ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) (ETL ALKOL-ETANOL)

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) (ETL ALKOL-ETANOL)

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)

ETHYL ALCOHOL; ethyl alcohol; etil alkol; ethanol; etanol; ETHANOL, 2-(m-XYLYLOXY)-; beta-Hydroxyethyl ether of m-xylenol; Ether, beta-hydroxyethyl m-xylyl; Ethyl alcohol, 2-(m-xylyloxy)-; Ethyl alcohol, 2-(dimethylphenoxy)-; BRN 2518999; 2-[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy]ethanol; CTK8J1604; DTXSID70187716; 54411-11-9; LS-67102; 4-06-00-03128 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); Ethanol; ethanol; ethyl alcohol; alcohol; Methylcarbinol; grain alcohol; Absolute Alcohol; Alcohol, Absolute; Alcohol, Ethyl; Alcohol, Grain; Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol; Grain Alcohol; ethanol; ethyl alcohol; alcohol; Methylcarbinol; grain alcohol; 64-17-5; Ethyl hydroxide; Ethyl hydrate; EtOH; Algrain; Anhydrol; Tecsol; Hydroxyethane; Alkohol; Jaysol S; Potato alcohol; Cologne Spirit; Absolute ethanol; Ethanol 200 proof; Molasses alcohol; Spirits of wine; etanol; Aethylalkohol; Denatured alcohol; Denatured ethanol; Aethanol; Alcool ethylique; 1-Hydroxyethane; Fermentation alcohol; Alcohol, diluted; Tecsol C; Alcohols; Alcool etilico; Etanolo; Jaysol; Etylowy alkohol; absolute alcohol; Ethanol solution; Alcohol, ethyl; Alcohol dehydrated; Alkoholu etylowego; Dehydrated ethanol; Ethyl alcohol usp; Alcohol, anhydrous; Synasol; Ethyl alcohol anhydrous; Denatured alcohol CD-5; Denatured alcohol SD-1; Distilled spirits; Denatured alcohol CD-5a; Denatured alcohol SD-3a; Denatured alcohol CD-10; Denatured alcohol SD-17; Denatured alcohol SD-28; denatured alcohol SD-30; Denatured alcohol SD-13a; Denatured alcohol SD-23a; Denatured alcohol SD-39b; Denatured alcohol SD-39c; Denatured alcohol SD-40m; Ethylalcohol; Spirit; SD Alchol 23-hydrogen; Ethanol Absolute; Dehydrated alcohol; Alkohol [German]; Aethanol [German]; Etanolo [Italian]; Ethyl alcohol & water, 5%; Thanol; Ethanol, undenatured; Spirt; Alcare Hand Degermer; Ethyl alcohol & water, 10%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 20%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 30%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 40%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 50%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 60%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 70%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 80%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 95%; Ethyl alcohol & water, 96%; Ethyl alc; Ethylalcohol [Dutch]; Alcohol anhydrous; Ethyl alcohol and water; NCI-C03134; Alcohol (ethyl alcohol); Alcohol, dehydrated; Alcohol [USP]; Ethicap; Hinetoless; Cologne spirits; Caswell No. 430; Reagent Alcohol; Infinity Pure; Aethylalkohol [German]; Desinfektol EL; Anhydrous alcohol; Ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages; FEMA No. 2419; FEMA Number 2419; Alcool etilico [Italian]; Etylowy alkohol [Polish]; Ethyl alcohol, undenatured; Alcool ethylique [French]; C2H5OH; Ethanol [JAN]; Alkoholu etylowego [Polish]; HSDB 82; SDM No. 37; AI3-01706; CCRIS 945; Ethanol Vapor; SD alcohol 23-hydrogen; Ru-Tuss Hydrocodone Liquid; C2H6O; NSC 85228; Alcohol (USP); EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 001501; Absolute ethyl alcohol; UNII-3K9958V90M; Punctilious ethyl alcohol; ALCOHOL 5% IN DEXTROSE 5%; EINECS 200-578-6; Cologne spirits (alcohol);

ETHANOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL)

