ESCOREZ 2203 LC
ESCOREZ 2203 LC
CAS No. : 68527-25-3
EC No.: 614-573-5
Synonyms:
Naphtha (petroleum); light steam-cracked arom.; polymer with light steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha piperylene conc; medium steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha; crude oil; fossil fuel; fuel; gas; gasoline; kerosene; naphtha; natural gas; petrol; Escorez 2203; ESCOREZ 2203; ESKOREZ 2203; eskorez 2203; EZKORES 2203; EZKOREZ 2203; (Americas; Escorez 1304 (AM & EU; Escorez 1310LC ; Escorez 1315 (Americas); Escorez 2203LC (AM & EU); Escorez 5300; Escorez 5320; EscorezTM 534; EscorezTM 538; EscorezTM 5400; EscorezTM 5415; EscorezTM 5600; EscorezTM 5615; EscorezTM 5637; EscorezTM 5690; Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Escorez; petroleum; kerosene; oil; naphta; coal oil; gasoline; crude oil; jet fuel; low boiling point; ethanol; gas; bunker fuel; low boiling; gasohol; gasoline tank; fuel; alcohol; juice; methanol; heating oil; fuel oil; high octane gasoline; distillate; kerosine; dissolvent; nafta; crude petroleum; outta gas; dissolver; methylene; gasoline-powered; unleaded; lox; solvent; air; gasolene; hydrocarbon; fumes; menstruum; dissolving agent; liquid hydrogen; liquid oxygen; nitromethane; number oil; rocket fuel; jet; hydrogen; wood naphtha; Escorez 2203 LC; Escorez 1102 ; Escorez 1304; Escorez 2203 LC; Escorez 1401; Escorez 2101; Escorez 2173; Escorez 2184; Escorez 2203; Escorez 2520; Escorez 5300; Escorez 5320; Escorez 5380; Escorez 5400;Escorez 5415;Escorez 5490; Escorez 5600; Escorez 5615; Escorez 5690 ; EscorezTM 1304 (AM & EU; EscorezTM 1310LC ; EscorezTM 1315 (Americas); EscorezTM 2203LC (AM & EU); EscorezTM 5300; EscorezTM 5320; EscorezTM 534; EscorezTM 538; EscorezTM 5400; EscorezTM 5415; EscorezTM 5600; EscorezTM 5615; EscorezTM 5637; EscorezTM 5690; Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Escorez; Escorez 1102; Escorez 1102 ; Escorez 1304; Escorez 1310 LC; Escorez 1401; Escorez 2101; Escorez 2173; Escorez 2184; Escorez 2203; Escorez 2520; Escorez 5300; Escorez 5320; Escorez 5380; Escorez 5400;Escorez 5415;Escorez 5490; Escorez 5600; Escorez 5615; Escorez 5690; Naphtha (petroleum); light steam-cracked arom.; polymer with light steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha piperylene conc; medium steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha; crude oil; fossil fuel; fuel; gas; gasoline; kerosene; naphtha; natural gas; petrol; Escorez 2203; ESCOREZ 2203; ESKOREZ 2203; eskorez 2203; EZKORES 2203; EZKOREZ 2203; (Americas; Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU; Escorez 1310LC ; Escorez 1315 (Americas); Escorez 2203LC (AM & EU); Escorez 5300; Escorez 5320; EscorezTM 534; EscorezTM 538; EscorezTM 5400; EscorezTM 5415; EscorezTM 5600; EscorezTM 5615; EscorezTM 5637; EscorezTM 5690; Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez); Escorez; petroleum; kerosene; oil; naphta; coal oil; gasoline; crude oil; jet fuel; low boiling point; ethanol; gas; bunker fuel; low boiling; gasohol; gasoline tank; fuel; alcohol; juice; methanol; heating oil; fuel oil; high octane gasoline; distillate; kerosine; dissolvent; nafta; crude petroleum; outta gas; dissolver; methylene; gasoline-powered; unleaded; lox; solvent; air; gasolene; hydrocarbon; fumes; menstruum; dissolving agent; liquid hydrogen; liquid oxygen; nitromethane; number oil; rocket fuel; jet; hydrogen; wood naphtha; Escorez 1102; Naphtha (petroleum); light steam-cracked arom.; polymer with light steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha piperylene conc; medium steam-cracked arom; petroleum naphtha; crude oil; fossil fuel; fuel; gas; gasoline; kerosene; naphtha; natural gas; petrol; low boiling point; ethanol; gas; bunker fuel; low boiling; gasohol; gasoline tank; fuel; alcohol; juice; methanol; heating oil; fuel oil; high octane gasoline; distillate; kerosine; dissolvent; nafta; crude petroleum; outta gas; dissolver; methylene; gasoline-powered; unleaded; lox; solvent; air; gasolene; hydrocarbon; fumes; menstruum; dissolving agent; liquid hydrogen; liquid oxygen; nitromethane; number oil; rocket fuel; jet; hydrogen; wood naphtha
Escorez 2203 LC
Escorez hydrocarbon resins are amorphous, glassy, low molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers. They have tailored molecular weight distributions designed to fit specific application requirements.
Product Description: Escorez 2203 LC is a premium aromatic modified aliphatic hydrocarbon resin with a narrow molecular weight distribution. It is characterized by low color and low volatility. Escorez 2203 LC is primarily designed for tackification of styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymers, but also useful as tackifiers for natural rubber, metallocene polyolefins, Butyl rubber, EVA, APP and APAO.
Availability: Africa & Middle East, Central America, Europe, North America and South America. Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resin
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resin.
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU)
Tackifying Resin
Escorez 2203 LC is a premium aromatic modified aliphatic hydrocarbon resin with a narrow molecular weight distribution. Escorez 2203 LC is characterized by low color and low volatility. It is primarily designed for tackification of styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymers, but also useful as tackifier for natural rubber, metallocene polyolefins, Butyl rubber, EVA, APP and APAO.
Properties Minimum Maximum Unit Test Method
Softening Point 89.0 96.0 °C ETM 22-24
Color – Initial — 40 YI ETM 22-13
Wax Cloud Point (30/45/25) — 105 °C ETM 22-10
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resin the interlocking “X” device and other product or service names used herein are trademarks of ExxonMobil, unless indicated otherwise. This document may not be distributed, displayed, copied or altered without l’s prior wriEscorezTM 2203LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resintten authorization. To the exten EscorezTM 2203LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resint authorizes distributing, displaying and/or copying of this document, the user may do so only if the document is unaltered and complete, including all of its headers, footers, disclaimers and other information. You may not copy this document to or reproduce it in whole or in part on a website. ExxonMobil does not guarantee the typical (or other) values. Any data included herein is based upon analysis of representative samples and not the actual product shipped. The information in this document relates only to the named product or materials when not in combination with any other product or materials. We based the information on data believed to be reliable on the date compiled, but we do not represent, warrant, or otherwise guarantee, expressly or impliedly, the merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, freedom from patent infringement, suitability, accuracy, reliability, or completeness of this information or the products, materials or processes described. The user is solely responsible for all determinations regarding any use of material or product and any process in its territories of interest. We expressly disclaim liability for any loss, damage or injury directly or indirectly suffered or incurred as a result of or related to anyone using or relying on any of the information in this document. This document is not an endorsement of any nol product or process, and we expressly disclaim any contrary implication. The terms “we,” “our,” ” stewarded.
