GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT)
GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT)
CAS No. : 111-30-8
EC No. : 203-856-5
Synonyms:
glutaraldehyde; Pentanedial; Glutaral; 111-30-8; Glutaric dialdehyde; Cidex; Glutardialdehyde; 1,5-Pentanedial; Sonacide; Pentane-1,5-dial; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutaraldehyd; Glutaralum; Glutarol; Ucarcide; Aldesan; Alhydex; Hospex; Glutaric acid dialdehyde; 1,3-Diformylpropane; Gluteraldehyde; 1,5-Pentanedione; Aldesen; Novaruca; Sporicidin; Aldehyd glutarowy; Polyglutaraldehyde; Poly(glutaraldehyde); NCI-C55425; Caswell No. 468; Glutaraldehyd [Czech]; Glutaraldehyde solution; Glutaclean; Sterihyde; Aqucar; glutaraldehyde; Pentanedial; Glutaral; 111-30-8; Glutaric dialdehyde; Cidex; Glutardialdehyde; 1,5-Pentanedial; Sonacide; Pentane-1,5-dial; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutaraldehyd; Glutaralum; Glutarol; Ucarcide; Aldesan; Alhydex; Hospex; Glutaric acid dialdehyde; 1,3-Diformylpropane; Gluteraldehyde; 1,5-Pentanedione; Aldesen; Novaruca; Sporicidin; GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT); Aldehyd glutarowy; Polyglutaraldehyde; Poly(glutaraldehyde); NCI-C55425; Caswell No. 468; Glutaraldehyd [Czech]; Glutaraldehyde solution; Glutaclean; Sterihyde; Aqucar; Glutaralum [INN-Latin]; Veruca-sep; Relugan GT; Relugan GTW; Aldehyd glutarowy [Polish]; component of Cidex; Glutarex 28; NSC 13392; Glutaral [USAN:INN:JAN]; Sonacide (TN); Cidex 7; Ucarcide 250; UNII-T3C89M417N; Relugan GT 50; Sterihyde L (TN); CCRIS 3800; HSDB 949; Pentanedial, homopolymer; Coldcide-25 microbiocide; EINECS 203-856-5; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043901; Glutaral (JAN/USP/INN); BRN 0605390; Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde; CHEBI:64276; T3C89M417N; 1, 5-Pentanedial; MFCD00007025; Glutaraldehyde solution (50% or less); Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% in water; NCGC00091110-01; DSSTox_CID_5355; DSSTox_RID_77761; DSSTox_GSID_25355; Glutaraldehyde Solution, 25%; 1,3-Diformyl propane; Diswart; Gludesin; Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial; CAS-111-30-8; Glutaric dialdehyde, 25 wt.% solution in water; Glutaric dialdehyde, 50 wt.% solution in water; pentandial; Dioxopentane; Glutural; Ucarset; Verucasep; Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~25% in H2O; Virsal; Glutaral(usan); Sterihyde L; glutaric dihydride; Glutaral [USAN:USP:INN:JAN]; Glutaric dialdehyde, electron microscopy grade, 25% solution in water, purified; GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT); GLUTARALDEHYDE, 25% SOLN; Bactron K31; Ucarcide 225; Glutaraldehyde,solution; ACMC-1BGTC; pentane-1,5-dialdehyde; Glutaral, INN, USAN; EC 203-856-5; Glutaric dialdehyde, 25%sol. In water; Glutaric dialdehyde, 25% sol. in water; 29257-65-6; I856; SC-22641; Glutaric dialdehyde, 8% solution in water; Glutaraldehyde solution, 25 wt. % in H2O; Glutaraldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O; FT-0626730; G0067; G0068; NS00004136; EN300-18037; C12518; D01120; glutaral;glutaraldehyde;Glutaraldehyde;GLUTARAL; Glutaraldehyde solution, for synthesis, 25.0%; Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade II, 25% in H2O; Glutaric dialdehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O; A802339; Q416475; Glutaraldehyde solution, for in vitro diagnostic use; Q-201162; Glutaric dialdehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O, FCC; F2191-0161; Glutaraldehyde solution, SAJ first grade, 20.0-26.0%; Glutaraldehyde solution, technical, ~25% in H2O (2.6 M); Glutaraldehyde solution, technical, ~50% in H2O (5.6 M); Glutaraldehyde solution, 1.2 % (w/v) glutaraldehyde in H2O; Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~50% in H2O; Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~8% in H2O; Glutaraldehyde solution, 50% in H2O, suitable for photographic applications; Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 25% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative; Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade I, 50% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative or other sophisticated use; Glutaralum [INN-Latin]; Veruca-sep; Relugan GT; Relugan GTW; Aldehyd glutarowy [Polish]; component of Cidex; Glutarex 28; GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT); NSC 13392; Glutaral [USAN:INN:JAN]; Sonacide (TN); Cidex 7; Ucarcide 250; UNII-T3C89M417N; Relugan