CAS: 64-17-5

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, spirits, or simply alcohol) is an organic chemical compound. It is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O. Its formula can be also written as CH3-CH2-OH or C2H5OH (an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl group), and is often abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. It is a psychoactive substance, recreational drug, and the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. It has medical applications as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds. Ethanol is an alternative fuel source. Ethanol is the systematic name defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for a compound consisting of alkyl group with two carbon atoms (prefix “eth-“), having a single bond between them (infix “-an-“), attached functional group -OH group (suffix “-ol”). The “eth-” prefix and the qualifier “ethyl” in “ethyl alcohol” originally come from the name “ethyl” assigned in 1834 to the group C2H5- by Justus Liebig. He coined the word from the German name Aether of the compound C2H5-O-C2H5 (commonly called “ether” in English, more specifically called “diethyl ether”). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Ethyl is a contraction of the Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “upper air”) and the Greek word ὕλη (hýlē, “substance”). The name ethanol was coined as a result of a resolution that was adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature that was held in April 1892 in Geneva, Switzerland. The term “alcohol” now refers to a wider class of substances in chemistry nomenclature, but in common parlance it remains the name of ethanol. The Oxford English Dictionary claims that it is a medieval loan from Arabic al-kuḥl, a powdered ore of antimony used since antiquity as a cosmetic, and retained that meaning in Middle Latin.[14] The use of “alcohol” for ethanol (in full, “alcohol of wine”) is modern, first recorded 1753, and by the later 18th century referred to “any sublimated substance”; “distilled spirit” used for “the spirit of wine” (shortened from a full expression the spirit of alcohol of wine). The systematic use in chemistry dates to 1850. 

Uses of Ethyl Alcohol

Antiseptic

Ethanol is used in medical wipes and most commonly in antibacterial hand sanitizer gels as an antiseptic for its bactericidal and anti-fungal effects. Ethanol kills microorganisms by dissolving their membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their proteins, and is effective against most bacteria and fungi and viruses. However, it is ineffective against bacterial spores, but that can be alleviated by using hydrogen peroxide. A solution of 70% ethanol is more effective than pure ethanol because ethanol relies on water molecules for optimal antimicrobial activity. Absolute ethanol may inactivate microbes without destroying them because the alcohol is unable to fully permeate the microbe’s membrane. Ethanol can also be used as a disinfectant and antiseptic because it causes cell dehydration by disrupting the osmotic balance across cell membrane, so water leaves the cell leading to cell death.

Antidote

Ethanol may be administered as an antidote to ethylene glycol poisoning and methanol poisoning. 

Medicinal solvent

Ethanol, often in high concentrations, is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications and related compounds. Liquid preparations of pain medications, cough and cold medicines, and mouth washes, for example, may contain up to 25% ethanol and may need to be avoided in individuals with adverse reactions to ethanol such as alcohol-induced respiratory reactions. Ethanol is present mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in over 700 liquid preparations of medicine including acetaminophen, iron supplements, ranitidine, furosemide, mannitol, phenobarbital, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and over-the-counter cough medicine.

Pharmacology

If ingested orally, ethanol is extensively metabolized by the liver, particularly via the enzyme CYP450 Ethyl alcohol increases the secretion of acids in the stomach. The metabolite acetaldehyde is responsible for much of the short term, and long term effects of ethyl alcohol toxicity.

Recreational

Main articles: Alcohol (drug) and Alcoholic drink

As a central nervous system depressant, ethanol is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs. Despite alcohol having psychoactive properties, it is readily available and legal for sale in most countries. However, there are laws regulating the sale, exportation/importation, taxation, manufacturing, consumption, and possession of alcoholic beverages. The most common regulation is prohibition for minors.