Information provided Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resin
Softening Pt., °C 92
Color, %50 in Toluen, Yl 24
Tg, °C 48
Molecular Weight, Mn, g/mol 1120
Molecular Weight, Mw, g/mol 1930
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resin
Hydrocarbon Resins (Escorez)
The Inventive Resin was also compared with some 5 competitive resin samples. Tested were Escorez 1310 LC, an aliphatic resin like Piccotac 95E, and Escorez 2203 LC, a slightly aromatic modified resin comparable to Hercotac 1148.
Further Hercules RESIN A was compared as well.
10 Hercules RESIN A is like Hercules RESIN B a more aromatic modified resin than Escorez 2203 LC and Hercotac 1148. Shear to steel 120 73 134 177 20 (40 C,2.5 kg,min) Shear to steel 809 1446 781 102 (70 C,0.5 kg,min) The results clearly show again that the melt viscosity and the rolling ball tack using the Inventive 25 Resin are comparable to a slightly aromatic modified resin like Escorez 2203 LC. The rolling ball tack using Hercules RESIN A was found to be higher due to the higher molecular weight. The hot melt viscosity using Escorez 1310 LC is higher than observed for Piccotac 95E
and especially the Inventive Resin. The shear to steel at 70 C using the Inventive Resin was found to be better than for the Hercules RESIN A. The use of Escorez 2203 LC gives a better high temperature shear to steel like 5 found for Piccotac 95E but also gives the highest viscosity .Escorez 1310 LC – A petroleum resin available from Exxon containing about 0.3% by weight of polymerized 5 styrene and having a softening point of about 93.5 C.
Escorez 2203 LC – A petroleum resin available A;n;n~ about 8 to 10 wt% of polymerized styrene and having a softening point of about 92 C and a number average molecular weight of about 1150.
Winqtack 95 – A petroleum resin available from Good Year like Piccotac 95E and Escorez 1310 having a softening point of about 96 C and a number average molecular weight of about 1100.
Hercules RESIN A hYdrocarbon resin – A petroleum 15 resin available from Hercules containing about 10 to 25 wt% of some polymerized aromatic monomers and having a softening point of about 95 C.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) (/ˈnæpθə/ or /ˈnæfθə/) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.
Mixtures labelled Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
In different industries and regions Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene. Mineral spirits, also historically known as “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)”, is not the same chemical.[citation needed]
Nephi and Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)r are sometimes used as a synonyms.[1]. It is also known as Shellite in Australia[2].
Contents of Escorez 2203 LC
1 Etymology of Escorez 2203 LC
2 Types of Escorez 2203 LC
3 Uses of Escorez 2203 LC
3.1 Heavy crude oil dilution
Etymology of Escorez 2203 LC
White gas, exemplified by Coleman Camp Fuel, is a common Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)-based fuel used in many lanterns and torches
The word Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is from Latin and Ancient Greek (νάφθα), derived from Middle Persian naft (“wet”, “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)”),[3][4] the latter meaning of which was an assimilation from the Akkadian napṭu (see Semitic relatives such as Arabic نَفْط nafṭ [“petroleum”], Syriac ܢܰܦܬܳܐ naftā) and Hebrew נֵפְט neft (meaning petroleum).[5] In Ancient Greek, it was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch.
In the Song of the Three Children the Greek word νάφθα designates one of the materials used to stoke the fiery furnace. The translation of Charles Brenton renders this as “rosin”.
The book of II Maccabees tells how a “thick water” was put on a sacrifice at the time of Nehemiah and when the sun shone it caught fire. It adds that “those around Nehemiah termed this ‘Nephthar’, which means Purification, but it is called Nephthaei by the many [literally hoi polloi].”[6]
It enters the word napalm, a contraction of the “na” of naphthenic acid and “palm” of palmitic acid, originally made from a mixture of naphthenic acid combined with aluminium and magnesium salts of palmitic acid. Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is the root of the word Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)lene, and can also be recognised in the word phthalate, and the paint colour phthalo blue.
In older usage, “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)” simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obsolete in English. It was also used for mineral spirits (also known as “Stoddard Solvent”), originally the main active ingredient in Fels Naptha laundry soap. The Ukrainian and Belarusian word нафта (nafta), Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian “nafta” and the Persian naft (نفت) mean “crude oil”. The Russian word нефть (neft’) means “crude oil”, but нафта (nafta) is a synonym of ligroin. Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia nafta (нафта in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, nafta was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is now obsolete[7] and it generally indicates diesel fuel. In Bulgarian, nafta means diesel fuel, while neft, as well as petrol (петрол in Cyrillic), means crude oil. Nafta is also used in everyday parlance in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay to refer to gasoline/petrol.[8] In Poland, the word nafta means kerosene,[9] and colloquially crude oil (technical name for crude oil is ropa naftowa, also colloquially used for diesel fuel as ropa). In Flemish, the word naft is used colloquially for gasoline.[10]
There is a hypothesis that the word is connected with the name of the Indo-Iranian god Apam Napat, which occurs in Vedic and in Avestic; the name means “grandson of (the) waters”, and the Vedas describe him as emerging from water golden and shining “with bright rays”, perhaps inspired by a burning seepage of natural gas.[11]
Types of Escorez 2203 LC
Various qualifiers have been added to the term “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)” by different sources in an effort to make it more specific:
One source[12] distinguishes by boiling point:
Light Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is the fraction boiling between 30 °C and 90 °C and consists of molecules with 5-6 carbon atoms. Heavy Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) boils between 90 °C and 200 °C and consists of molecules with 6-12 carbon atoms.
Another source[13] differentiates light and heavy comments on the hydrocarbon structure, but offers a less precise dividing line:
Light [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from five to six carbon atoms per molecule. Heavy [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule.
Both of these are useful definitions, but they are incompatible with one another and the latter does not provide for mixes containing both six and seven carbon atoms per molecule. These terms are also sufficiently broad that they are not widely useful.
Uses of Escorez 2203 LC
Heavy crude oil dilution
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is used to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity and enable/facilitate transport; undiluted heavy crude cannot normally be transported by pipeline, and may also be difficult to pump onto oil tankers. Other common dilutants include natural-gas condensate, and light crude. However, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is a particularly efficient dilutant and can be recycled from diluted heavy crude after transport and processing.[14][15][16] The importance of oil dilutants has increased as global production of lighter crude oils has fallen and shifted to exploitation of heavier reserves.[15]
Fuel of Escorez 2203 LC
Light Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is used as a fuel in some commercial applications. One notable example is the Zippo lighter, which draws Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) into a wick from a reservoir to be ignited using the flint and wheel.
It is also a fuel for camping stoves and oil lanterns, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)’s low boiling point making it easy to ignite. Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is sometimes preferred over kerosene due to a lower incidence of fuel line clogging.
Plastics of Escorez 2203 LC
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is a crucial component in the production of plastics.[17]
Health and safety considerations
The safety data sheets (SDSs) from various Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) vendors are also indicative of the non-specific nature of the product and reflect the considerations due for a flammable mixture of hydrocarbons: flammability, carcinogenicity, skin and airway irritation, etc.[18][2][19][20]
Humans can be exposed to Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and eye contact. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in the workplace as 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1000 ppm, which equates to 10% of the lower explosive limit, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is immediately dangerous to life and health.
Petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil[1][2][3] with CAS-no 64742-48-9.[4] It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or petrol).
There are hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources worldwide and each crude oil has its own unique composition or assay. There are also hundreds of petroleum refineries worldwide and each of them is designed to process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is a general term as each refinery produces its own naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s with their own unique initial and final boiling points and other physical and compositional characteristics.
naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s may also be produced from other material such as coal tar, shale deposits, tar sands, and the destructive distillation of wood.
