031-43-3], MW 241.59, MP 114.5 ° C, d 2.32, ekenar dörtgen trombositler halinde kristalleen koyu mavi nem ile eriyebilen bir malzemedir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat suda, 77.4 g / 100 g çözelti ve metanol ve etanolde çok çözünür. Susuz tuz, bakr metalinin etilasetat içinde N2O4 ile reaksiyona sokulmasyla hazrlanmtr, ancak ticari olarak mevcut deildir.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat trihidrat Hazrlama Ürünleri ve Hammaddeler
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Gezintiye atlaArama yapmak için atla
Dier kullanmlar için bkz Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (belirsizlii giderme).
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, 29Cu
Doal Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (~ 4 cm boyutunda)
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Görünüm krmz-turuncu metalik parlaklk
Standart atom arl Ar, std (Cu) 63.546 (3) [1]
Periyodik tablodaki bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
nikel ← Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat → çinko
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn spektral çizgileri
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn ana izotoplar
Kategori Kategori: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
viewtalkedit | Referanslar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, Cu sembolü (Latince: cuprum) ve atom numaras 29 olan kimyasal bir elementtir. Çok yüksek sl ve elektriksel iletkenlie sahip yumuak, dövülebilir ve sünek bir metaldir. Yeni aça çkan saf Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat yüzeyi pembemsi-turuncu bir renge sahiptir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, s ve elektrik iletkeni olarak, bir yap malzemesi olarak ve mücevherlerde kullanlan gümü, denizcilik malzemeleri ve madeni paralar yapmak için kullanlan bakr nikel ve kullanlan konstantan gibi çeitli metal alamlarnn bir bileeni olarak kullanlr. scaklk ölçümü için gerinim ölçerlerde ve termokupllarda.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, doada dorudan kullanlabilen metalik formda (doal metaller) oluabilen birkaç metalden biridir. Bu, birkaç bölgede çok erken insan kullanmna yol açt. MÖ 8000. Binlerce yl sonra, sülfit cevherlerinden eritilen ilk metaldi, c. MÖ 5000; bir kalpta bir ekle dökülecek ilk metal, c. MÖ 4000; ve bronz oluturmak için bilerek baka bir metal kalayla alamlanacak ilk metal, c. MÖ 3500. [5]
Roma döneminde, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, esas olarak metalin adnn kökeni olan Kbrs’ta, aes сyprium’dan (Kbrs metali) çkarld ve daha sonra сuprum (Latin) olarak bozuldu. Coper (Eski ngilizce) ve Copper (II) nitrat trihidrat bundan türetildi, daha sonraki yazm ilk olarak 1530 civarnda kullanld. [6]
Yaygn olarak karlalan bileikler, azurit, malakit ve turkuaz gibi minerallere sklkla mavi veya yeil renkler veren ve yaygn ve tarihsel olarak pigmentler olarak kullanlm olan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (II) tuzlardr.
Binalarda, genellikle çat kaplamas için kullanlan bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, yeil bir tepe noktas (veya patine) oluturmak için oksitlenir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat bazen dekoratif sanatta hem elemental metal formunda hem de pigmentler olarak bileiklerde kullanlr. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat bileikleri, bakteriyostatik maddeler, fungisitler ve ahap koruyucular olarak kullanlr.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, solunum enzim kompleksi sitokrom c oksidazn temel bir bileeni olduu için, bir iz diyet minerali olarak tüm canl organizmalar için gereklidir. Yumuakçalarda ve kabuklu hayvanlarda, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, kan pigmenti hemosiyaninin bir bileenidir ve yerini balklarda ve dier omurgallarda demir kompleksli hemoglobin alr. nsanlarda, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat esas olarak karacier, kas ve kemikte bulunur. [7] Yetikin vücudu, vücut arlnn kilogram bana 1,4 ila 2,1 mg Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat içerir. [8]
4.3 OrganoCopper (II) nitrat trihidrat kimyas
4.4 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (III) ve Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (IV)
Sürekli döküm ile yaplan bir Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat diski (% 99.95 saf); kristalitleri ortaya çkarmak için kaznm
Erime noktasnn hemen üzerindeki Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, turuncu akkor rengini yeterli k gölgelediinde pembe parlak rengini korur