FUEL

ENGINE FUEL

The largest single use of ethanol is as an engine fuel and fuel additive. Brazil in particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an engine fuel, due in part to its role as one of the globe’s leading producers of ethanol. Gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new gasoline fueled cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration. The US and many other countries primarily use E10 (10% ethanol, sometimes known as gasohol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures. USP grade ethanol for laboratory use. Ethanol has been used as rocket fuel and is currently in lightweight rocket-powered racing aircraft. Australian law limits the use of pure ethanol from sugarcane waste to 10% in automobiles. Older cars (and vintage cars designed to use a slower burning fuel) should have the engine valves upgraded or replaced. According to an industry advocacy group, ethanol as a fuel reduces harmful tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, and other ozone-forming pollutants.[36] Argonne National Laboratory analyzed greenhouse gas emissions of many different engine and fuel combinations, and found that biodiesel/petrodiesel blend (B20) showed a reduction of 8%, conventional E85 ethanol blend a reduction of 17% and cellulosic ethanol 64%, compared with pure gasoline. Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produced by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and related species such as acetaldehyde. This leads to a significantly larger photochemical reactivity and more ground level ozone. These data have been assembled into The Clean Fuels Report comparison of fuel emissions and show that ethanol exhaust generates 2.14 times as much ozone as gasoline exhaust. When this is added into the custom Localised Pollution Index (LPI) of The Clean Fuels Report, the local pollution of ethanol (pollution that contributes to smog) is rated 1.7, where gasoline is 1.0 and higher numbers signify greater pollution. The California Air Resources Board formalized this issue in 2008 by recognizing control standards for formaldehydes as an emissions control group, much like the conventional NOx and Reactive Organic Gases (ROGs). World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.3×1010 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the United States. More than 20% of Brazilian cars are able to use 100% ethanol as fuel, which includes ethanol-only engines and flex-fuel engines. Flex-fuel engines in Brazil are able to work with all ethanol, all gasoline or any mixture of both. In the US flex-fuel vehicles can run on 0% to 85% ethanol (15% gasoline) since higher ethanol blends are not yet allowed or efficient. Brazil supports this fleet of ethanol-burning automobiles with large national infrastructure that produces ethanol from domestically grown sugar cane. Sugar cane not only has a greater concentration of sucrose than corn (by about 30%), but is also much easier to extract. The bagasse generated by the process is not wasted, but is used in power plants to produce electricity.[citation needed] In the United States, the ethanol fuel industry is based largely on corn. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of 30 October 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the United States have the capacity to produce 7.0 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m3) of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add 6.4 billion US gallons (24,000,000 m3) of new capacity in the next 18 months. Over time, it is believed that a material portion of the ≈150-billion-US-gallon (570,000,000 m3) per year market for gasoline will begin to be replaced with fuel ethanol. Sweet sorghum is another potential source of ethanol, and is suitable for growing in dryland conditions. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is investigating the possibility of growing sorghum as a source of fuel, food, and animal feed in arid parts of Asia and Africa. Sweet sorghum has one-third the water requirement of sugarcane over the same time period. It also requires about 22% less water than corn (also known as maize). The world’s first sweet sorghum ethanol distillery began commercial production in 2007 in Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethanol’s high miscibility with water makes it unsuitable for shipping through modern pipelines like liquid hydrocarbons. Mechanics have seen increased cases of damage to small engines (in particular, the carburetor) and attribute the damage to the increased water retention by ethanol in fuel. 

Rocket fuel

Ethanol was commonly used as fuel in early bipropellant rocket (liquid propelled) vehicles, in conjunction with an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen. The German A-4 ballistic rocket, better known by its propaganda name V-2 rocket of World War II, credited with beginning the space age, used ethanol as the main constituent of B-Stoff, under such nomenclature the ethanol was mixed with 25% of water to reduce the combustion chamber temperature. The V-2’s design team helped develop U.S. rockets following World War II, including the ethanol-fueled Redstone rocket which launched the first U.S. satellite. Alcohols fell into general disuse as more energy-dense rocket fuels were developed.

Fuel cells

Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas, hydrogen or methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity. There are a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have been trialled including direct-ethanol fuel cells, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of commercialization of ethanol fuel cells.

Household heating

Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration.

Feedstock

Further information: § Reactions

Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient. It has widespread use as a precursor for other organic compounds such as ethyl halides, ethyl esters, diethyl ether, acetic acid, and ethyl amines.

Solvent

Ethanol is considered a universal solvent, as its molecular structure allows for the dissolving of both polar, hydrophilic and nonpolar, hydrophobic compounds. As ethanol also has a low boiling point, it is easy to remove from a solution that has been used to dissolve other compounds, making it a popular extracting agent for botanical oils. Cannabis oil extraction methods often use ethanol as an extraction solvent, and also as a post-processing solvent to remove oils, waxes, and chlorophyll from solution in a process known as winterization.

Ethanol is found in paints, tinctures, markers, and personal care products such as mouthwashes, perfumes and deodorants. However, polysaccharides precipitate from aqueous solution in the presence of alcohol, and ethanol precipitation is used for this reason in the purification of DNA and RNA.

Low-temperature liquid

Because of its low freezing point -173.20°F (-114.14 °C) and low toxicity, ethanol is sometimes used in laboratories (with dry ice or other coolants) as a cooling bath to keep vessels at temperatures below the freezing point of water. For the same reason, it is also used as the active fluid in alcohol thermometers.

Chemical formula

Ethanol is a 2-carbon alcohol. Its molecular formula is CH3CH2OH. An alternative notation is CH3-CH2-OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (-CH2-), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is sometimes abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C2H5-) with Et.

Physical properties

Ethanol burning with its spectrum depicted

Ethanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor. It burns with a smokeless blue flame that is not always visible in normal light. The physical properties of ethanol stem primarily from the presence of its hydroxyl group and the shortness of its carbon chain. Ethanol’s hydroxyl group is able to participate in hydrogen bonding, rendering it more viscous and less volatile than less polar organic compounds of similar molecular weight, such as propane.