The major source of petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in a petroleum refinery
The first unit operation in a petroleum refinery is the crude oil distillation unit. The overhead liquid distillate from that unit is called virgin or straight-run naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) and that distillate is the largest source of naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in most petroleum refineries. The naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. It has an initial boiling point (IBP) of about 35 °C and a final boiling point (FBP) of about 200 °C, and it contains paraffins, naphthenes (cyclic paraffins) and aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing about 10 or 11 carbon atoms.
The virgin naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is often further distilled into two streams:[7]
a virgin light naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) with an IBP of about 30 °C and a FBP of about 145 °C containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with six or fewer carbon atoms
a virgin heavy naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with more than six carbon atoms. The heavy naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) has an IBP of about 140 °C and a FBP of about 205 °C.
The virgin heavy naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is usually processed in a catalytic reformer, because the light naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) has molecules with six or fewer carbon atoms-which, when reformed, tend to crack into butane and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons that are not useful as high-octane gasoline blending components. Also, the molecules with six carbon atoms tend to form aromatics, which is undesirable because the environmental regulations of a number of countries limit the amount of aromatics (most particularly benzene) in gasoline.[8][9][10]
Types of virgin naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s
The table below lists some typical virgin heavy naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s, available for catalytic reforming, derived from various crude oils. It can be seen that they differ significantly in their content of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics:
Some refinery naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s also contain some olefinic hydrocarbons, such as naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s derived from the fluid catalytic cracking, visbreakers and coking processes used in many refineries. Those olefin-containing naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s are often referred to as cracked naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s.
In some (but not all) petroleum refineries, the cracked naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s are desulfurized and catalytically reformed (as are the virgin naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s) to produce additional high-octane gasoline components.
Some petroleum refineries also produce small amounts of specialty naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s for use as solvents, cleaning fluids and dry-cleaning agents, paint and varnish diluents, asphalt diluents, rubber industry solvents, recycling products, and cigarette-lighter, portable-camping-stove and lantern fuels. Those specialty naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s are subjected to various purification processes which adjusts chemical characteristics to suit specific needs.
Specialty naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) comes in many varieties and each are referred to by separate names such as petroleum ether, petroleum spirits, mineral spirits, paraffin, benzine, hexane, ligroin, white oil or white gas, painters naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), refined solvent naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) and Varnish makers’ & painters’ naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) (VM&P). The best way to determine the boiling point and other compositional characteristics of any of the specialty naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is to read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the specific naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) of interest. Safety Data Sheets can be found on a chemical suppliers websites or by contacting the supplier directly.
On a much larger scale, petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is also used in the petrochemicals industry as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers for the production of hydrogen (which may be and is converted into ammonia for fertilizers), ethylene, and other olefins. Natural gas is also used as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers.
Safety
People can be exposed to petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in the workplace by breathing it, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) exposure in the workplace as 500 ppm (2000 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 350 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and 1800 mg/m3 over 15 minutes. At levels of 1100 ppm, 10% of the lower explosive limit, petroleum naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is immediately dangerous to life and health.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) feed containing complex sulphur compounds and dissolved oxygen, is fed to a stripper column, where dissolved oxygen is removed using off-gas, as higher oxygen content in Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) will lead to heavy fouling in the downstream exchanger train. The stripper overhead is connected to the fuel gas system, the excess gas being flared off. The deaerated Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is pumped to an exchanger train where it is heated from reactor effluent stream and then fed to a fired heater. Here Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is vaporized, which along with hydrogen rich feed gas is send to the desulphurization reactor.
The reactor effluent exchanges heat with feed Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in the P-Heater exchanger train, and is then further cooled in an air cooler. The treated Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is send to the next section of the utility plant for further processing.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is an important resource used to produce petrochemical products. Historically, petrochemical companies have been keen to the variations of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) prices as it has had great effects on their profits. Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) price is closely aligned with crude oil price. In particular, more directly, supply and demand of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) affect its price fluctuations. This research is focused to propose an approach for forecasting supply and demand of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), with an emphasis on key affecting factors such as the margin of petrochemical companies and the use of alternative raw material. The demand of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is estimated on the basis of the margin and operation rate of a petrochemical plant, while its supply is affected by operation rate of refinery. Modeling of forecasting Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) supply/demand, based on time series method, is developed along with absolute errors derived from a statistical analysis; the model at present time is used to forecast future supply/demand over historical time series data from March 2010 to September 2012. Key set of affecting factors are identified by combined heuristic and statistical analysis and a set of equations correlating between those factors are set up. The proposed model was validated by actual data for the underlying period, which should be useful to forecast the price of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) and Gasoline
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) processing proved to be challenging, due to its low octane numbers for FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC). Brent et al.25 investigated FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) upgrading techniques. They approached two Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) reforming process providers, and were told by both that FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) was not a good reforming feedstock. Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) reforming increases octane numbers by increasing aromatic content, primarily through dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes. Instead, they chose to sell FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) as an olefin production feedstock. FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), compared to other Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s, is an excellent olefin production feedstock because of its high alkane content. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that this would put FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) in direct competition with natural gas liquids, which sell at substantially lower prices than gasoline. The second is that olefin plants designed to use Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) feed are primarily located in countries that do not have significant natural gas production.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is divided into two main types, aliphatic and aromatic. The two types differ in two ways: first, in the kind of hydrocarbons making up the solvent, and second, in the methods used for their manufacture. Aliphatic solvents are composed of paraffinic hydrocarbons and cycloparaffins (naphthenes), and may be obtained directly from crude petroleum by distillation. The second type of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) contains aromatics, usually alkyl-substituted benzene, and is very rarely, if at all, obtained from petroleum as straight-run materials.
Generally, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is valuable as for solvents because of good dissolving power. The wide range of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) available, from the ordinary paraffin straight-run to the highly aromatic types, and the varying degree of volatility possible offer products suitable for many uses (Boenheim and Pearson, 1973; Hadley and Turner, 1973).
The main uses of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) fall into the general areas of (1) solvents (diluents) for paints, for example; (2) dry-cleaning solvents; (3) solvents for cutback asphalt; (4) solvents in the rubber industry; and (5) solvents for industrial extraction processes.
Turpentine, the older, more conventional, solvent for paints, has now been almost completely replaced with the discovery that the cheaper and more abundant petroleum Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is equally satisfactory. The differences in application are slight: Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) causes a slightly greater decrease in viscosity when added to some paints than does turpentine, and depending on the boiling range, may also show difference in evaporation rate.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is used in the rubber industry for dampening the play and tread stocks treating the treads of tires to obtain better road adhesion. They are also consumed extensively in making rubber cements (adhesives) or are employed in the fabrication of rubberized cloth, hot-water bottles, bathing caps, gloves, overshoes and toys. These cements are solutions of rubber and were formerly made with benzene, but petroleum Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is now preferred because of its less toxic character.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) (often referred to as naft in the older literature) is a generic term applied to refined, partly refined, or an unrefined low-to-medium boiling petroleum distillate fraction. Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) resembles gasoline in terms of boiling range and carbon number, being a precursor to gasoline. In the strictest sense of the term, not less than 10% of the Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) should distill below 175°C (345°F) and not less than 95% of the material should distill below 240°C (465°F) under standardized distillation conditions (ASTM D86). The main uses of petroleum Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) fall into the general areas of (1) precursor to gasoline and other liquid fuels, (2) solvents (diluents) for paints, (3) dry-cleaning solvents, (4) solvents for cutback asphalts, (5) solvents in rubber industry, and (6) solvents for industrial extraction processes. Turpentine, the older and more conventional solvent for paints has now been almost completely replaced by the cheaper and more abundant petroleum Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC).
