FUMARIC ACID ( FUMARK AST )

CASNO:110-17-8

SYNONYMS

fumaric acid; 110-17-8; 2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; Lichenic acid; Tumaric acid; (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid; Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomalenic acid; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; But-2-enedioic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; Kyselina fumarova; USAF EK-P-583; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; Lichenic acid (VAN); 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-; Fumaricum acidum; Caswell No. 465E; FEMA Number 2488; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; Kyselina fumarova; Sodium fumarate; ammonium fumarate; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); FEMA No. 2488; Fumarsaeure; CCRIS 1039; HSDB 710; U-1149; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; (E)-but-2-enedioic acid; NSC-2752; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; fumarate, 10;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201; Fumaric acid (NF); Fumaric acid [NF]; UNII-88XHZ13131; E-2-Butenedioic acid; Fumaric acid (8CI); AI3-24236; EINECS 203-743-0; FC 33 (acid); BRN 0605763; CHEBI:18012; NSC2752; VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N; 88XHZ13131; 6915-18-0; fum; E297;F0067; DSSTox_CID_1518; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-Butenedioic acid; DSSTox_RID_76195; DSSTox_GSID_21518; S04-0167; (2E)-but-2-enedioate; Malezid CM; H2male; CAS-110-17-8; cis-but-2-enedioic acid; Scotchbond Multipurpose Etchant; (2Z)-but-2-enedioate; fumarsaure; Allomaleate; Boletate; Lichenate; fumeric acid; Donitic acid; Acidum fumaricum; Cis-butenedioate; FUMARK AST; fumarik asit; FUMARICACID; fumaricacd; FÜMERKAST; fümerikasit; fumarikasit; Fumarik Asit; (2E)-2-Butendisäure; (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid; (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid; (E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; (E)-Butenedioic acid; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; 110-17-8; 203-743-0; 2-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (2E)- ; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-; 605763; Acide (2E)-2-butènedioïque; Acidum fumaricum; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; E-2-Butenedioic acid; MFCD00002700; trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid; trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid; TRANS-2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; (2E)-But-2-enedioate; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-but-2-enedioate; (E)-but-2-enedioic acid; (E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); 2-(E)-Butenedioate; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; 4-02-00-02202; 605762; Allomaleate; Allomaleic acid; Allomalenicacid; Boletate; Boletic acid; cis-Butenedioic acid; Fumaricum acidum; Fumarsaeure; Kyselina fumarova; Lichenate; Lichenic acid; QV1U1VQ-T; trans-1,2 Ethylenedicarboxylate; trans-2-Butenedioate; trans-Butenedioate; 延胡索酸; trans-1,2-Ethylentricarboxylic acid; (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; (E)-2-butenedioic acid; Fumaricum acidum; Fumarsäure; trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; trans-Butenedioic Acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; Lichenic acid; Tumaric acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; (E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; Kyselina fumarova; NSC-2752; U-1149; USAF EK-P-583; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; trans-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylene-dicarboxylic acid; (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid; (2E)-But-2-enedioate; (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; (E)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-); (E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H; 1, 2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); 2-(E)-Butenedioate; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; 2-butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-; Allomaleate; Allomaleic acid; Boletate; Boletic acid; boleticacid; boletikasit; butenedioic acid, (E)-; ,Fumarate; Fumaric acid; Kyselina fumarovo; Lichenate; Lichenic acid; sodium fumarate; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; trans-2-Butenedioate; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioate; trans-Butenedioic acid; Tumaric acid; e297; Fumarsaeure; trans-But-2-enedioic acid; (2E)-2-Butenedioate; trans-But-2-enedioate; FC 33; Furamag; Ammonium fumarate; Magnesium fumarate; Mafusol; Fumarate; Fumaric acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Fumaric acid; (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid, (2E)-; 110-17-8; (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; 4-02-00-02202; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; (2E)-But-2enedioic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-Acide fumarique; acido fumarico; Allomaleic acid; Bakeshure 451; Bakeshure 470; Boletic acid; FUMARSAEURE; Fumarsaure; Lichenic acid; lichenicacid; NSC 2752; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; Allomalenic acid; BRN 0605763; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; Caswell No. 465E; EINECS 203-743-0; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; FEMA No. 2488; FEMA Number 2488; NSC-2752; Tumaric acid; tumaricacid; USAF EK-P-583; Kyselina fumarova; UNII-88XHZ13131; Fumaricum acidum; (2E)-But-2-enedioate; (E)-2-Butenedioate; 2-(E)-Butenedioate; Allomaleate; Boletate; E297; FC 33; Fumarate; Lichenate; Sodium fumarate; but-2-enedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate; trans-2-Butenedioate; trans-Butenedioate; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; 