Ethanol is slightly more refractive than water, having a refractive index of 1.36242 (at λ=589.3 nm and 18.35 °C or 65.03 °F). The triple point for ethanol is 150 K at a pressure of 4.3 × 10-4 Pa.

Solvent properties

Ethanol is a versatile solvent, miscible with water and with many organic solvents, including acetic acid, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol, glycerol, nitromethane, pyridine, and toluene. Its main use as a solvent is in making tincture of iodine,cough syrups etc. It is also miscible with light aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane and hexane, and with aliphatic chlorides such as trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene.

Ethanol’s miscibility with water contrasts with the immiscibility of longer-chain alcohols (five or more carbon atoms), whose water miscibility decreases sharply as the number of carbons increases. The miscibility of ethanol with alkanes is limited to alkanes up to undecane: mixtures with dodecane and higher alkanes show a miscibility gap below a certain temperature (about 13 °C for dodecane). The miscibility gap tends to get wider with higher alkanes, and the temperature for complete miscibility increases.

Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. Mixing ethanol and water is exothermic, with up to 777 J/mol being released at 298 K. Mixtures of ethanol and water form an azeotrope at about 89 mole-% ethanol and 11 mole-% water or a mixture of 95.6 percent ethanol by mass (or about 97% alcohol by volume) at normal pressure, which boils at 351K (78 °C). This azeotropic composition is strongly temperature- and pressure-dependent and vanishes at temperatures below 303 K. Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at -186 °C Hydrogen bonding causes pure ethanol to be hygroscopic to the extent that it readily absorbs water from the air. The polar nature of the hydroxyl group causes ethanol to dissolve many ionic compounds, notably sodium and potassium hydroxides, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, and sodium bromide. Sodium and potassium chlorides are slightly soluble in ethanol. Because the ethanol molecule also has a nonpolar end, it will also dissolve nonpolar substances, including most essential oils and numerous flavoring, coloring, and medicinal agents. The addition of even a few percent of ethanol to water sharply reduces the surface tension of water. This property partially explains the “tears of wine” phenomenon. When wine is swirled in a glass, ethanol evaporates quickly from the thin film of wine on the wall of the glass. As the wine’s ethanol content decreases, its surface tension increases and the thin film “beads up” and runs down the glass in channels rather than as a smooth sheet.

 

Etanol (ayrca etil alkol, tahl alkolü, alkol, alkollü içkiler veya sadece alkol olarak da adlandrlr) organik bir kimyasal bileiktir. C2H6O kimyasal formülüne sahip basit bir alkoldür. Formülü ayrca CH3 – CH2 – OH veya C2H5OH (bir hidroksil grubuna bal bir etil grubu) olarak da yazlabilir ve genellikle EtOH olarak ksaltlr. Etanol, hafif karakteristik kokusu olan uçucu, yanc, renksiz bir svdr. Alkollü içeceklerde psikoaktif bir madde, keyif verici bir ilaç ve etken maddedir. Etanol, ekerlerin mayalar tarafndan fermantasyonu veya etilen hidrasyonu gibi petrokimyasal süreçler yoluyla doal olarak üretilir. Antiseptik ve dezenfektan olarak tbbi uygulamalar vardr. Kimyasal çözücü olarak ve organik bileiklerin sentezinde kullanlr. Etanol, alternatif bir yakt kaynadr. Etanol, Uluslararas Saf ve Uygulamal Kimya Birlii (IUPAC) tarafndan, aralarnda tek bir ba bulunan iki karbon atomlu alkil grubundan (ön ek “eth-“) oluan bir bileik için tanmlanan sistematik addr (ek “-an-” ), ekli ilevsel grup -OH grubu (“-ol” soneki). “Et-” öneki ve “etil alkol” içindeki niteleyici “etil” orijinal olarak 1834’te Justus Liebig tarafndan C2H5- grubuna atanan “etil” adndan gelmektedir. Sözcüü, C2H5 – O – C2H5 bileiinin (genellikle ngilizce’de “eter” olarak adlandrlr, daha spesifik olarak “dietil eter” olarak adlandrlr) Almanca adndan Aether’den türetmitir. Oxford ngilizce Sözlüü’ne göre, Etil, Eski Yunanca αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “üst hava”) ve Yunanca ὕλη (hýlē, “madde”) kelimesinin ksaltlm halidir. Etanol ad, Nisan 1892’de sviçre’nin Cenevre kentinde düzenlenen Uluslararas Kimyasal Adlandrma Konferans’nda kabul edilen bir karar sonucunda ortaya çkt. “Alkol” terimi artk kimya isimlendirmesinde daha geni bir madde snfn ifade etmektedir, ancak genel tabirle etanolün ad olarak kalmaktadr. Oxford ngilizce Sözlüü, bunun Arapça al-kuḥl’den, antik çalardan beri kozmetik olarak kullanlan toz haline getirilmi bir antimon cevheri olan ve Orta Latince’de bu anlam koruduunu iddia ediyor. [14] Etanol için “alkol” kullanm (tam anlamyla “arap alkolü”) moderndir, ilk olarak 1753’te kaydedilmitir ve 18. yüzyln sonlarnda “herhangi bir süblimasyonlu maddeye” atfta bulunulmutur; “arabn ruhu” için kullanlan “damtlm ruh” (arabn alkol ruhu tam bir ifadeden ksaltlmtr). Kimyadaki sistematik kullanm 1850 ylna dayanmaktadr.