The term petroleum solvent describes the liquid hydrocarbon fractions obtained from petroleum and is used in industrial processes and formulations. These fractions are also referred to as Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) or industrial Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC). By definition, the solvents obtained from the petrochemical industry such as alcohols, ethers, and the like are not included in this chapter. A refinery is capable of producing hydrocarbons of a high degree of purity and at the present time petroleum solvents are available covering a wide range of solvent properties including both volatile and high boiling qualities. Other petroleum products boiling within the Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) boiling range include (1) industrial spirit and (2) white spirit.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) contains varying amounts of paraffins, olefins, naphthene constituents, and aromatics and olefins in different proportions, in addition to potential isomers of paraffin that exist in Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) boiling range. As a result, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is divided predominantly into two main types: (1) aliphatic Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) and (2) aromatic (Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)). The two types differ in two ways: first, in the kind of hydrocarbons making up the solvent, and second, in the methods used for their manufacture. Aliphatic solvents are composed of paraffinic hydrocarbons and cycloparaffins (naphthenes), and may be obtained directly from crude petroleum by distillation. The second type of Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) contains aromatics, usually alkyl-substituted benzene, and is very rarely, if at all, obtained from petroleum as straight-run materials.
Stoddard solvent is a petroleum distillate widely used as a dry cleaning solvent and as a general cleaner and degreaser. It may also be used as paint thinner, as a solvent in some types of photocopier toners, in some types of printing inks, and in some adhesives. Stoddard solvent is considered to be a form of mineral spirits, white spirits, and Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) but not all forms of mineral spirits, white spirits, and Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) are considered to be Stoddard solvent. Stoddard solvent consists of linear alkanes (30%-50%), branched alkanes (20%-40%), cycloalkanes (30%-40%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (10%-20%). The typical hydrocarbon chain ranges from C7 through C12 in length.
Turpentine, the older more conventional solvent for paints, has now been almost completely replaced with the discovery that the cheaper and more abundant petroleum Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) is equally satisfactory. The differences in application are slight: Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) causes a slightly greater decrease in viscosity when added to some paints than does turpentine, and depending on the boiling range, may also show difference in evaporation rate.
Reforming Shale Oil Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)
Shale oil Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s produced during retorting or by thermal cracking have poor color and oxygen stability. They darken and form large amounts of gum soon after preparation. The instability of these shale oil Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s and their high contents of nitrogen and sulfur make them poor feedstocks for modern noble-metal catalytic reforming processes. To overcome the problems of upgrading shale oil Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s, production of stable Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)s by catalytic hydrogenation of crude shale oil or by coking crude shale oil, followed by hydrogenation of the coker distillate, is necessary. An investigation was carried out by Barker and Cottingham, 1976 [17-18] on catalytic reforming of hydrogenated Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) produced by hydrogenation of crude shale oil. A high quality reformate was obtained by refining a clean Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) at the highest temperature, 900° F, and the lowest pressure, 200 psig, that was used in the experimental work. Their product had a research octane number of 89, with the yield of reformate about 80 percent of the Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) charged.
Escorez 2203 LC
Escorez hidrokarbon reçineleri, amorf, cams, düük molekül arlkl hidrokarbon polimerleridir. Özel uygulama gereksinimlerine uyacak ekilde tasarlanm özel moleküler arlk dalmlarna sahiptirler.
Ürün Tanm: Escorez 2203 LC, dar moleküler arlk dalmna sahip birinci snf aromatik modifiye alifatik hidrokarbon reçinesidir. Düük renk ve düük uçuculuk ile karakterizedir. Escorez 2203 LC, öncelikle stiren-izopren-stiren (SIS) blok kopolimerlerinin yapkanlatrlmas için tasarlanmtr, ancak ayn zamanda doal kauçuk, metalosen poliolefinler, Bütil kauçuk, EVA, APP ve APAO için yapkanlatrc olarak da yararldr.
Kullanlabilirlik: Afrika ve Orta Dou, Orta Amerika, Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve Güney Amerika. Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Yapkan Reçine
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Yapkan Reçine.
Escorez 2203 LC (AM ve AB)
Yapkan Reçine
Escorez 2203 LC, dar moleküler arlk dalmna sahip birinci snf aromatik modifiye alifatik hidrokarbon reçinesidir. Escorez 2203 LC, düük renk ve düük uçuculuk ile karakterizedir. Öncelikle stiren-izopren-stiren (SIS) blok kopolimerlerinin yaptrlmas için tasarlanmtr, ancak ayn zamanda doal kauçuk, metalosen poliolefinler, Butil kauçuk, EVA, APP ve APAO için yapkanlatrc olarak da yararldr.
Özellikler Minimum Maksimum Birim Test Yöntemi
Yumuama Noktas 89.0 96.0 ° C ETM 22-24
Renkli – lk – 40 YI ETM 22-13
Balmumu Bulutlanma Noktas (30/45/25) – 105 ° C ETM 22-10
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Yapkan Reçine, birbirine kenetlenen “X” cihaz ve burada kullanlan dier ürün veya hizmet adlar, aksi belirtilmedikçe ExxonMobil’in ticari markalardr. Bu belge, l’den önceki wriEscorezTM 2203LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resintten yetkisi olmadan datlamaz, görüntülenemez, kopyalanamaz veya deitirilemez. EscorezTM 2203LC (AM & EU) Tackifying Resint, bu belgenin datlmasna, görüntülenmesine ve / veya kopyalanmasna izin verir, kullanc bunu yalnzca tüm üstbilgiler, altbilgiler, feragatnameler ve dier bilgiler dahil olmak üzere belge deitirilmemi ve tam ise yapabilir. . Bu belgeyi tamamen veya ksmen bir web sitesine kopyalayamaz veya çoaltamazsnz. ExxonMobil tipik (veya dier) deerleri garanti etmez. Burada yer alan tüm veriler, sevk edilen gerçek ürüne deil, temsili numunelerin analizine dayanmaktadr. Bu belgedeki bilgiler, baka herhangi bir ürün veya malzeme ile kombinasyon halinde olmadnda yalnzca ad geçen ürün veya malzemelerle ilgilidir. Bilgileri, derlendii tarihte güvenilir olduuna inanlan verilere dayandryoruz, ancak satlabilirlii, belirli bir amaca uygunluu, patent ihlalinden bamszlk, uygunluk, doruluk, güvenilirlii açkça veya zmni olarak temsil etmiyor, garanti etmiyor veya baka ekilde garanti etmiyoruz. veya bu bilgilerin eksiksizlii veya açklanan ürünler, malzemeler veya süreçler. Kullanc, ilgilendii bölgelerdeki herhangi bir malzeme veya ürün kullanmna ve herhangi bir ileme ilikin tüm tespitlerden tek bana sorumludur. Bu belgedeki herhangi bir bilgiyi kullanan veya bunlara güvenen herhangi birinin sonucu veya bunlarla ilgili olarak dorudan veya dolayl olarak maruz kalnan veya maruz kalnan her türlü kayp, hasar veya yaralanma için sorumluluk kabul etmiyoruz. Bu belge, hiçbir ürün veya sürecin onayland anlamna gelmez ve herhangi bir aksi yönde imay açkça reddederiz. “Biz”, “bizim”, “sorumlu” terimleri.