623158-97-4; (2E)-2-(methoxycarbonylmethyl); but-2-enedioic acid; 3-amino-N-(trans-3-carbamoyloxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-alanine; N3-fumaramoyl-(S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid; N3-fumaroyl-(S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid; O-fumaryl-L-carnitine; O-fumarylcarnitine; dapdiamide; diethyl fumarate; dihydroxyfumaric acid; dimethyl fumarate; mesaconic acid; fumarate(1-); (E)-3-carboxyprop-2-enoyl; fumaroyl group; (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; (E)-2-butenedioic acid ; Fumaric acid; FUMARIC ACID; Fumarsäure; trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; 1,2-Dicarboxylic acid; fumaric acid; 110-17-8; 2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; Lichenic acid; Tumaric acid; (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid; Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomalenic acid; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; But-2-enedioic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; Kyselina fumarova; USAF EK-P-583;Butenedioic acid, (E); (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; Lichenic acid (VAN); 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-Fumaricum acidum; Caswell No. 465E; FEMA Number 2488; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; Kyselina fumarova; Sodium fumarate; ammonium fumarate; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); FEMA No. 2488; Fumarsaeure; CCRIS 1039; HSDB 710; U-1149; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; (E)-but-2-enedioic acid; NSC-2752; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; fumarate, 10; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201; Fumaric acid (NF); Fumaric acid [NF]; UNII-88XHZ13131; E-2-Butenedioic acid; Fumaric acid (8CI); AI3-24236; EINECS 203-743-0; FC 33 (acid); BRN 0605763; CHEBI:18012; NSC2752; VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N; 88XHZ13131; 6915-18-0; fum; E297; F0067; DSSTox_CID_1518; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-Butenedioic acid; DSSTox_RID_76195; DSSTox_GSID_21518; S04-0167; (2E)-but-2-enedioate; Malezid CM; H2male; CAS-110-17-8; cis-but-2-enedioic acid; Scotchbond Multipurpose Etchant; (2Z)-but-2-enedioate; fumarsaure; Allomaleate; Boletate; Lichenate; fumeric acid; Donitic acid; Acidum fumaricum; Cis-butenedioate; FUMARK AST; fumarik asit; 746-EP2275411A2; 746-EP2275413A1; 746-EP2275424A1; 746-EP2277507A1; 746-EP2277848A1; 746-EP2277858A1; 746-EP2277866A1; 746-EP2277867A2; 746-EP2280003A2; 746-EP2280009A1; 746-EP2280010A2; 746-EP2281559A1; 746-EP2281563A1; 746-EP2284149A1; 746-EP2284160A1; 746-EP2284169A1; 746-EP2284170A1; 746-EP2284174A1; 746-EP2284178A2; 746-EP2284179A1; 746-EP2286795A1; 746-EP2287147A2; 746-EP2287153A1; 746-EP2287155A1; 746-EP2287156A1; 746-EP2287160A1; 746-EP2287161A1; 746-EP2287162A1; 746-EP2289510A1; 746-EP2289518A1; ST24030730; Fumaric acid; C00122; D02308; Fumaric acid; I04-1070; I04-1592; J-002389; F8886-8257; Succinic acid; Crotonic acid; Fumaryl chloride; Fumaronitrile; Dimethyl fumarate; Iron(II)fumarate; Fumaric acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; Donitic acid; Lichenic acid; (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid; fumaric acid; 110-17-8; 2-Butenedioic acid; trans-Butenedioic acid; Allomaleic acid; Boletic acid; Lichenic acid; fumarate; (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid; Tumaric acid; trans-2-Butenedioic acid; Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Allomalenic acid; (E)-2-Butenedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-; USAF EK-P-583; Butenedioic acid, (E)-; (2E)-2-butenedioic acid; Lichenic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-; 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-; Fumaricum acidum; Caswell No. 465E; FEMA Number 2488; But-2-enedioic acid; 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid; Kyselina fumarova [Czech]; ammonium fumarate; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E); FEMA No. 2488; CCRIS 1039; HSDB 710; U-1149; Donitic acid; trans-but-2-enedioic acid; (E)-but-2-enedioic acid; NSC-2752; 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201; Fumaric acid (NF); Fumaric acid [NF]; UNII-88XHZ1313; AI3-24236; EINECS 203-743-0; MFCD00002700; BRN 0605763; CHEBI:18012; NSC2752; VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N; 88XHZ13131; fum; E297; Fumaric acid, 99+%; DSSTox_CID_1518; (E)-2-Butenedioate; (E)-Butenedioic acid; DSSTox_RID_76195; DSSTox_GSID_21518; (2E)-but-2-enedioate; Malezid CM; H2male; Fumarsaeure; CAS-110-17-8; fumarate, 10; cis-but-2-enedioic acid; E-2-Butenedioic acid; Fumaric acid (8CI); FC 33 (acid); Scotchbond Multipurpose Etchant; (2Z)-but-2-enedioate; fumarsaure; Allomaleate; Boletate; Lichenate; fumeric acid; Cis-butenedioate; 2-Butenedioate; Modified Gumrosin; (z)-butenedioate; trans-Butenedioate; NCGC00091192-02; cis-2-Butenedioate; Fumaric Acid,(S); Maleic Acid (MA); cis-but-2-enedioate; trans-2-Butenedioate; Fumaric Acid (FA); 2-(E)-Butenedioate; Fumaric acid, 99%; (Trans)-butenedioic acid; (2Z)-Butene-2-dioate; F0067; Fumaric acid, >=99%; bmse000083; (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid; EC 203-743-0; Maleic acid [NA2215]; WLN: QV1U1VQ-T; AC1Q5T7Y; AC1Q71EM ; SCHEMBL1177; (2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid; 4-02-00-02202 ;MLS002454406; 2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-; (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid; S04-0167; Pharmakon1600-01301022; ZINC3860193; Tox21_201769; Tox21_302826; ; (2Z)-But-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI); BBL022974; Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG

Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid, is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature. Fumaric acid is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals. Fumaric acid is also an essential ingredient in plant life. Fumaric acid is found in bolete mushrooms, lichen and Iceland moss. Human skin naturally produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight. Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of medicines, drinks, food, animal feed, cleansing agents, unsaturated polyester, alkyd resins, and printing inks, and is the strongest organic food acid in titratable acidity and sourness. When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of fumaric acid results in persistent, long lasting sourness and flavor impact. The versatile compound also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs greater than 4.5. Its low molecular weight gives fumaric acid more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.O. Because of its strength, less fumaric acid is required when compared to other organic food acids, therefore reducing costs per unit weight. Fumaric acid (E297 or INS297) is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid (Fig. 1, Table 2) and used as acidity regulator in food (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, 2017). Its low cost and non-toxicity are at the basis of its popularity as a food additive since 1946. Fumaric acid is claimed to be 1.5 times more acid than citric acid. Microbial inactivation studies have shown that fumaric acid can inactivate food-borne pathogens and extend the shelf life of products such as fresh beef (Tango et al., 2014). It is often used as a beverage ingredient, but also finds application in bakery products, powdery dessert mixes and confectionary (Santini et al., 2012). Next to food applications, fumaric acid is used in feed as antibacterial agent and is a well-known chemical that is used in the production of polymers and as intermediate in the production of L-malic and L-aspartic acid. Fumaric acid is predominantly produced by petroleum-based chemical synthesis, but research focusing on microbial fumaric acid production (e.g. using Rhizopus oryzae) from starchy materials is in the process of optimizing and commercializing this ‘green’ technique (Xu et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2011; Alonso et al., 2014). Fumaric acid is used as a food acidulent in beverages and baking powders. Furthermore, fumaric acid is a pharmaceutically active substance, used to treat psoriasis or multiple sclerosis (Gold et al., 2011). The current world market is about 90,000 t y-1. However, particular interest in fumaric acid – as in all dicarboxylic acids described in this chapter – is derived from its suitability as building block chemical. Use as a bulk chemical in the polymer industry is conceivable. Also its chemical relatedness to aspartic acid, a precursor for aspartam, a widely used sweetener, makes it an interesting product, provided that the production costs are low enough. Originally, fumaric acid was isolated from plants belonging to the genus Fumaria, from which its name is derived. It is an old biotech product. In the 1940s fumaric acid was already being produced on a commercial scale (about 4000 t y-1) by fermentation with the filamentous fungus Rhizopus arrhizus (Goldberg et al., 2006). However, with the rapid development of the petrochemistry in the 1960s this process was replaced by chemical synthesis because conventional fumaric acid fermentation is more expensive owing to its low product yield and productivity. Nowadays, microbial production of chemicals from renewable resources is becoming interesting again. Research has been focused on filamentous fungi, so far. Most strains used are from the genus Rhizopus. Typical published production values obtained with Rhizopus arrhizus grown on glucose are: product titer 107 g l-1, yield 0.82 g g-1 and volumetric productivity 2.00 g l-1 h-1 (Ng et al., 1986) and with Rhizopus oryzae: product titer 92 g l-1, yield 0.85 g g-1 and volumetric productivity 4.25 g l-1 h-1 (Cao et al., 1996). Fumaric acid is an intermediate of the TCA cycle. Fungal production under aerobic conditions seems to be entirely via the reductive branch of the TCA, by cytosolic pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase and fumarase (see Fig. 12.6). Pyruvate carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid. This acid is further converted to malic acid, which is finally converted to fumaric acid by fumarase. The exclusive cytosolic localization of pyruvate carboxylase is a trigger for the formation of fumaric acid in the cytosol since the respective enzymes are found in the mitochondrium but also in the cytosol. The cytosolic localization of the key enzyme pyruvate carboxylase in various filamentous fungal species is the reason for their ability to overproduce certain carboxylic acids. Pyruvate carboxylase is exclusively located in the mitochondria in mammalian cells and other eukaryotes. Malate dehydrogenase and fumarase are in any case located in the cytosol, most probably to convert ‘unwanted’ acids in this compartment (Goldberg et al., 2006). The theoretical yield of fumaric acid production is 2 mol of fumaric acid per mole of glucose (corresponding to 1.29 g g-1) owing to CO2 fixation.