GT 50; Sterihyde L (TN); Pentanedial, homopolymer; Coldcide-25 microbiocide; EINECS 203-856-5; Glutaral (JAN/USP/INN); BRN 0605390; Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde; 1, 5-Pentanedial; Glutaraldehyde Solution, 25%; 1,3-Diformyl propane; Diswart; Gludesin; Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial; CAS-111-30-8; Glutaric dialdehyde; pentandial; Dioxopentane; Glutural; Ucarset; Cidex; Diswart; Gludesin; Glutaral; Glutaraldehyde; Glutardialdehyde; Glutarol; Korsolex; Novaruca; Sekumatic; Sonacide; Sporicidin; 111-30-8 [RN]; 203-856-5 [EINECS]; glutaral [Wiki]; Glutaraldehyd [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Glutaraldehyde [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Glutaraldéhyde [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; glutaralum; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutaric aldehyde; glutaric dialdehyde; Gluteraldehyde; MFCD00007025 [MDL number]; PENTANE-1,5-DIAL; Pentanedial [ACD/Index Name]; [111-30-8]; 1,3-Diformyl propane; 1,3-Diformylpropane; 1,5-Pentanedial; 5-Pentanedial; Aldehyd glutarowy [Polish]; Aldesan; Alhydex; Aqucar; Bactron K31; Cidex; Cidex 7; Coldcide-25 microbiocide; Dioxopentane; Diswart; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; Gludesin; Glutaclean; Glutaral [USAN:INN:JAN] [INN] [JAN] [USAN]; Glutaraldehyd [Czech]; Glutaraldehyde (50per cent in water); Glutaraldehyde solution, 50% in water; GLUTARALDEHYDE[3H(G)]; Glutaralum [Latin]; Glutaralum [INN-Latin]; Glutarex 28; Glutaricdialdehyde; Glutarol; Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial; Glutural; Hospex; Novaruca; GLUTARALDEHYDE (GLUTARALDEHT); PTD; Relugan GT; Relugan GT 50; Relugan GTW; Sonacide; Sporicidin; Sterihyde; Sterihyde L; STR01121; Ucarcide; Ucarcide 225; Ucarcide 250; Ucarset; 1,3-Diformylpropane; Aldehyd glutarowy; Aldesan; Aldesen; Alhydex; Cidex; glutaral; glutaraldehyde; 1,5-pentanedial; Glutaraldehyde; Glutaralum; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutaric dialdehyde; Glutarol; Hospex; Pentane-1,5-dial; Sonacide
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde is applied as a liquid.
Side effects include skin irritation. If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores. Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde.[8] Glutaraldehyde works by a number of mechanisms.[7]
Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s. Glutaraldehyde is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.
Contents
1 Uses of glutaraldehyde
1.1 Disinfection of glutaraldehyde
1.2 Fixative of glutaraldehyde
1.3 Wart treatment of glutaraldehyde
2 Safety of glutaraldehyde
3 Mechanism of action of glutaraldehyde
4 Production and reactions of glutaraldehyde
5 History and culture of glutaraldehyde
Uses of glutaraldehyde
Disinfection of glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.
Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.
Fixative of glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed]
Another application for treatment of proteins with glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14]
In a related application, glutaraldehyde is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.
Wart treatment of glutaraldehyde
As a medication it is used to treat plantar warts.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[15] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol.
Safety of glutaraldehyde
Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7]
As a strong sterilant, glutaraldehyde is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17]
Mechanism of action of glutaraldehyde
A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18]
Production and reactions of glutaraldehyde
Synthesis of glutaraldehyde via the Diels-Alder reaction.
Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19]
Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), glutaraldehyde converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species.
Monomeric glutaraldehyde polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-glutaraldehyde. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.[medical citation needed]
History and culture of glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11]
A glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.
As a biocide, glutaraldehyde is a component of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[22] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth.