Salanan bilgiler Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Yapkan Reçine
Yumuatma Pt., ° C 92
Renkli, Toluen’de% 50, Yl 24
Tg, ° C 48
Moleküler Arlk, Mn, g / mol 1120
Moleküler Arlk, Mw, g / mol 1930
Escorez 2203 LC (AM & EU) Yapkan Reçine
Hidrokarbon Reçineler (Escorez)
Bulusal Reçine ayrca baz 5 rakip reçine numunesi ile karlatrld. Piccotac 95E gibi alifatik bir reçine olan Escorez 1310 LC ve Hercotac 1148 ile karlatrlabilen hafif aromatik modifiye bir reçine olan Escorez 2203 LC test edildi.
Dier Hercules RESIN A da karlatrld.
10 Hercules RESIN A, Escorez 2203 LC ve Hercotac 1148’den daha aromatik bir modifiye edilmi reçine olan Hercules RESIN B’ye benzer. Çelie kesme 120 73134177 20 (40 C, 2,5 kg, dak) Çelie kesme 809 1446 781 102 (70 C, 0.5 kg, dakika) Sonuçlar, Buluun 25 Reçinesini kullanan eriyik viskozitesinin ve yuvarlanan bilyeli yapkanln Escorez 2203 LC gibi hafif aromatik modifiye edilmi bir reçine ile karlatrlabilir olduunu bir kez daha açkça göstermektedir. Hercules RESIN A kullanlarak yuvarlanan top yapkanlnn, daha yüksek moleküler arlk nedeniyle daha yüksek olduu bulundu. Escorez 1310 LC kullanlan scakta eriyen viskozite, Piccotac 95E için gözlemlenenden daha yüksektir
ve özellikle Bulusal Reçine. Bulusal Reçine kullanlarak 70 ° C’de çelie kesmenin Hercules RESIN A’dan daha iyi olduu bulunmutur. Escorez 2203 LC kullanm, Piccotac 95E için bulunan 5 gibi çelie daha iyi bir yüksek scaklk kesme salar, ancak ayn zamanda en yüksek viskoziteyi verir. Escorez 1310 LC – Arlkça yaklak% 0.3 polimerize 5 stiren içeren ve yumuama noktas yaklak 93.5 C olan Exxon’dan temin edilebilen bir petrol reçinesi.
Escorez 2203 LC – Arlkça yaklak% 8 ila 10 polimerize stiren ve yumuama noktas yaklak 92 ° C ve saysal ortalama moleküler arl yaklak 1150 olan bir petrol reçinesi.
Winqtack 95 – Piccotac 95E ve Escorez 1310 gibi Good Year firmasndan temin edilebilen, yumuama noktas yaklak 96 ° C ve saysal ortalama moleküler arl yaklak 1100 olan bir petrol reçinesi.
Hercules REÇNE Bir hYdrocarbon reçinesi – Hercules’den temin edilebilen ve arlkça yaklak% 10 ila% 25 baz polimerize aromatik monomerler içeren ve yumuama noktas yaklak 95 C olan bir petrol 15 reçinesi.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) (/ ˈnæpθə / veya / ˈnæfθə /) yanc bir sv hidrokarbon karmdr.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) etiketli karmlar, doal gaz kondensatlarndan, petrol distilatlarndan ve kömür katran ve turbann damtlmasndan üretilmitir.
Farkl endüstrilerde ve bölgelerde Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), ham petrol veya kerosen gibi rafine ürünler de olabilir. Tarihsel olarak “Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC)” olarak da bilinen maden ruhlar ayn kimyasal deildir. [Kaynak belirtilmeli]
Nephi ve Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) r bazen eanlaml olarak kullanlr [1]. Avustralya’da Shellit olarak da bilinir [2].
Escorez 2203 LC içerii
1 Escorez 2203 LC’nin Etimolojisi
2 Escorez 2203 LC Türleri
3 Escorez 2203 LC Kullanm
3.1 Ar ham petrol seyreltmesi
Escorez 2203 LC’nin Etimolojisi
Coleman Camp Fuel tarafndan örneklenen beyaz gaz, birçok fener ve mealede kullanlan ortak bir Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) bazl yakttr.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) kelimesi Latince ve Eski Yunanca’dan (νάφθα), Orta Farsça naftndan (“slak”, “Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC)”) türetilmitir, [3] [4] ikinci anlam u ekildedir: Akadca napuu’dan bir asimilasyon (bkz. Arapça نَفْط nafṭ [“petrol”], Süryanice ܢܰܦܬܳܐ naftā gibi Semitik akrabalar) ve branice נֵפְט neft (petrol anlamna gelir). [5] Antik Yunancada, herhangi bir tür petrol veya zift için kullanlrd.
Üç Çocuun arks’nda Yunanca νάφθα kelimesi ateli frn yakmak için kullanlan malzemelerden birini belirtir. Charles Brenton’n çevirisi bunu “reçine” olarak klyor.
II. Maccabees kitab Nehemya zamannda “youn suyun” nasl kurban edildiini ve güne parladnda ate yaktn anlatr. “Nehemya çevresindekiler buna” Nefthar “adn verdiler, bu da Arnma anlamna geliyor, ancak birçok [kelimenin tam anlamyla hoi polloi] tarafndan Nephthaei olarak adlandrlyor.” [6]
Orijinal olarak palmitik asidin alüminyum ve magnezyum tuzlar ile birletirilmi bir naftenik asit karmndan yaplan, naftenik asidin “na” snn ve palmitik asidin “hurma” nn bir daralmas olan napalm kelimesine girer. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) lene kelimesinin köküdür ve ayn zamanda ftalat kelimesi ve boya rengi ftalo mavisi olarak da tannabilir.
Daha eski kullanmda, “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)” sadece ham petrol anlamna geliyordu, ancak bu kullanm artk ngilizce’de eski. Ayn zamanda Fels Naptha çamar sabununun balangçta ana etken maddesi olan mineral ispirtolarda (“Stoddard Solvent” olarak da bilinir) kullanld. Ukraynaca ve Belarusça kelime нафта (nafta), Litvanya, Letonya ve Estonca “nafta” ve Farsça naft (نفت) “ham petrol” anlamna gelir. Rusça нефть (neft ‘) kelimesi “ham petrol” anlamna gelir, ancak нафта (nafta) ligroin ile eanlamldr. Ayrca Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hrvatistan, Finlandiya, talya, Srbistan, Slovenya, Makedonya’da nafta (Kiril alfabesinde нафта) dizel yakt ve ham petrolü belirtmek için halk arasnda kullanlr. Çek Cumhuriyeti ve Slovakya’da nafta, tarihsel olarak hem dizel yakt hem de ham petrol için kullanlmtr, ancak ham petrol için kullanm artk eskimitir [7] ve genellikle dizel yakt gösterir. Bulgarcada nafta dizel yakt anlamna gelirken, neft ve petrol (Kiril alfabesinde петрол) ham petrol anlamna gelir. Nafta ayrca Arjantin, Paraguay ve Uruguay’da benzin / benzine atfta bulunmak için günlük tabirle kullanlr. [8] Polonya’da nafta kelimesi, gazya [9] ve halk dilinde ham petrol anlamna gelir (ham petrolün teknik ad ropa naftowa’dr, ayn zamanda halk dilinde ropa olarak dizel yakt için de kullanlr). Flamanca’da naft kelimesi benzin için halk arasnda kullanlr.