Applications

Fumaric acid has been used in food and beverage products since 1946. It is currently used in wheat and corn tortillas, sour dough and rye breads, refrigerated biscuit doughs, fruit juice and nutraceutical drinks, gelatin desserts, gelling aids, pie fillings and wine. Food research shows that Fumaric acid improves quality and reduces costs of many food and beverage products. It is also used in animal feed.Like malic acid, fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid with pK values of 3.03 and 4.44. It has a strong acid taste, but a positive flavour effect is that it blends with certain flavours to intensify their aftertaste. Fumaric acid is used in fruit drinks, gelatine desserts, pie fillings, biscuit doughs and wines. It is naturally present in rice, sugar cane, wine, plant leaves, mushrooms and gelatine (Barbosa-Canovas et al., 1997). Like citric acid, it also seems to have antimicrobial properties working as a chelator, binding micronutrients essential for bacterial growth. As for malic acid, the antimicrobial mechanism for fumaric acid has only been investigated to a limited extent. One of the main effects is probably due to its lowering of the pH. Fumaric acid, also known as fumarate or E297, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Fumaric acid is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Fumaric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within yeast, fumaric acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, ubiquinol-1 and fumaric acid can be biosynthesized from succinic acid and ubiquinone-1 through its interaction with the enzyme succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. In addition, ubiquinol-1 and fumaric acid can be biosynthesized from succinic acid and ubiquinone-1; which is catalyzed by the enzyme succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. In yeast, fumaric acid is involved in the metabolic pathway called the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Fumaric acid is a potentially toxic compound. In ground beef patties, the antimicrobial effect of fumaric acid was compared to the effect of lactic acid on the total number of bacteria (Podolak et al. 1996b). Fumaric acid treatment resulted in greater reduction of microbial growth than lactic acid treatment, for aerobic plate counts, psychrotrophs and faecal coliforms. Increasing the acid concentration from 1 to 5 per cent of course significantly decreased the rate of growth of the microorganisms. However, as the authors correctly conclude, further research is needed on the effect of fumaric acid on sensory properties. The same research group also found that fumaric acid was more bactericidal than lactic and acetic acids on beef surfaces dipped in solutions of the acids. Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were reduced by 1.5 to 2.5 log cfu by 1.5 per cent fumaric acid (Podolak et al., 1995, 1996a). Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid. It is a precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It is formed by the oxidation of succinic acid by succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate. Fumaric acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. Its oncogenic action appears to due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes. In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth. The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha). Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation. All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by fumarate. Fumaric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. It is also a metabolite of Aspergillus. Fumaric Acid is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature. Fumaric Acid is an essential ingredient in plant life. It is used in the manufacture of medicines, drinks, food, animal feed, cleansing agents, unsaturated polyester, alkyd resins, and printing inks. When used as a food additive, Fumaric Acid results in long lasting sourness and flavor impact. Fumaric Acid is generally used in beverages and baking pre-mixes for Tortilla breads and bakery products. Place 50 mg of the sample in a test tube, add 2 to 3 mg of resorcinol and 1 ml of sulfuric acid, shake, heat at 130° for 5 min and cool. Dilute with water to 5 ml and add sodium hydroxide solution (2 in 5) dropwise to render the solution alkaline, cool and dilute with water to 10 ml. A greenish blue fluorescence is observed under an ultraviolet lamp.

DETAILED APPLICATIONS

Animal Feed

Fumaric Acid has proven to be a particularly effective additive to piglet feed during the post-weaning period. The inclusion of Fumaric Acid and the resultant adjustment of the pH value demonstrate improved weight gain, food consumption, and feed conversion ratio. Fumaric Acid remains longer in the gut and helps to maintain pH throughout killing harmful microorganisms.

Industrial Uses

Industrial uses of Fumaric Acid include: unsaturated polyester, alkyd resins, printing inks, paper sizing, starch and helps in lowering reaction temperatures and modify properties.

Cleaning Agents for Dentures/Bath Salts

Fumaric Acid can be used with other ingredients to make cleaning agents for dentures and bath salts. Low moisture absorption and solubility helps to keep the integrity of formulations.

Tacos

Shelf life of dry tortilla mixes is extended because Fumaric Acid does not absorb moisture during storage and distribution. In wheat flour tortillas, the addition of Fumaric Acid results in easily machined dough and faster production rates.

Breads

Fumaric Acid acts as an instant flavoring agent for rye and sourdough breads. Fumaric Acid is added to dough ingredients during the dry blending step. In English muffins, Fumaric Acid significantly increases porosity. Dough machinability is improved and more sourness is provided per unit weight.

Fruit Juice Drinks

Fumaric Acid provides more sourness per unit weight than other acidulants used in fruit juice drinks. This substantially reduces the acidulant cost. Using Fumaric Acid helps to stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn stabilizes color and flavor.

Wine

Fumaric Acid can economically acidify wine with no detectable difference in flavor. Fumaric Acid also prevents secondary fermentation after bottling and can act as a clarifier when low concentrations of copper and iron are present.

Confectioneries

Fumaric Acid extends the shelf life of acid coated candies because it does not absorb moisture during storage and distribution. Maintaining a low moisture level retards sucrose inversion.

Gelatin Desserts

Fumaric Acid significantly reduces acidulant costs in gelatin desserts. Fumaric Acid maintains non-caking and free-flowing qualities. By keeping the moisture content low, Fumaric Acid helps to maintain the stability of flavor components. Fumaric Acid also increases gel strength, so food processors may reduce normal gelatin content by about 2%.

Pie Fillings

In pie fillings, Fumaric Acid can be mixed directly with the starch and sugar ingredients. Fumaric Acid lowers costs by reducing the quantity of food acid needed in product formulations. Fumaric Acid also improves smoothness and extends the critical cook times for optimum gelation.

Egg White Foams

Fumaric Acid can promote maximum volume in both egg-white foams and end products based on egg-white foams.

Confectioneries

Fumaric acid extends the shelf life of acid coated candies because it does not absorb moisture during storage and distribution. Maintaining a low moisture level retards sucrose inversion. Acidulant cost is also reduced as fumaric acid provides more sourness per unit weight than other acidulants used in dry form.

Jellies and Jams

Fumaric acid can cut food acid costs when used as an acidulant for jams, jellies and preserves. As little as two pounds of fumaric acid can be used to replace every three pounds of Citric, Malic or Tartaric acid. At the 2:3 replacement ratio, fumaric acid does not produce significant differences in gel strength or pH.

DESCRIPTION: Odourless, white crystalline powder or granules

FUNCTIONAL USES: Acidity regulator, flavouring agent (see “Table of specifications of flavouring agents”)

IDENTIFICATION

Solubility : Soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in water and in diethyl ether

pH : 2.0 – 2.5 (1 in 30 solution)

Appearance: White Crystalline Powder

Odor: None

Assay on dry basis, wt. %: 99.5 min.