RESULTS: An outbreak of six patients occurred in April 2002 and one cirrhotic patient was admitted in July 2008. All patients developed a self-limited syndrome of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea within 48 h of uncomplicated endoscopy. One severely ill patient required hospitalization to receive intravenous fluid and antibiotics. After the investigation in April 2002, glutaraldehyde-induced colitis was diagnosed due to a defect in the endoscope-cleansing procedure. There were no deficiencies in the cleansing procedure in July 2008. Considering the patient’s concomitant disease, we postulated that ischemic colitis with cirrhosis-related intestinal inflammation and endotoxemia was the possible diagnosis in this sporadic case. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopists should be aware of this iatrogenic complication in patients presenting with acute rectocolitis, especially in those who have undergone recent endoscopic examination. An outbreak of acute rectocolitis following endoscopy should be considered glutaraldehyde-induced and should lead to an investigation of cleansing and equipment-disinfection procedures. In the absence of strong evidence of an outbreak, an infectious disease, or contamination of glutaraldehyde, a sporadic case should be considered ischemic colitis especially in patients with relevant concomitant diseases or predisposing factors.
Dermal and intravenous studies in the rat with dilute aqueous glutaraldehyde solutions (0.075-7.5%) showed that, in dermal tests, approx 5% was absorbed in the rat, and 30-50% in the rabbit. In the intravenous injection tests, approx 12% was absorbed in the rat and approx 33% in the rabbit. There were no significant differences between males and females in the study. The dermal absorption rate constant was low (0.2-2 hr) in each species. The elimination times were long for both intravenous injection (t0.5 for the rat 10 hr, rabbit 15-30 hr) and dermal application (t0.5 for the rat 40-110 hr, rabbit 20-100 hr), possibly due to the binding of glutaraldehyde to protein and the slow excretion of metabolites. The principal metabolite in both species was CO2 with other metabolites not identified. /It was/ proposed that the metabolism probably involved initial oxidation to corresponding carboxylic acids by aldehyde dehydrogenase, and then further oxidation to CO2.
IDENTIFICATION: Glutaraldehyde is a colorless oily liquid with a strong, rotten apple odor. It is very soluble in water. USE: Glutaraldehyde is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used as a disinfectant in hospitals, agriculture and aquaculture, food handling and food storage establishments, and water treatment plants. It is used as a preservative in the manufacture of several consumer products, including cosmetics, cleaners, adhesives, paper, textiles and leathers, paints and coatings, and inks and dyes. Glutaraldehyde is also used as a tissue fixative in laboratories and embalming fluid and in photographic and X-ray development fluids. Glutaraldehyde is used in hydraulic fracturing and off-shore oil operations. EXPOSURE: Workers in hospitals, janitorial services, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals, and commercial and industrial businesses may be exposed to glutaraldehyde by breathing vapors in air or skin contact. General population exposure may occur by breathing in air and skin contact with consumer products containing glutaraldehyde. Glutaraldehyde is also present in gasoline and diesel engine exhaust. If glutaraldehyde is released to air, it will be degraded by reaction with other chemicals and light. If released to water or soil, it is expected to bind to soil particles or suspended particles. Glutaraldehyde is not expected to move into air from wet soils or water surfaces, but may move to air from dry soils. Glutaraldehyde is expected to be degraded by microorganisms and not build up in aquatic organisms. RISK: Runny nose, headache, facial and eye irritation, respiratory problems, skin irritation, and allergic skin reactions have been reported in medical and agricultural workers exposed to glutaraldehyde liquid or vapor during disinfection and sanitization activities. Asthma has been found in workers repeatedly exposed to glutaraldehyde vapors. Swelling, burning pain, and sensitivity to light can occur with direct eye contact. The risk of death from cancer was not increased with a history of occupational glutaraldehyde exposure. Eye irritation and skin irritation/sensitization occur with direct skin contact with diluted glutaraldehyde in laboratory animals. Severe irritation and burns occur with contact to undiluted gluraraldehyde. Stomach lesions, liver damage, and decreased body weight occurred in laboratory animals given repeated moderate doses of glutaraldehyde in water. Death occurred at high oral doses. Nasal, throat, and lung lesions and decreased body weights were found in laboratory animals repeatedly exposed to low air concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Birth defects and abortions were observed in laboratory animals at high oral doses that were also toxic to the mothers. Fertility was not affected in laboratory animals given high oral doses prior to mating. Tumors were not induced in laboratory animals given high oral doses in water or exposed to moderate air concentrations for their lifetime. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists determined that glutaraldehyde is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. The US EPA Carcinogenicity Assessment Review Committee classified glutaraldehyde as ‘Not Likely to be Carcinogenetic to Humans” by any route of exposure, based on the lack tumor induction in several 2-year laboratory animal studies. The potential for glutaraldehyde to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens.