Kelimenin Hint-ran tanrs Apam Napat’n Vedik ve Avestic’te geçen adyla balantl olduu hipotezi var; ad “sularn torunu” anlamna gelir ve Vedalar onu, belki de yakc bir doal gaz szntsndan esinlenerek, altn sars sudan çkan ve “parlak nlarla” parlayan olarak tanmlar. [11]
Escorez 2203 LC Türleri
Daha spesifik hale getirmek için farkl kaynaklar tarafndan “Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC)” terimine çeitli niteleyiciler eklenmitir:
Bir kaynak [12] kaynama noktasyla ayrt eder:
Hafif Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), 30 ° C ile 90 ° C arasnda kaynayan ksmdr ve 5-6 karbon atomlu moleküllerden oluur. Ar Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) 90 ° C ile 200 ° C arasnda kaynar ve 6-12 karbon atomlu moleküllerden oluur.
Baka bir kaynak [13], hidrokarbon yaps hakknda hafif ve ar yorumlar ayrt eder, ancak daha az kesin bir bölme çizgisi sunar:
Hafif, molekül bana be ila alt karbon atomuna sahip esas olarak düz zincirli ve siklik alifatik hidrokarbonlardan oluan bir karmdr. Ar, molekül bana yedi ila dokuz karbon atomuna sahip esas olarak düz zincirli ve siklik alifatik hidrokarbonlardan oluan bir karmdr.
Bunlarn her ikisi de yararl tanmlardr, ancak birbirleriyle uyumsuzdurlar ve ikincisi, molekül bana hem alt hem de yedi karbon atomu içeren karmlar salamaz. Bu terimler de yeterince genitir ve geni çapta kullanl deildir.
Escorez 2203 LC Kullanmlar
Ar ham petrol seyreltmesi
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), ar ham petrolün viskozitesini azaltmak ve nakliyeyi salamak / kolaylatrmak için seyreltmek için kullanlr; Seyreltilmemi ar ham petrol normalde boru hattyla tanamaz ve ayrca petrol tankerlerine pompalanmas zor olabilir. Dier yaygn seyrelticiler arasnda doal gaz kondensat ve hafif ham yer alr. Bununla birlikte, Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) özellikle verimli bir seyreltici olup, seyreltilmi ar ham yadan tama ve ileme sonrasnda geri dönütürülebilir. [14] [15] [16] Daha hafif ham petrollerin küresel üretimi dütükçe ve daha ar rezervlerin kullanmna kaydrldkça, petrol seyrelticilerin önemi artmtr. [15]
Escorez 2203 LC’nin Yakt
Hafif Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) baz ticari uygulamalarda yakt olarak kullanlr. Dikkate deer bir örnek, çakmakta ve çark kullanlarak atelenecek bir hazneden Naphtha’y (Escorez 2203 LC) fitile çeken Zippo çakmadr.
Ayn zamanda kamp ocaklar ve ya fenerleri için bir yakttr, Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) ‘nin düük kaynama noktas tutumay kolaylatrr. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), yakt hatt tkanma orannn daha düük olmas nedeniyle bazen gazya yerine tercih edilir.
Escorez 2203 LC plastikleri
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), plastik üretiminde çok önemli bir bileendir. [17]
Salk ve güvenlik hususlar
Çeitli Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) satclarndan alnan güvenlik veri sayfalar (SDS’ler) de ürünün spesifik olmayan doasnn göstergesidir ve yanc bir hidrokarbon karmndan kaynaklanan hususlar yanstr: yanclk, kanserojenlik, cilt ve hava yolu tahrii, vb. . [18] [2] [19] [20]
nsanlar iyerinde soluma, yutma, deri temas ve göz temas yoluyla Nafta’ya (Escorez 2203 LC) maruz kalabilir. ABD Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk daresi (OSHA), iyerinde Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) için izin verilen maruz kalma snrn 8 saatlik bir i gününde 100 ppm (400 mg / m3) olarak belirlemitir. ABD Ulusal Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk Enstitüsü (NIOSH), 8 saatlik bir i günü boyunca 100 ppm (400 mg / m3) önerilen bir maruz kalma snr (REL) belirlemitir. Alt patlama snrnn% 10’una eit olan 1000 ppm seviyelerinde, Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) yaam ve salk için hemen tehlikelidir.
Petrol naftas (Escorez 2203 LC), ham petrolün [1] [2] [3] CAS-no 64742-48-9 [4] ile rafine edilmesinden türetilen bir ara hidrokarbon sv akdr. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) içindeki hidrokarbon moleküllerini yeniden düzenleyen veya yeniden yaplandran ve ayrca benzinin (veya benzinin) yüksek oktanl bir bileenini üretmek için baz molekülleri daha küçük moleküllere ayran kükürt giderilir ve daha sonra katalitik olarak yeniden biçimlendirilir.
Dünya çapnda yüzlerce farkl petrol ham petrol kayna vardr ve her ham petrolün kendine özgü bir bileimi veya deneyi vardr. Ayrca dünya çapnda yüzlerce petrol rafinerisi vardr ve bunlarn her biri belirli bir ham petrolü veya belirli ham petrol türlerini ilemek için tasarlanmtr. nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), her rafineri kendi benzersiz balangç ve son kaynama noktalarna ve dier fiziksel ve bileimsel özelliklere sahip kendi nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) lerini ürettii için genel bir terimdir.
nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ayrca kömür katran, ist yataklar, katran kumlar ve ahabn tahrip edici damtlmas gibi dier malzemelerden de üretilebilir.
Bir petrol rafinerisindeki ana petrol nafta kayna (Escorez 2203 LC)
Bir petrol rafinerisinde ilk birim operasyon ham petrol damtma ünitesidir. Bu birimden elde edilen üst sv damtk, saf veya düz nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) olarak adlandrlr ve bu damtk, çou petrol rafinerisinde en büyük nafta kaynadr (Escorez 2203 LC). Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), birçok farkl hidrokarbon bileiinin bir karmdr. Yaklak 35 ° C’lik bir balangç kaynama noktasna (IBP) ve yaklak 200 ° C’lik bir son kaynama noktasna (FBP) sahiptir ve parafinler, naftenler (siklik parafinler) ve 4 karbon atomu içerenlerden bunlara kadar deien aromatik hidrokarbonlar içerir. yaklak 10 veya 11 karbon atomu içerir.
lenmemi nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) genellikle iki akntya daha da damtlr: [7]
Alt veya daha az karbon atomlu hidrokarbonlarn çounu (ancak hepsini deil) içeren yaklak 30 ° C IBP ve yaklak 145 ° C FBP’ye sahip ilenmemi hafif nafta (Escorez 2203 LC)
altdan fazla karbon atomuna sahip hidrokarbonlarn çounu (ancak hepsini deil) içeren ilenmemi bir ar nafta (Escorez 2203 LC). Ar nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), yaklak 140 ° C’lik bir IBP’ye ve yaklak 205 ° C’lik bir FBP’ye sahiptir.
lenmemi ar nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) genellikle katalitik bir dönütürücüde ilenir, çünkü hafif nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) alt veya daha az karbon atomlu moleküller içerir – bunlar yeniden yaplandrldnda bütan ve daha düük moleküler arlkl hidrokarbonlara dönüme eilimindedir. yüksek oktanl benzin harmanlama bileenleri olarak kullanl deildir. Ayrca, alt karbon atomlu moleküller aromatik oluturma eilimindedir, bu istenmeyen bir durumdur çünkü baz ülkelerin çevre düzenlemeleri benzindeki aromatiklerin (özellikle benzen) miktarn snrlamaktadr. [8] [9] [10]
Bakire nafta türleri (Escorez 2203 LC) s
Aadaki tablo, çeitli ham petrollerden elde edilen, katalitik reform için mevcut olan baz tipik ilenmemi ar nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ‘leri listelemektedir. Parafin, naften ve aromatik içeriklerinde önemli ölçüde farkllk gösterdikleri görülebilir:
Baz rafineri naftalar (Escorez 2203 LC), birçok rafineride kullanlan akkan katalitik kraking, visk krclar ve koklatrma ilemlerinden türetilen nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) gibi baz olefinik hidrokarbonlar da içerir. Olefin içeren nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ‘ler genellikle çatlam nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) olarak adlandrlr.