Etil Alkol Kullanm

Antiseptik

Etanol, tbbi mendillerde ve en yaygn olarak antibakteriyel el dezenfektan jellerinde, bakterisit ve mantar önleyici etkileri için antiseptik olarak kullanlr. Etanol, membran lipit çift katmann çözerek ve proteinlerini denatüre ederek mikroorganizmalar öldürür ve çou bakteri, mantar ve virüse kar etkilidir. Bununla birlikte, bakteri sporlarna kar etkisizdir, ancak bu, hidrojen peroksit kullanlarak hafifletilebilir. % 70 etanol içeren bir çözelti, saf etanolden daha etkilidir çünkü etanol, optimal antimikrobiyal aktivite için su moleküllerine dayanr. Mutlak etanol, mikroplar yok etmeden inaktive edebilir çünkü alkol mikrop zarna tam olarak nüfuz edemez. Etanol ayrca bir dezenfektan ve antiseptik olarak da kullanlabilir çünkü hücre zar boyunca ozmotik dengeyi bozarak hücre dehidrasyonuna neden olur, böylece su hücreyi hücre ölümüne götürür.

Panzehir

Etanol, etilen glikol zehirlenmesine [20] ve metanol zehirlenmesine bir panzehir olarak verilebilir.

Tbbi çözücü

Genellikle yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunan etanol, suda çözünmeyen birçok ilac ve ilgili bileikleri çözmek için kullanlr. Örnein ar kesici ilaçlar, öksürük ve souk algnl ilaçlar ve az gargaralarnn sv müstahzarlar% 25’e kadar etanol içerebilir ve alkolle indüklenen solunum reaksiyonlar gibi etanole advers reaksiyonlar olan kiilerde kaçnlmas gerekebilir. Etanol, asetaminofen, demir takviyeleri, ranitidin, furosemid, mannitol, fenobarbital, trimetoprim / sülfametoksazol ve reçetesiz öksürük ilac dahil olmak üzere 700’den fazla sv ilaç preparatnda antimikrobiyal bir koruyucu olarak bulunur.

Farmakoloji

Azdan yutulursa, etanol karacier tarafndan, özellikle CYP450 enzimi yoluyla büyük ölçüde metabolize edilir Etil alkol, midede asit salglanmasn artrr. Metabolit asetaldehit, etil alkol toksisitesinin ksa vadeli ve uzun vadeli etkilerinin çoundan sorumludur.

Elence

Ana maddeler: Alkol (uyuturucu) ve Alkollü içecek

Bir merkezi sinir sistemi depresan olan etanol, en çok tüketilen psikoaktif ilaçlardan biridir. Alkol, psikoaktif özelliklere sahip olmasna ramen, kolaylkla temin edilebilir ve çou ülkede sat yasaldr. Ancak alkollü içeceklerin sat, ihracat / ithalat, vergilendirilmesi, imalat, tüketimi ve bulundurulmasn düzenleyen kanunlar vardr. En yaygn düzenleme reit olmayanlarn yasaklanmasdr.