Maleic Acid, wt. %: 0.05 max.

Residue on ignition, wt. %: 0.05 max.

Moisture, wt. % : 0.3 max.

Color – 5% alcohol solution, APHA: 20 max.

Heavy Metals (as Pb), ppm : 10 max.

Lead (as Pb), ppm: 2 max.

Arsenic (as As), ppm: 1 max

Solubility in Water @ 30°C, (g/100ml) : 0.7

Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Exact Mass: 116.010959 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass: 116.010959 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 A^2

Heavy Atom Count: 8

Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 119

Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

vapor pressure : 1.7 mmHg ( 165 °C)

grade: purum

assay : ≥99.0% (T)

form : powder

autoignition temp. : 1364 °F

expl. lim.: 40 %

mp : 298-300 °C (subl.) (lit.)

solubility : 95% ethanol: soluble 0.46 g/10 mL, clear, colorless

PURITY

Loss on drying : Not more than 0.5% (120°, 4 h)

Melting range: 286 – 302° (closed capillary, rapid heating)

Sulfated ash : Not more than 0.1%

Maleic acid: Not more than 0.1%

Lead : Not more than 2 mg/kg

METHOD OF ASSAY: Transfer about 1 g of the sample, accurately weighed, into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 50 ml of methanol, and dissolve the sample by warming gently on a steam bath. Cool, add phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide to the first appearance of a pink colour that persists for at least 30 sec. Perform a blank determination and make any necessary correction. Each ml of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 29.02 mg of C4H4O4.

Substituents: Fatty acyl, Fatty acid, Unsaturated fatty acid, Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives, Carboxylic acid, Organic oxygen compound, Organic oxide, Hydrocarbon derivative, Organooxygen compound, Carbonyl group, Aliphatic acyclic compound,

First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim’s eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim’s eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim’s airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)Maleic acid

Fumarik asit bir dikarboksilik asittir. Krebs trikarboksilik asit (TCA) döngüsünde L-malat’n bir öncüsüdür. Süksinat dehidrogenaz ile süksinik asitin oksidasyonu ile oluur. Fumarat, fumaraz enzimi tarafndan malat haline dönütürülür. Fumarik asit son zamanlarda bir oncometabolite veya endojen, kansere neden olan bir metabolit olarak tanmlanmtr. Bu organik asitin yüksek seviyeleri, tümörleri veya tümörleri çevreleyen biyo-svlarda bulunabilir. Onkojenik etkisi, prolil hidroksilaz içeren enzimleri inhibe etme kabiliyeti nedeniyle ortaya çkmaktadr. Birçok tümörde, hzl hücre proliferasyonu ve snrl kan damar büyümesi nedeniyle oksijen mevcudiyeti çok hzl bir ekilde (hipoksi) snrlanr. Hipoksiye yantn ana regülatörü HIF transkripsiyon faktörüdür (HIF-alfa). Normal oksijen seviyelerinde, HIF-alfa’nn protein seviyeleri, sabit degradasyona bal olarak çok düüktür ve prolil hidroksilaz alan içeren enzimler PHD1, 2 ve 3 (ayn zamanda EglN2 olarak da bilinir) tarafndan katalize edilen bir dizi translasyon sonras modifikasyon olaynn araclk ettii, 1 ve 3) HIF-alfa hidroksilat ve bozunmasna yol açar. PHD enzimlerinin üçü de fumarat tarafndan inhibe edilir. Fumarik asidin metabolizmann doutan gelen bir hatas olan fumaraz eksiklii ile ilikili olduu bulunmutur.

Fumarik asit ya da trans-butenedioik asit, kimyasal formülü HO2CCH = CHCO2H olan kimyasal bir bileiktir. Bu beyaz kristalli bileik iki adet izomerik doymam dikarboksilik asitten birisidir, dieri maleik asittir. Fumarik asitte, karboksilik asit gruplar trans (E) formunda iken maleik asitte cis (Z) formundadr. Fumarik asit meyve tad veren bir aromaya sahiptir. Tuzlar ve esterleri fumaratlar olarak bilinir. Dimetil fumaratn multipl skleroz hastalnda özürlülük ilerlemesini anlaml olarak azaltt bulunmutur.

Biyoloji

Fumarik asit ahtere otu ( Fumaria officinalis), bolete mantarlar (özellikle Boletus fomentarius var. Psödo-igniarius), likenler ve zlanda yosununda bulunur.

Fumarat hücrelerin gdalardan gelen enerjiyi adenozin trifosfat (ATP) formunda depolamak için kulland sitrik asit döngüsünün ara ürünlerinde birisidir. Burada süksinatn süksinat dehidrogenazenzimi yardmyla oksidasyonu sonucu oluur. Fumarat sonra fumaraz enzimi ile malata dönütürülür.

Fumarat ayn zamanda üre döngüsünün bir ürünüdür.

Kimyasal formülü C4H4O4 açk formülü HO2CCH = CHCO2H olanküçük prizmalar eklinde kristallere sahip trans-buten dioikasit ,doymam karboksilik asitler kategorisinde yer alan bir bileiktir.Ayn zamanda etilen dikarboksilli asit de denir. Fumarik asit E297 kodlu , sebze ve meyvelerin bir çounda bulunur ve doal bir asittir. Genellikle mantarlarda ve cier otunda bulunur.Maleik asidin (cis-) izomeridir. Beyaz kokusuz granül veya kristal toz. Su ve eter içinde az çözünen, alkol içinde çözünür ve kloroform içinde çok az çözünür.