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, gümü ve altn periyodik tablonun 11. grubundadr; bu üç metal, dolu bir d-elektron kabuunun üstünde bir s-yörünge elektronuna sahiptir ve yüksek süneklik, elektriksel ve termal iletkenlik ile karakterize edilir. Bu elementlerdeki dolgulu d-kabuklar, metalik balar yoluyla s-elektronlarn hakim olduu atomlar aras etkileimlere çok az katkda bulunur. Tamamlanmam d-kabuklu metallerin aksine, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrattaki metalik balar kovalent karakterden yoksundur ve nispeten zayftr. Bu gözlem, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn tek kristallerinin düük sertliini ve yüksek sünekliini açklamaktadr. [9] Makroskopik ölçekte, tanecik snrlar gibi kristal kafese geniletilmi kusurlarn eklenmesi, uygulanan gerilim altnda malzemenin akn engeller ve böylece sertliini arttrr. Bu nedenle, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat genellikle ince taneli polikristalin formda salanr ve monokristal formlardan daha güçlüdür. [10]
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn yumuakl ksmen yüksek elektrik iletkenliini (59.6 × 106 S / m) ve yüksek sl iletkenliini, oda scaklnda saf metaller arasnda ikinci en yüksek (yalnzca gümüten ikinci) açklamaktadr. [11] Bunun nedeni, oda scaklnda metallerde elektron tanmasna kar direncin, esas olarak elektronlarn, yumuak bir metalde nispeten zayf olan, kafesin termal titreimleri üzerindeki saçlmasndan kaynaklanmasdr. [9] Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn açk havada izin verilen maksimum akm younluu yaklak 3.1 × 106 A / m2 kesit alan olup, bunun üzerinde ar snmaya balar. [12]
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, gri veya gümü dnda doal bir renge sahip birkaç metalik elementten biridir. [13] Saf Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat turuncu-krmz renktedir ve havaya maruz kaldnda krmzms bir kararr. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn karakteristik rengi, dolu 3 boyutlu ve yar bo 4s atomik kabuklar arasndaki elektronik geçilerden kaynaklanr – bu kabuklar arasndaki enerji fark turuncu a karlk gelir.
Dier metallerde olduu gibi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat baka bir metalle temas ettirilirse galvanik korozyon meydana gelecektir. [14]
Kimyasal
Oksitlenmemi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat teli (solda) ve oksitlenmi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat teli (sada)
Kraliyet Gözlemevi’nin Dou Kulesi, Edinburgh. 2010 ylnda kurulan yenilenmi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ile orijinal 1894 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn yeil rengi arasndaki kontrast açkça görülmektedir.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat su ile reaksiyona girmez, ancak atmosferik oksijenle yavaça reaksiyona girerek kahverengi-siyah bir Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat oksit tabakas oluturur ve bu, nemli havada demirin üzerinde oluan pasn aksine, daha fazla korozyonun altnda yatan metal (pasivasyon). Yeil bir verdigris tabakas (Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat karbonat), birçok eski binann çats [15] ve Özgürlük Heykeli [16] gibi eski Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat yaplarnda sklkla görülebilir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, çeitli Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat sülfitler oluturmak üzere reaksiyona girdii baz kükürt bileiklerine maruz kaldnda kararr. [17]
zotoplar
Ana madde: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat izotoplar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn 29 izotopu vardr. 63Cu ve 65Cu stabildir, 63Cu yaklak% 69 doal olarak oluan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat içerir; her ikisinin de dönüü 3⁄2’dir. [18] Dier izotoplar radyoaktiftir ve en kararl olan 61,83 saatlik yar ömürle 67Cu’dur. [18] Yedi yar kararl izotop karakterize edilmitir; 68mCu, 3,8 dakikalk yarlanma ömrü ile en uzun ömürlü olandr. Kütle says 64’ün üzerinde olan izotoplar β− ile bozulurken, kütle says 64’ün altnda olanlar β + orannda bozunur. Yarlanma ömrü 12,7 saat olan 64Cu, her iki yönde bozunmaktadr. [19]
Oluum
Ayrca baknz: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat cevherleri
Michigan, Keweenaw Yarmadas’ndan Doal Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, yaklak 2,5 inç (6,4 cm) uzunluunda
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, büyük yldzlarda [21] üretilir ve Dünya’nn kabuunda milyonda yaklak 50 parça (ppm) orannda bulunur. [22] Doada, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, doal Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, Kalkopirit, bornit, digenit, kovelit ve kalkosit, Bakr (II) nitrat gibi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat sülfitler dahil olmak üzere çeitli minerallerde bulunur. tetrahedit-tennantit gibi trihidrat sülfosaltlar ve enarjit, azurit ve malakit gibi Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat karbonatlar ve Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (I) veya Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat (II) oksitleri, örnein bakrit ve srasyla tenorit. [11] Kefedilen en büyük elementel Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat kütlesi 420 ton arlndayd ve 1857’de ABD Michigan’daki Keweenaw Yarmadas’nda bulundu. [22] Doal Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, imdiye kadar tarif edilmi en büyük tek kristalin 4,4 × 3,2 × 3,2 cm boyutlarnda olduu bir polikristaldir. [23]