YAKIT

MOTOR YAKITI

En büyük tek kullanmlk etanol, motor yakt ve yakt katksdr. Özellikle Brezilya, ksmen dünyann önde gelen etanol üreticilerinden biri olarak oynad rol nedeniyle, motor yakt olarak etanol kullanmna büyük ölçüde güveniyor. Brezilya’da satlan benzin, en az% 25 susuz etanol içerir. Sulu etanol (yaklak% 95 etanol ve% 5 su), ülkede satlan yeni benzinle çalan arabalarn% 90’ndan fazlasnda yakt olarak kullanlabilir. Brezilya etanolü eker kamndan üretilir ve yüksek karbon sekestrasyonu için not edilir. ABD ve dier birçok ülke öncelikle E10 (% 10 etanol, bazen benzin olarak bilinir) ve E85 (% 85 etanol) etanol / benzin karmlarn kullanr. Laboratuvar kullanm için USP dereceli etanol. Etanol roket yakt olarak kullanlmtr ve u anda hafif roketle çalan yar uçaklarnda kullanlmaktadr. Avustralya yasalar, eker kam atklarndan saf etanol kullanmn otomobillerde% 10 ile snrlamaktadr. Daha eski arabalarn (ve daha yava yanan yakt kullanmak üzere tasarlanm eski arabalarn) motor valfleri yükseltilmi veya deitirilmi olmaldr. Bir endüstri savunucu grubuna göre, yakt olarak etanol, karbon monoksit, partikül madde, nitrojen oksitleri ve dier ozon oluturan kirleticilerin zararl egzoz emisyonlarn azaltr. [36] Argonne Ulusal Laboratuvar birçok farkl motor ve yakt kombinasyonunun sera gaz emisyonlarn analiz etti ve saf ile karlatrldnda biyodizel / petrodizel karmnn (B20)% 8, geleneksel E85 etanol karmnn% 17 ve selülozik etanolün% 64 azalma gösterdiini buldu benzin. çten yanmal bir motorda etanol yanmas, benzin ve önemli ölçüde daha büyük miktarlarda formaldehit ve asetaldehit gibi ilgili türler tarafndan üretilen eksik yanma ürünlerinin çounu verir.

Bu veriler, Temiz Yaktlar Raporu’nun yakt emisyonlarnn karlatrmasnda toplanmtr ve etanol egzozunun benzin egzozundan 2,14 kat daha fazla ozon ürettiini göstermektedir. Bu, Temiz Yaktlar Raporu’nun özel Yerelletirilmi Kirlilik Endeksi’ne (LPI) eklendiinde, yerel etanol kirlilii (dumana katkda bulunan kirlilik) 1.7 olarak derecelendirilir; burada benzin 1.0 ve daha yüksek saylar daha fazla kirlilii ifade eder. California Hava Kaynaklar Kurulu, geleneksel NOx ve Reaktif Organik Gazlar (ROG) gibi, bir emisyon kontrol grubu olarak formaldehitler için kontrol standartlarn tanyarak 2008 ylnda bu konuyu resmiletirdi. 2006 ylnda dünya etanol üretimi 51 gigalitedir (1.3 × 1010 ABD galonu) ve dünya tedarikinin% 69’u Brezilya ve Amerika Birleik Devletleri’nden geliyor. Brezilya otomobillerinin% 20’sinden fazlas, yalnzca etanol içeren motorlar ve esnek yaktl motorlar dahil olmak üzere yakt olarak% 100 etanol kullanabilmektedir. Brezilya’daki Flex-fuel motorlar tüm etanol, tamamen benzin veya her ikisinin herhangi bir karm ile çalabilir. ABD’de esnek yaktl araçlar, daha yüksek etanol karmlarna henüz izin verilmedii veya verimli olmad için% 0 ila% 85 etanol (% 15 benzin) ile çalabilir. Brezilya, yerel olarak yetitirilen eker kamndan etanol üreten büyük bir ulusal altyapya sahip bu etanol yakan otomobil filosunu destekliyor. eker kam, msrdan daha fazla sükroz konsantrasyonuna sahip olmakla kalmaz (yaklak% 30), ayn zamanda ekstrakte edilmesi çok daha kolaydr. Prosesin ürettii küspe israf edilmez, ancak elektrik üretmek için elektrik santrallerinde kullanlr. [Kaynak belirtilmeli] Amerika Birleik Devletleri’nde etanol yakt endüstrisi büyük ölçüde msra dayanmaktadr. Yenilenebilir Yaktlar Birlii’ne göre, 30 Ekim 2007 itibariyle, Amerika Birleik Devletleri’ndeki 131 tane etanol biyo-rafinerisi, ylda 7.0 milyar ABD galonu (26.000.000 m3) etanol üretme kapasitesine sahiptir. Devam eden 72 inaat projesi daha (ABD’de) önümüzdeki 18 ay içinde 6,4 milyar ABD galonu (24.000.000 m3) yeni kapasite ekleyebilir. Zamanla, benzin için ylda 150 milyar ABD galonluk (570.000.000 m3) pazarn önemli bir ksmnn yakt etanol ile deitirilmeye balayacana inanlyor. Tatl sorgum, baka bir potansiyel etanol kaynadr ve kurak arazi koullarnda büyümeye uygundur. Uluslararas Yar Kurak Tropikler için Mahsul Aratrma Enstitüsü (ICRISAT), Asya ve Afrika’nn kurak bölgelerinde yakt, gda ve hayvan yemi kayna olarak sorgum yetitirme olasln aratryor. Tatl sorgum, ayn zaman diliminde eker kamnn su ihtiyacnn üçte birine sahiptir. Ayrca msrdan (msr olarak da bilinir) yaklak% 22 daha az su gerektirir. Dünyann ilk tatl sorgum etanol içki fabrikas, Hindistan’n Andhra Pradesh kentinde 2007 ylnda ticari üretime balad. Etanolün suyla yüksek karabilirlii, sv hidrokarbonlar gibi modern boru hatlaryla tanmas için uygun deildir. Mekanikçiler, küçük motorlarda (özellikle karbüratörde) artan hasar vakalar gördü ve hasar yakttaki etanolün neden olduu artan su tutma oranna balad.