Fumarik asit veya trans-butenedioik asit, HO2CCH = CHCO2H formüllü kimyasal bileiktir. Enzim süksinat dehidrojenaz yoluyla elektron tama zincirinin kompleks 2’sindeki süksinattan ökaryotik organizmalarda üretilir. Bir dieri maleik asit olan iki izomerik doymam dikarboksilik asittir. Fumarik asitte karboksilik asit gruplar trans (E) ‘dir ve maleik asitte cis’dir (Z). Fumarik asit, meyve benzeri bir tada sahiptir.

Tuzlar ve esterler fumarat olarak bilinir. Fumarate ayrca C’ye de bavurabilir4H2O2-4 iyon (çözelti içinde).

KULLANIMLARI

Gda

Fumarik asit, 1946’dan beri gda asidi olarak kullanlmaktadr. AB, ABD, Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda’da bir gda katk maddesi olarak kullanlmak üzere onaylanmtr. Bir gda katk maddesi olarak, bir asitlik düzenleyici olarak kullanlr ve E297 numaral E tarafndan belirtilebilir. Genel olarak, artlarn saflk üzerine yerletirildii içecek ve kabartma tozlarnda kullanlr. Fumarik asit buday ekmei olarak gda koruyucu olarak ve mayalamada asit olarak kullanlr. Genel olarak tartarik asit yerine ve bazen sitrik asit yerine, her bir 1.5 gr sitrik asite 1 gram fumarik asit yerine, asit eklenmesi için, malik asitin kullanlma ekline benzer ekilde kullanlr. . “Tuz ve Sirke” aromal patates cipsi gibi baz yapay sirke lezzetlerinin bir bileeni olmasnn yan sra, soba üstü puding karmlarnda da phtlatrc olarak kullanlr. Fumarik asit bu sektörde nem tutma özellii az olduundan, toz gda üretiminde kullanm yaygndr.Gdalarn tadn deitirmeden asitlii düzenleyici olarak kullanlabilmektedir. Meyve sular, jelatinli tatllar, soutulmu bisküvi sistemleri, araplar, yeil gdalar ve balkta koruyucu olarak sodyum benzoat kullanlrken, fumarik asit de asitlii düzenlemek için tercih edilir. Çavdar ve eki hamur ekmeklerinde, kuru karm aamasnda fumarik asitle aroma younluu ayarlanabilmektedir. Muffin tipi gdalarda gözenek yapsn gelitirmek için kullanlr. Nem absorplama hz çok düük olduundan ekerlemelerin ömrünü uzatmak amacyla kullanlmaktadr. Topaklanmay önleyici olarak da kullanlr. Boya ve çabuk kuruyan mürekkeplerde koruyucularn reçine yapmnda kullanlr.

Relapsing-remitting multipl sklerozu olan hastalarda, ester dimetil fumarat (BG-12, Biogen), bir faz 3 çalmasnda relaps ve maluliyet progresyonunu önemli ölçüde azaltmtr. Oksidatif stresin sitotoksik etkilerine kar birincil hücresel savunma olan Nrf2 antioksidan tepki yolunu harekete geçirir. Dimetil fumaratn multiplskleroz hastalnda özürlülük ilerlemesini belli aamalardan sonra azaltt gözlemlenmiti

Sedef Hastal

Çeitli fumarik asit esterleri (FAES), sedef hastalnn tedavisinde belirli etkilerden sorumlu olan spesifik immünmodülatör (srasyla lml immünosüpresyon) özelliklere sahiptir. Hollanda, Almanya, Avusturya ve Benelüks ülkelerinde fumarik asitten türetilen maddeler bu amaçla yarm asrdr kullanlmaktadr. Belli bir etkililik var gibi görünse de (ve birçok çalma bu etkiyi teyit etmitir), psoriasisin tedavisinde fumarik asit esterlerinin etkinliinin daha iyi kantlanmas için daha istatistiksel olarak daha güçlü çalmalara ihtiyaç vardr (örnein, dermatolojik nosoloji açsndan daha dorudur). bu otoimmün hastalk). Bu tür çalmalar gelecekte hangi psoriasis varyantlarnn (hasta, immünolojik profili, vb. Açsndan) fumarik asit esterleri ile tedavi edilmek için uygun olduunu belirlemeye yardmc olmaldr.

Fumarik asit doal olarak Fumaria officinalis ad verilen bitkide bulunur. Bu otun üst ksm, sedef hastal dahil çeitli cilt bozukluklarnn tedavisinde kullanlr. Bu bitki ile banyolar birkaç yüzyl boyunca kullanlmtr. Halen, bu hamamlar (genel pratisyen veya dermatolog ile görütükten sonra) temel tedaviye yardmc bir tedavi olarak kullanlmaktadr.

Dier kullanmlar

Fumarik asit, polyester reçinelerin ve polihidrik alkollerin üretiminde ve boyalar için bir mordan olarak kullanlr. 21. yüzyln balarndan beri, dikkat çekici adsorpsiyon ve mekanik özellikleri sayesinde, iyi incelenmi dier MOF’lere kyasla düük toksisite ile ticari uygulamalar sunan ilk metal-organik çerçevelerden birini sentezlemek için kullanlmtr.

Emniyet

Fumarik asit ksmi yanma üzerine tahri edici maleik anhidrite dönüür.

“Pratik olarak toksik deildir” ancak yüksek dozlar uzun süreli kullanmdan sonra muhtemelen nefrotoksiktir.