Baz (ancak hepsinde deil) petrol rafinerilerinde, ek yüksek oktanl benzin bileenleri üretmek için çatlam nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) kükürt giderilir ve katalitik olarak yeniden biçimlendirilir (ilenmemi nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) gibi).
Baz petrol rafinerileri ayrca çözücüler, temizleme svlar ve kuru temizleme maddeleri, boya ve vernik seyrelticiler, asfalt seyrelticiler, kauçuk endüstrisi çözücüler, geri dönüüm ürünleri ve tanabilir sigara çakma olarak kullanlmak üzere küçük miktarlarda özel nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) üretmektedir. – kamp oca ve fener yaktlar. Bu özel nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), özel ihtiyaçlara göre kimyasal özellikleri ayarlayan çeitli saflatrma ilemlerine tabi tutulur.
Özel nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) birçok çeidi vardr ve her biri petrol eteri, petrol ispirtolar, mineral ispirtolar, parafin, benzin, heksan, ligroin, beyaz ya veya beyaz gaz, ressamlar nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) gibi ayr isimlerle anlr. ), rafine çözücü nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ve Vernik yapmclar ve ressamlar için nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) (VM&P). Herhangi bir özel naftann (Escorez 2203 LC) kaynama noktasn ve dier bileim özelliklerini belirlemenin en iyi yolu, ilgili spesifik nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) için Güvenlik Veri Sayfasn (SDS) okumaktr. Güvenlik Veri Sayfalar, kimyasal tedarikçilerinin web sitelerinde veya dorudan tedarikçiyle iletiime geçilerek bulunabilir.
Çok daha büyük bir ölçekte, petrol naftas (Escorez 2203 LC), petrokimya endüstrisinde, hidrojen (gübre için amonyaa dönütürülebilen ve dönütürülen), etilen ve dierlerinin üretimi için buhar dönütürücüleri ve buhar krakerleri için hammadde olarak kullanlr. olefinler. Doal gaz ayn zamanda buhar dönütürücüleri ve krakerleri buharlatrmak için hammadde olarak kullanlr.
Emniyet
nsanlar iyerinde soluyarak, yutarak, cilt temas ve göz temas yoluyla petrol nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) maruz kalabilir. Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk daresi (OSHA), iyerinde petrol nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) maruziyeti için yasal snr (izin verilen maruz kalma snr) 8 saatlik bir i günü boyunca 500 ppm (2000 mg / m3) olarak belirlemitir. Ulusal Mesleki Güvenlik ve Salk Enstitüsü (NIOSH), önerilen maruz kalma snrn (REL) 8 saatlik bir i gününde 350 mg / m3 ve 15 dakikada 1800 mg / m3 olarak belirlemitir. 1100 ppm seviyelerinde, alt patlama snrnn% 10’u olan petrol naftas (Escorez 2203 LC) yaam ve salk için hemen tehlikelidir.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) içindeki daha yüksek oksijen içerii, içinde ar kirlenmeye yol açacandan, kompleks kükürt bileikleri ve çözünmü oksijen içeren nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) yemi, çözünmü oksijenin çk gaz kullanlarak uzaklatrld bir syrma kolonuna beslenir. ak aa eanjör treni. Syrc üst ksm yakt gaz sistemine balanr ve fazla gaz alevlenir. Havas alnm Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), reaktör atk akndan stld ve ardndan atelenen bir stcya beslendii bir eanjör dizisine pompalanr. Burada Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) buharlatrlr ve bu, hidrojen bakmndan zengin besleme gaz ile birlikte desülfürizasyon reaktörüne gönderilir.
Reaktör at, P-Istc eanjör dizisindeki besleme Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ile sy deitirir ve daha sonra bir hava soutucusunda daha da soutulur. lenmi Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), daha fazla ileme için hizmet tesisinin bir sonraki bölümüne gönderilir.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), petrokimya ürünleri üretmek için kullanlan önemli bir kaynaktr. Tarihsel olarak, petrokimya irketleri, karlar üzerinde büyük etkileri olduu için Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) fiyatlarndaki deiikliklere meraklyd. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) fiyat, ham petrol fiyat ile yakndan uyumludur. Özellikle, daha dorudan, Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) arz ve talebi, fiyat dalgalanmalarn etkiler. Bu aratrma, petrokimya irketlerinin marj ve alternatif hammadde kullanm gibi temel etkileyen faktörlere vurgu yaparak Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) arz ve talebini tahmin etmek için bir yaklam önermeye odaklanmtr. Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) talebi, bir petrokimya tesisinin marj ve iletim oran temelinde tahmin edilirken, arz rafinerinin iletme oranndan etkilenir. Zaman serisi yöntemine dayal olarak Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) arz / talebinin tahmin edilmesinin modellenmesi, istatistiksel bir analizden türetilen mutlak hatalarla birlikte gelitirilmitir; u anki model, Mart 2010’dan Eylül 2012’ye kadar geçmi zaman serisi verileri üzerinden gelecekteki arz / talebi tahmin etmek için kullanlmaktadr. Etkileyen faktörlerin temel seti, birleik sezgisel ve istatistiksel analiz ile tanmlanr ve bu faktörler arasnda ilikilendirilen bir dizi denklem kurulur. . Önerilen model, Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) fiyatn tahmin etmek için faydal olmas gereken temel dönem için gerçek verilerle dorulanmtr.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ve Benzin
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) ilemenin, FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) için düük oktan saylar nedeniyle zor olduu kantland. Brent ve arkadalar, 25 FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) yükseltme tekniklerini aratrd. ki Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) reform süreci salaycsna yaklatlar ve her ikisi tarafndan da FT Naphtha’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) iyi bir reform hammaddesi olmad söylendi. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) reformu, özellikle sikloalkanlarn dehidrojenasyonu yoluyla aromatik içerii artrarak oktan saylarn artrr. Bunun yerine, olefin üretim hammaddesi olarak FT Nafta’y (Escorez 2203 LC) satmay seçtiler. FT Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), dier Nafta’larla (Escorez 2203 LC) karlatrldnda, yüksek alkan içerii nedeniyle mükemmel bir olefin üretim hammaddesidir. Bu yaklamla ilgili iki sorun var. Birincisi, bu FT Naphtha’y (Escorez 2203 LC) benzine göre önemli ölçüde daha düük fiyatlarla satlan doal gaz svlaryla dorudan rekabete sokacak olmasdr. kincisi, Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) beslemesini kullanmak üzere tasarlanm olefin tesislerinin öncelikle önemli miktarda doal gaz üretimine sahip olmayan ülkelerde yer almasdr.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), alifatik ve aromatik olmak üzere iki ana türe ayrlr. Bu iki tip iki yönden farkllk gösterir: birincisi, çözücüyü oluturan hidrokarbonlarn türü ve ikincisi, bunlarn üretimi için kullanlan yöntemlerde. Alifatik çözücüler, parafinik hidrokarbonlardan ve sikloparafinlerden (naftenler) oluur ve damtma yoluyla dorudan ham petrolden elde edilebilir. kinci tür Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) aromatikler, genellikle alkil ikameli benzen içerir ve çok nadiren petrolden düz akl malzemeler olarak elde edilir.