Roket yakt

Etanol, sv oksijen gibi bir oksitleyici ile birlikte, erken dönem bipropellant roketli (sv tahrikli) araçlarda yakt olarak yaygn olarak kullanlmtr. kinci Dünya Sava’nn propaganda ad V-2 roketi ile daha iyi bilinen ve uzay çann balangc olarak anlan Alman A-4 balistik roketi, B-Stoff’un ana bileeni olarak etanol kulland ve böyle bir isimlendirme altnda etanol 25 Yanma odas scakln düürmek için% su. V-2’nin tasarm ekibi, ilk ABD uydusunu frlatan etanol yaktl Redstone roketi de dahil olmak üzere II.Dünya Sava’ndan sonra ABD roketlerinin gelitirilmesine yardmc oldu. Daha fazla enerji youn roket yaktlar gelitirildikçe alkoller genel kullanmdan kaldrld.

Yakt hücreleri

Ticari yakt hücreleri, dönütürülmü doal gaz, hidrojen veya metanol ile çalr. Etanol, geni bulunabilirlii, düük maliyeti, yüksek safl ve düük toksisitesi nedeniyle çekici bir alternatiftir. Dorudan etanol yakt hücreleri, otomatik termal reform sistemleri ve termal olarak entegre sistemler dahil olmak üzere denenmi çok çeitli yakt hücresi konseptleri vardr.

Etanol yakt hücrelerinin ticariletirilmesinin balangcnda bir dizi kurulu olmasna ramen, çalmalarn çou aratrma düzeyinde yürütülmektedir.

Ev stma

Etanol ömineler ev stmas veya dekorasyon için kullanlabilir.

Hammadde

Daha fazla bilgi: § Reaksiyonlar

Etanol, önemli bir endüstriyel bileendir. Etil halojenürler, etil esterler, dietil eter, asetik asit ve etil aminler gibi dier organik bileikler için öncü olarak yaygn bir kullanma sahiptir.

Çözücü

Etanol, moleküler yaps hem polar, hidrofilik hem de polar olmayan hidrofobik bileiklerin çözülmesine izin verdii için evrensel bir çözücü olarak kabul edilir. Etanol de düük bir kaynama noktasna sahip olduundan, dier bileikleri çözmek için kullanlan bir çözeltiden kolayca çkarlabilir, bu da onu botanik yalar için popüler bir özütleme maddesi haline getirir. Kenevir ya özütleme yöntemleri genellikle etanolü bir özütleme çözücüsü olarak ve ayrca klatrma olarak bilinen bir ilemde yalar, mumlar ve klorofili çözeltiden çkarmak için bir ilem sonras çözücü olarak kullanr.

Etanol boyalarda, tentürlerde, keçeli kalemlerde ve az gargaralar, parfümler ve deodorantlar gibi kiisel bakm ürünlerinde bulunur. Bununla birlikte, polisakkaritler alkol varlnda sulu çözeltiden çökelir ve bu nedenle DNA ve RNA’nn saflatrlmasnda etanol çökelmesi kullanlr.

Düük scaklkta sv

Düük donma noktas -173.20 ° F (-114.14 ° C) ve düük toksisitesi nedeniyle, etanol bazen laboratuarlarda (kuru buz veya dier soutucularla) kaplar suyun donma noktasnn altndaki scaklklarda tutmak için bir soutma banyosu olarak kullanlr. Ayn sebeple alkol termometrelerde aktif sv olarak da kullanlmaktadr.