Kimya

Fumarik asitin kimyasal özellikleri, bileen fonksiyonel gruplarndan tahmin edilebilir. Bu zayf asit bir diester oluturur, çift ba üzerinden eklemeler geçirir ve mükemmel bir dienofildir.

Fumarik asit, maleik asitin düzensiz ekilde çözüldüü koullar altnda bomba kalorimetresinde yanmaz. Cis- ve trans- izomerler arasndaki enerji farkn ölçmek için tasarlanm deneyler için, ölçülen bir miktar karbon, söz konusu bileik ve farkla hesaplanan yanma entalpisi ile öütülebilir. Biyoloji Fumarik asit fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mantarlar (özellikle Boletus fomentarius var. Pseudo-igniarius), liken ve zlanda yosunlarnda bulunur. Fumarat, hücreler tarafndan gdalardan adenosin trifosfat (ATP) formunda enerji üretmek için kullanlan sitrik asit döngüsündeki bir ara ürün. Süksinatn enzim süksinat dehidrogenaz ile oksidasyonuyla oluur. Fumarat daha sonra fumaraz enzimi tarafndan malat haline dönütürülür. nsan cildi doal olarak güne na maruz kaldnda fumarik asit üretir. Fumarat ayn zamanda üre döngüsünün bir ürünüdür.

Üretim ve Reaksiyonlar

Ticari alanda üretimi eker fermantasyonu ve kimyasal sentezle yaplmaktadr. Feomidyum’un uygun scaklk ve artlar altnda yan reaksiyonlar ile üretilebilmektedirler. Tuzlar ve esterleri fumaratlar olarak bilinir. Formik asitin hidrasyon sonucu malik aside dönüüm gözlemlenir.

Nem absorblama hz, düük olduundan daha çok toz gda ürünlerinde kullanm tercih edilmektedir.

Gdalarda kötü tada yol açmadan, dier asitlii düzenleyicilerle birlikte kullanlabilmektedir.

Meyve sularnda, jelatinli tatllarda, soutulmu bisküvi sistemlerinde, araplarda, yeil gdalarda ve balkta koruyucu olarak Na-benzoat kullanldnda, asitlii düzenlemek amacyla fumarik asit kullanm tercih edilmektedir..

FIRINCILIK ÜRÜNLER

Çavdar ve eki hamur ekmeklerinde fumarik asit; instant aroma ajan olarak görev yapmaktadr. Kuru karm aamasnda, hamur ingrediyentlerine fumarik asit katlarak aroma younluu ayarlanabilmektedir. ngiliz muffin tipi ekmeklerde, gözenek yapsn gelitirmektedir. Ayrca genel olarak hamurun makinede ilenebilirlii gelitirilmekte ve birim arlk bana daha fazla ekilik salanmaktadr.

ÇECEK ÜRÜNLER

Meyve sularnda kullanlan fumarik asit; dier tüm asitlii düzenleyicilerden daha fazla birim bana ekilik saladndan, maliyeti azaltmaktadr. Dier asitlii düzenleyicilere göre daha büyük tamponlama kapasitesine sahip olan fumarik asit; pH 3.0 olan ürünlerde pH’n stabilize edilmesine yardmc olmak kaydyla renk ve aromay da stabilize etmektedir.

Elma sular ve ciderlerinde (pH 3.2-3.4), Na-benzoatla birlikte kullanlmas bakteriosit etki yaratmaktadr.

EKERLEME

Depolama ve datm srasnda nem almayan fumarik asit, asit kapl ekerlemelerin raf ömrünü arttrmaktadr. Ayrca düük nem düzeylerinin sürdürülmesi; sukroz inversiyonunu geciktirmektedir. Salad ekilik açsndan birim bana kullanm miktar dier asitlere göre daha düük olduundan, ekonomik açdan da avantaj salamaktadr.

JÖLE VE REÇELLER

Fumarik asit; jöle ve reçellerde kullanm oran açsndan dier asitlii düzenleyici maddelere göre daha ekonomik olmakta ve jel gücü ve pH’ta önemli deiimlere yol açmamaktadr.

çecek ürünleri

Meyve sularnda kullanlan fumarik asit; ünite bana dier asit düzenleyicilerden daha fazla asitlik saladndan. Dier asit düzenleyicilere göre daha fazla tamponlama kapasitesine sahip olan fumarik asit; PH deeri 3.0 olan ürünlerde pH ve stabiliteyi stabilize ederek pH’ stabilize eder.

Elma sular ve sularnda (pH 3.2-3.4), Na-benzoat ile kullanmak bakteriyosidal etki üretir.

EKERLEME

Depolama srasnda nemi emmeyen fumarik asit, asit kapl ekerlerin raf ömrünü uzatr. Ek olarak, düük nem seviyelerinin korunmas; sakaroz inversiyonunu geciktirmek. Salad eki miktar açsndan, kullanm miktar dier asitlerden daha düüktür, bu nedenle ekonomik bir avantaj salar.