Genel olarak Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), iyi çözme gücü nedeniyle çözücüler için deerlidir. Sradan parafinden yüksek aromatik tiplere kadar geni bir Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) yelpazesi ve olas deiken derecelerde uçuculuk, birçok kullanma uygun ürünler sunmaktadr (Boenheim ve Pearson, 1973; Hadley ve Turner, 1973 ).
Naphtha’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) ana kullanmlar, örnein boyalar için (1) çözücülerin (seyrelticiler) genel alanlarna girer; (2) kuru temizleme çözücüleri; (3) ksaltlm asfalt için çözücüler; (4) kauçuk endüstrisindeki çözücüler; ve (5) endüstriyel ekstraksiyon ilemleri için çözücüler.
Boyalar için daha eski, daha geleneksel çözücü olan terebentin, imdi neredeyse tamamen, daha ucuz ve daha bol petrol Nafta’snn (Escorez 2203 LC) eit derecede tatmin edici olduu kefiyle deitirildi. Uygulamadaki farkllklar çok azdr: Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), baz boyalara terebentin eklendiinde viskozitede biraz daha fazla düüe neden olur ve kaynama aralna bal olarak buharlama orannda da farkllk gösterebilir.
Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC), kauçuk endüstrisinde, daha iyi yol yapmas elde etmek için lastiklerin dilerini ilemden geçiren boluu ve srt stoklarn azaltmak için kullanlr. Ayn zamanda kauçuk çimento (yaptrclar) yapmnda da youn bir ekilde tüketilirler veya kauçuklu kuma, scak su ieleri, banyo balklar, eldivenler, galolar ve oyuncaklarn imalatnda kullanlrlar. Bu çimentolar kauçuk çözeltileridir ve önceden benzen ile yaplmtr, ancak petrol Naftas (Escorez 2203 LC) daha az toksik özellii nedeniyle artk tercih edilmektedir.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) (daha eski literatürde genellikle naft olarak anlr), rafine edilmi, ksmen rafine edilmi veya rafine edilmemi düük ila orta kaynama noktal petrol damtk fraksiyonuna uygulanan genel bir terimdir. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), benzinin öncüsü olan kaynama aral ve karbon says bakmndan benzine benzer. Terimin en kat anlamyla, Naftann (Escorez 2203 LC) en az% 10’u 175 ° C’nin (345 ° F) altnda damtlmal ve malzemenin en az% 95’i 240 ° C’nin (465 ° C) altnda damtlmamaldr. F) standartlatrlm damtma koullar altnda (ASTM D86). Petrol Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) ana kullanmlar, (1) benzin ve dier sv yaktlarn öncüsü, (2) boyalar için çözücüler (seyrelticiler), (3) kuru temizleme çözücüleri, (4) çözücüler genel alanlarna girmektedir. azaltlm asfaltlar için, (5) kauçuk endüstrisindeki çözücüler ve (6) endüstriyel ekstraksiyon ilemleri için çözücüler. Boyalar için daha eski ve daha geleneksel çözücü olan terebentin artk neredeyse tamamen yerini daha ucuz ve daha bol petrol Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) almtr.
Petrol çözücüsü terimi, petrolden elde edilen sv hidrokarbon fraksiyonlarn ifade eder ve endüstriyel ilemlerde ve formülasyonlarda kullanlr. Bu fraksiyonlar ayrca Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) veya endüstriyel Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) olarak da adlandrlr. Tanm olarak, alkoller, eterler ve benzerleri gibi petrokimya endüstrisinden elde edilen çözücüler bu bölüme dahil edilmemitir. Bir rafineri, yüksek derecede saflkta hidrokarbonlar üretme yeteneine sahiptir ve u anda petrol çözücüleri, hem uçucu hem de yüksek kaynama özellikleri dahil olmak üzere çok çeitli çözücü özelliklerini kapsayan mevcuttur. Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) kaynama aralnda kaynayan dier petrol ürünleri (1) endüstriyel ispirto ve (2) beyaz ispirto içerir.
Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), Naphtha (Escorez 2203 LC) kaynama aralnda bulunan potansiyel parafin izomerlerine ek olarak, farkl oranlarda deien miktarlarda parafinler, olefinler, naften bileenleri ve aromatikler ve olefinler içerir. Sonuç olarak, Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) arlkl olarak iki ana türe ayrlr: (1) alifatik Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ve (2) aromatik (Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC)). ki tip iki yönden farkllk gösterir: birincisi, çözücüyü oluturan hidrokarbonlarn türünde ve ikincisi, bunlarn üretimi için kullanlan yöntemlerde. Alifatik çözücüler, parafinik hidrokarbonlar ve sikloparafinlerden (naftenler) oluur ve damtma yoluyla dorudan ham petrolden elde edilebilir. kinci tür Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) aromatikler, genellikle alkil ikameli benzen içerir ve çok nadiren petrolden düz akl malzemeler olarak elde edilir.
Stoddard solventi, kuru temizleme solventi ve genel temizleyici ve ya giderici olarak yaygn olarak kullanlan bir petrol damtma ürünüdür. Boya inceltici, baz fotokopi tonerlerinde, baz bask mürekkeplerinde ve baz yaptrclarda çözücü olarak da kullanlabilir. Stoddard çözücüsü, mineral ispirto, beyaz ispirto ve Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) olarak kabul edilir, ancak tüm mineral alkol formlar, beyaz ispirtolar ve Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) Stoddard çözücüsü olarak kabul edilmez. Stoddard çözücüsü dorusal alkanlardan (% 30-% 50), dall alkanlardan (% 20-% 40), sikloalkanlardan (% 30-% 40) ve aromatik hidrokarbonlardan (% 10-% 20) oluur. Tipik hidrokarbon zincirinin uzunluu C7 ila C12 arasndadr.
Boyalar için daha eski ve daha geleneksel çözücü olan terebentin, imdi neredeyse tamamen, daha ucuz ve daha bol petrol Nafta’snn (Escorez 2203 LC) eit derecede tatmin edici olduu kefiyle deitirildi. Uygulamadaki farkllklar çok azdr: Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC), baz boyalara terebentin eklendiinde viskozitede biraz daha fazla düüe neden olur ve kaynama aralna bal olarak buharlama orannda da farkllk gösterebilir.
Reform Yapan eyl Ya Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC)
Retorting srasnda veya termal çatlama ile üretilen eyl petrol Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) zayf renk ve oksijen stabilitesine sahiptir. Hazrlandktan hemen sonra koyular ve büyük miktarlarda sakz olutururlar. Bu eyl petrol Nafta’larnn (Escorez 2203 LC) istikrarszl ve yüksek nitrojen ve kükürt içerikleri, onlar modern asil metal katalitik dönütürme ilemleri için zayf hammaddeler haline getirmektedir. eyl petrol Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) ‘leri iyiletirme problemlerinin üstesinden gelmek için, ham ist petrolünün katalitik hidrojenasyonu veya ham ist petrolünün koklatnlmas ve ardndan koker damtmnn hidrojenlenmesi yoluyla stabil Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) üretimi gereklidir. . Barker ve Cottingham, 1976 [17-18] tarafndan ham eyl petrolün hidrojenasyonu ile üretilen hidrojene Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) katalitik reformasyonu üzerine bir aratrma yaplmtr. Deneysel çalmada kullanlan en yüksek scaklkta (900 ° F) ve en düük basnçta (200 psig) temiz bir Nafta (Escorez 2203 LC) rafine edilerek yüksek kaliteli bir reformat elde edildi. Ürünlerinin aratrma oktan says 89’du ve yeniden biçimlendirilmi Nafta’nn (Escorez 2203 LC) yaklak yüzde 80’i yeniden üretildi.