Üretim
ili’deki Chuquicamata, dünyann en büyük açk ocak Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat madenlerinden biridir
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat fiyatlar ton bana ABD Dolar cinsinden 2003–2011
Ayrca baknz: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat üretimine göre ülkelerin listesi
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn çou, porfirdeki büyük açk ocak madenlerinden Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat sülfitler olarak çkarlr veya özütlenir.% 0,4 ila 1,0 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat içeren Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat yataklar. Siteler arasnda ili’deki Chuquicamata, Utah, ABD’deki Bingham Kanyon Madeni ve New Mexico, ABD’deki El Chino Madeni bulunmaktadr. British Geological Survey’e göre, 2005 ylnda ili, dünyann en az üçte bir payyla Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn en büyük üreticisiydi ve onu ABD, Endonezya ve Peru izledi. [11] Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat da yerinde süzme ilemi yoluyla geri kazanlabilir. Arizona eyaletindeki birkaç site, bu yöntem için balca adaylar olarak kabul edilir. [24] Kullanlan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat miktar artyor ve mevcut miktar, tüm ülkelerin gelimi dünya kullanm düzeylerine ulamasna izin vermek için zar zor yeterli. [25]
Rezervler
Ayrca baknz: Tepe Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat § Rezervler
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat en az 10.000 yldr kullanlmaktadr, ancak imdiye kadar çkarlm ve eritilmi tüm Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn% 95’inden fazlas 1900’den beri çkarlmtr [26] ve yarsndan fazlas son 24’te çkarlmtr. yl. Pek çok doal kaynakta olduu gibi, Dünya’daki toplam Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat miktar, Dünya’nn kabuunun en üst kilometresinde yaklak 1014 ton ile, mevcut ekstraksiyon hznda yaklak 5 milyon yl deerinde olmak üzere çok büyüktür. Bununla birlikte, bu rezervlerin yalnzca küçük bir ksm, günümüz fiyatlar ve teknolojileri ile ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir. Madencilik için mevcut olan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat rezervlerinin tahminleri, büyüme hz gibi temel varsaymlara bal olarak 25 ila 60 yl arasnda deimektedir. [27] Geri dönüüm, modern dünyada Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn önemli bir kaynadr. [26] Bu ve dier faktörlerden dolay, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat üretiminin ve arznn gelecei, pik petrole benzer ekilde pik Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat kavram da dahil olmak üzere birçok tartmann konusudur.
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn fiyat tarihsel olarak istikrarszdr [28] ve fiyat Haziran 1999’daki 60 yln en düük seviyesi olan 0,60 ABD Dolar / lb’den (1,32 ABD Dolar / kg) pound bana 3,75 ABD Dolar’na (8,27 ABD Dolar / kg) yükselmitir. ubat 2007’de 2,40 $ / lb’ye (5,29 $ / kg) dütü, ardndan Nisan 2007’de 3,50 $ / lb’ye (7,71 $ / kg) yükseldi. [29] [daha iyi kaynak gerekli] ubat 2009’da küresel talep zayflad ve Önceki yln en yüksek seviyelerinden bu yana emtia fiyatlarnda keskin bir düü, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat fiyatlarn 1.51 $ / lb (3.32 $ / kg) seviyesinde brakt. [30]
Yöntemler
Ana madde: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ekstraksiyon teknikleri
Fla eritme ileminin emas
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn cevherlerde konsantrasyonu ortalama olarak sadece% 0,6’dr ve çou ticari cevher sülfitlerdir, özellikle kalkopirit (CuFeS2), bornit (Cu5FeS4) ve daha az ölçüde kovelit (CuS) ve kalkosittir (Cu2S). [31] Bu mineraller krlm cevherlerden köpük yüzdürme veya biyo-aartma yoluyla% 10-15 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat seviyesine konsantre edilir. [32] Bu malzemenin hzl ergitme ileminde silika ile stlmas, demirin çounu cüruf olarak uzaklatrr. lem, demir sülfitleri oksitlere dönütürmenin büyük kolaylndan yararlanr, bu da silika ile reaksiyona girerek stlm kütlenin üzerinde yüzen silikat cürufunu oluturur. Ortaya çkan Cu2S’den oluan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat mat, tüm sülfitleri oksitlere dönütürmek için kavrulur: [31]
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2
Bakr oksit, stmann ardndan blister Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrata dönütürülür:
2 Cu2O → 4 Cu + O2