JETLER VE REIPPERS

Fumarik asit; jöle ve reçeller, kullanm oran bakmndan dier asit düzenleyicilere göre daha ekonomiktir ve jel mukavemeti ve pH’ta önemli deiikliklere neden olmazlar.

lk yardm

GÖZLER: Önce kontakt lensleri kontrol edin ve varsa çkarn. Ayn anda bir hastane veya zehir kontrol merkezini çarrken kurbann gözlerini 20 ila 30 dakika boyunca su veya normal tuzlu suyla ykayn. Bir doktorun özel talimatlar olmakszn kurbann gözlerine hiçbir merhem, ya veya ilaç koymayn. HATIRLATMAYIN Herhangi bir semptom (kzarklk veya tahri gibi) gelimemi olsa bile, gözleri kzardktan sonra hastaneye götürün. CLT: HEMEN sürülen cildi tüm kirli giysileri çkarrken ve izole ederken su ile etkiledi. Etkilenen tüm cilt bölgelerini nazikçe sabun ve suyla ykayn. Kzarklk veya tahri gibi belirtiler geliirse, HEMEN doktor çarr ve kurban tedavi için bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. SOLUMA: HEMEN kirli bölgeyi terk edin; temiz hava derin nefes al. Semptomlar (hrltl solunum, öksürük, nefes darl veya azda, boazda veya gösünde yanma gibi) geliirse, bir doktora bavurunuz ve kurban bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. Bilinmeyen bir atmosfere giren kurtarclar için uygun solunum korumas salayn. Mümkünse, Bamsz Solunum Aparat (SCBA) kullanlmaldr; Mevcut deilse, Koruyucu Giysiler kapsamnda tavsiye edilene eit veya ondan daha büyük bir koruma seviyesi kullann. YUTMA: VOMITING ÇMEYN. Madur bilinçli ise ve sarslmazsa, kimyasal maddeyi sulandrmak için 1 veya 2 bardak su verin ve HEMEN bir hastane veya zehir kontrol merkezi arayn. Bir doktor tarafndan tavsiye edilirse kurban bir hastaneye götürmeye hazr olun. Eer madur uyuukluk veya bilinçsiz ise, azdan bir ey vermeyin, madurun hava yolunun açk olduundan emin olun ve kurban vücudun alt ksmndan aa gelecek ekilde kurcalayn. VOMITING ÇMEYN. HATIRLATMAK Kurban bir hastaneye nakledin. (NTP, 1992)

KULLANIMLARI

Gda

Sedef Hastal

Dier kullanmlar

Emniyet

Fumarik asit ksmi yanma üzerine tahri edici maleik anhidrite dönüür. “Pratik olarak toksik deildir” ancak yüksek dozlar uzun süreli kullanmdan sonra muhtemelen nefrotoksiktir.

Kimya

Fumarik asit ilk olarak süksinik asitten hazrland. Geleneksel bir sentez, vanadyum bazl bir katalizörün varlnda klorat kullanlarak furfuraln (msrn ilenmesinden) oksidasyonunu içerir. Ayn zamanda, fumarik asidin endüstriyel sentezi, çounlukla, düük pH’ta sulu çözeltilerdeki maleik asidin katalitik izomerizasyonuna dayanmaktadr. Maleik aside, benzen veya bütann katalitik oksidasyonu ile üretilen maleik anhidritin bir hidroliz ürünü olarak büyük hacimlerde eriilebilir.Fumarik asitin kimyasal özellikleri, bileen fonksiyonel gruplarndan tahmin edilebilir. Bu zayf asit bir diester oluturur, çift ba üzerinden eklemeler geçirir ve mükemmel bir dienofildir. Fumarik asit, maleik asitin düzensiz ekilde çözüldüü koullar altnda bomba kalorimetresinde yanmaz. Cis- ve trans- izomerler arasndaki enerji farkn ölçmek için tasarlanm deneyler için, ölçülen bir miktar karbon, söz konusu bileik ve farkla hesaplanan yanma entalpisi ile öütülebilir. Biyoloji Fumarik asit fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mantarlar (özellikle Boletus fomentarius var. Pseudo-igniarius), liken ve zlanda yosunlarnda bulunur. Fumarat, hücreler tarafndan gdalardan adenosin trifosfat (ATP) formunda enerji üretmek için kullanlan sitrik asit döngüsündeki bir ara ürün. Süksinatn enzim süksinat dehidrogenaz ile oksidasyonuyla oluur. Fumarat daha sonra fumaraz enzimi tarafndan malat haline dönütürülür. nsan cildi doal olarak güne na maruz kaldnda fumarik asit üretir. Fumarat ayn zamanda üre döngüsünün bir ürünüdür.

Üretim ve Reaksiyonlar

Nem absorblama hz, düük olduundan daha çok toz gda ürünlerinde kullanm tercih edilmektedir. Gdalarda kötü tada yol açmadan, dier asitlii düzenleyicilerle birlikte kullanlabilmektedir.

FIRINCILIK ÜRÜNLER

ÇECEK ÜRÜNLER

Elma sular ve ciderlerinde (pH 3.2-3.4), Na-benzoatla birlikte kullanlmas bakteriosit etki yaratmaktadr.

EKERLEME

JÖLE VE REÇELLER

Fumarik asit; jöle ve reçellerde kullanm oran açsndan dier asitlii düzenleyici maddelere göre daha ekonomik olmakta ve jel gücü ve pH’ta önemli deiimlere yol açmamaktadr.

çecek ürünleri

Elma sular ve sularnda (pH 3.2-3.4), Na-benzoat ile kullanmak bakteriyosidal etki üretir.

EKERLEME

JETLER VE REIPPERS

Fumarik asit; jöle ve reçeller, kullanm oran bakmndan dier asit düzenleyicilere göre daha ekonomiktir ve jel mukavemeti ve pH’ta önemli deiikliklere neden olmazlar.

lk yardm

FUMARIC ACID ( FUMARK AST )

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