Kimyasal formül

Etanol, 2 karbonlu bir alkoldür. Moleküler formülü CH3CH2OH’dir. Alternatif bir gösterim CH3 – CH2 – OH’dir; bu, bir metil grubunun (CH3-) karbonunun, bir hidroksil grubunun oksijenine (- OH). Dimetil eterin yapsal bir izomeridir. Etanol bazen EtOH olarak, etil grubunu (C2H5-) Et ile temsil eden yaygn organik kimya gösterimi kullanlarak ksaltlr.

Fiziksel özellikler

Gösterilen spektrumu ile yanan etanol

Etanol, hafif kokusu olan uçucu, renksiz bir svdr. Normal kta her zaman görünmeyen dumansz mavi bir alevle yanar. Etanolün fiziksel özellikleri, öncelikle hidroksil grubunun varlndan ve karbon zincirinin ksalndan kaynaklanmaktadr. Etanolün hidroksil grubu, hidrojen bana katlabilir, bu da onu propan gibi benzer moleküler arlkl daha az polar organik bileiklerden daha viskoz ve daha az uçucu hale getirir.

Etanol sudan biraz daha fazla krcdr ve krlma indeksi 1.36242’dir (λ = 589.3 nm ve 18.35 ° C veya 65.03 ° F). Etanol için üçlü nokta 4.3 × 10-4 Pa basnçta 150 K’dr.

Çözücü özellikleri

Etanol, suyla ve asetik asit, aseton, benzen, karbon tetraklorür, kloroform, dietil eter, etilen glikol, gliserol, nitrometan, piridin ve toluen dahil birçok organik çözücü ile karabilen çok yönlü bir çözücüdür. Bir çözücü olarak ana kullanm iyot, öksürük uruplar, vb. Gibi hafif alifatik hidrokarbonlarla ve trikloroetan ve tetrakloroetilen gibi alifatik klorürlerle karabilir.

Etanolün suyla karabilirlii, karbon says arttkça suyla karabilirlii keskin bir ekilde azalan uzun zincirli alkollerin (be veya daha fazla karbon atomu) karmazl ile çeliir. Etanolün alkanlarla karabilirlii, undekan kadar alkanlarla snrldr: dodekan ve daha yüksek alkanlarla karmlar, belirli bir scakln altnda bir karabilirlik boluu gösterir (dodekan için yaklak 13 ° C). Karabilirlik aral, daha yüksek alkanlar ile genileme eilimindedir ve tam karabilirlik için scaklk artar.

Etanol-su karmlar, verilen fraksiyonlarda tek tek bileenlerinin toplamndan daha az hacme sahiptir. Eit hacimde etanol ve suyun kartrlmas, yalnzca 1.92 hacim karmla sonuçlanr. Etanol ve suyun kartrlmas ekzotermiktir ve 777 J / mol’e kadar 298 K’da salnr. Etanol ve su karmlar yaklak 89 mol% etanol ve 11 mol su veya kütlece yüzde 95,6 etanol karm bir azeotrop oluturur. (veya hacimce yaklak% 97 alkol), 351K’da (78 ° C) kaynayan normal basnçta. Bu azeotropik bileim, son derece scakla ve basnca baldr ve 303 K’nin altndaki scaklklarda kaybolur. -186 ° C’de kat etanolde hidrojen balanmas Hidrojen balanmas, saf etanolün havadan suyu kolayca emecek kadar higroskopik olmasna neden olur. Hidroksil grubunun polar yaps, etanolün birçok iyonik bileii, özellikle sodyum ve potasyum hidroksitleri, magnezyum klorürü, kalsiyum klorürü, amonyum klorürü, amonyum bromürü ve sodyum bromürü çözmesine neden olur. Sodyum ve potasyum klorürler etanolde çok az çözünür. Etanol molekülü ayn zamanda polar olmayan bir uca sahip olduu için, çou uçucu ya ve çok sayda tatlandrc, renklendirici ve tbbi ajan dahil olmak üzere polar olmayan maddeleri de çözecektir. Suya yüzde birkaç etanol ilavesi bile suyun yüzey gerilimini önemli ölçüde azaltr. Bu özellik, “arabn gözyalar” olgusunu ksmen açklamaktadr. arap bir bardak içinde döndürüldüünde, etanol, kadehin duvarndaki ince arap tabakasndan hzla buharlar. arabn etanol içerii azaldkça, yüzey gerilimi artar ve ince film, düz bir tabaka yerine kanallarda “boncuklanr” ve barda aa doru akar.