Sudbury mat ilemi, sülfidin yalnzca yarsn okside dönütürdü ve daha sonra bu oksidi, sülfürün geri kalann oksit olarak çkarmak için kulland. Daha sonra elektrolitik olarak rafine edildi ve içerdii platin ve altn için anot çamuru kullanld. Bu adm, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat oksitlerin Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat metaline nispeten kolay indirgenmesini kullanr. Kalan oksijenin çounu gidermek için blistere doal gaz üflenir ve elde edilen malzeme üzerinde saf Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat üretmek için elektro rafine edilir: [33]
Cu2 + + 2 e− → Cu
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat artma ak emas (Uralelektromed’in anot döküm tesisi)
Blister Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat anot dökümü
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat rafine etme ak emas (Uralelektromed’in anot döküm tesisi) # Blister Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat # Eritme # Yanklanma frn # Cüruf giderme # Bakr (II) anotlarn nitrat trihidrat dökümü # Döküm çark # Anot giderme makinesi # Anot çk # Demiryolu araçlar # Tank dairesine ulam
Geri dönüüm
Alüminyum gibi [34] Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, hem ham halden hem de üretilmi ürünlerden herhangi bir kalite kayb olmakszn geri dönütürülebilir. [35] Hacim olarak, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, demir ve alüminyumdan sonra en çok geri dönütürülen üçüncü metaldir. [36] imdiye kadar çkarlm olan tüm Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn tahmini% 80’i bugün hala kullanlmaktadr. [37] International Resource Panel’in Toplumdaki Metal Stoklar raporuna göre, toplumda kullanlan Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn küresel kii bana stou 35-55 kg’dr. Bunun çou, az gelimi ülkelerden (kii bana 30-40 kg) çok daha gelimi ülkelerde (kii bana 140-300 kg).
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn geri dönüüm süreci, Bakr (II) nitrat trihidratn çkarlmas için kullanlanla kabaca ayndr, ancak daha az adm gerektirir. Yüksek saflkta hurda Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat bir frnda eritilir ve daha sonra indirgenir ve kütük ve külçe haline getirilir; düük saflktaki hurda, sülfürik asit banyosunda elektrokaplama ile rafine edilir. [38]
Alamlar
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamlar, madeni para üretiminde yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr; Burada iki örnek görülüyor – bakr bakrdan [39] oluan 1964 sonras Amerikan on senti ve yüzde 80 gümü ve yüzde 20 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamndan oluan 1968 öncesi Kanada dime. [40]
Ayrca baknz: Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamlarnn listesi
Pek çok Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alam formüle edilmitir ve bunlarn çou önemli kullanmlara sahiptir. Pirinç, bir Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve çinko alamdr. Bronz genellikle Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat-kalay alamlarna atfta bulunur, ancak alüminyum bronz gibi herhangi bir Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamna atfta bulunabilir. Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, tak endüstrisinde kullanlan gümü ve karat altn lehimlerinin en önemli bileenlerinden biridir ve elde edilen alamlarn rengini, sertliini ve erime noktasn deitirir. [41] Baz kurunsuz lehimler, küçük bir oranda Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve dier metallerle alamlanm kalaydan oluur. [42]
Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve nikel alam, bakrikel olarak adlandrlr ve genellikle d kaplama için düük deerli madeni paralarda kullanlr. ABD be sentlik madeni para (u anda nikel olarak adlandrlr) homojen bileimde% 75 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve% 25 nikelden oluur. 20. yüzyln ikinci yarsnda ülkeler tarafndan yaygn olarak benimsenen cupronickel’in piyasaya sürülmesinden önce, [43] Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve gümü alamlar da, Amerika Birleik Devletleri’nde% 90 gümü alam kullanlarak kullanlmtr. ve% 10 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat, 1965 ylna kadar, dolamdaki gümü Yarm dolar hariç tüm madeni paralardan çkarldnda – bunlar, 1965 ve 1965 yllar arasnda% 40 gümü ve% 60 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamna indirgenmitir. 1970. [44]
Korozyona dayankll ile dikkat çeken% 90 Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat ve% 10 nikel alam, bazen kirli limanlarda ve haliçlerde bulunan sülfitlere kar savunmasz olmasna ramen, deniz suyuna maruz kalan çeitli nesneler için kullanlr. [45] Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamlar ile alüminyum (yaklak% 7) altn rengindedir ve süslemelerde kullanlr. [22] Shakudō, koyu mavi veya siyah renge patine edilebilen, tipik olarak% 4-10 gibi düük bir altn yüzdesi içeren bir Japon dekoratif Bakr (II) nitrat trihidrat alamdr. [46]