Microscopy/histology. Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Aquaculture. Glutaraldehyde is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Cosmetics. Glutaraldehyde is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays.
The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 24 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical glutaraldehyde. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent glutaraldehyde in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.
In Australia, it is estimated that glutaraldehyde is distributed in end-use as follows: 55% as a cold disinfectant in the health care industry, 20% in x-ray film processing, 10% in water treatment, 5% in animal housing, 5% in tanning and 5% in other uses such as toilet disinfection, microscopy, aquaculture and air duct disinfection. In France, 50% is used in disinfection/control, 40% in the photographic industry, 5% in the leather industry and 5% in the paper industry. In Norway, 80% is used in industrial cleaning agents and 14% in photocopying developers. In the UK, glutaraldehyde is used mainly as a cold disinfectant and as a biocide in off-shore oil operations.
Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Glutaraldehyde is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. For example, it is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. It may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent.
The critical effects /of glutaraldehyde exposure/ are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of glutaraldehyde … Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using glutaraldehyde solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions.
Application restrictions. Use: paint preservative. Maximum application rate of 100 ppm. Use: medical premises disinfection. Maximum application rate of 0.1% of the active ingredient by weight of material being treated. All glutaraldehyde once-through cooling tower uses, glutaraldehyde macrofoulant control uses and all critical medical equipment/instrument uses are cancelled. Critical medical equipment use is defined as use of a pesticide in or on any equipment that comes into contact with bodily fluids. Examples of critical medical equipment/instruments include, but are not limited to hemodyalysis tubing, dental instruments.
GLUTARALDEHYDE may discolor on exposure to air. It polymerizes on heating. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. It polymerizes in the presence of water.
Strong oxidizers, strong bases [Note: Alkaline solutions of glutaraldehyde (i.e., activated glutaraldehyde) react with alcohol, ketones, amines, hydrazines and proteins].
The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, drinking water, and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient glutaraldehyde. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency’s assessments for the active ingredient glutaraldehyde, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of glutaraldehyde to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that glutaraldehyde-containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures. … Based on its evaluation of glutaraldehyde, the Agency has determined that glutaraldehyde products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of glutaraldehyde. If all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the product labels, then all current risks for glutaraldehyde will be substantially mitigated for the purposes of this determination. Once an Endangered Species assessment is completed, further changes to these registrations may be necessary as explained in Section III of this document.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used as algaecide, bacteriocide and fungicide. Glutaraldehyde is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Glutaraldehyde is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Glutaraldehyde is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays. Glutaraldehyde is a biocide commonly used in a 2% concentration for cold sterilization of surgical and dental equipment. Biocides, such as glutaraldehyde, are added to eliminate bacterial growth in fracturing fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Exposure to concentrations < 1 ppm by inhalation or skin contact may cause irritation of the skin and/or mucous membranes. The critical effects of glutaraldehyde exposure are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of glutaraldehyde. Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using glutaraldehyde solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions. Other symptoms that may be brought on by glutaraldehyde exposure include heart palpitations and tachycardia. The incidence of death and incidence of cancer deaths in 186 male employees at a glutaraldehyde production unit were compared to those of US white males and to 29,000 other chemical workers during the period 1959 – 1978. All subjects were observed for 10 yr. The number of deaths was less than expected, as was the incidence of cancer deaths. ANIMAL STUDIES: Glutaraldehyde was corrosive to the skin and eyes of rabbits at high concentrations, with signs of skin irritation evident at 2%, and eye irritation at 0.2%. In an inhalation study where mice were exposed to glutaraldehyde at concentrations of 33 or 133 ppb for 24 hours, the animals exhibited panting and increased grooming, mice that inhaled the highest concentration developed toxic hepatitis. Following a single whole-body inhalation exposure at 1 ppm for 1 day, rats and mice developed coagulation pathology of the upper respiratory tract squamous epithelium. After 4 days of such exposures, inflammatory granulocytic infiltrate into the squamous epithelium and lamina propria with thickened epithelium of the nasal lumen ensued. In those animals inhaling 0.5 or 1 ppm glutaraldehyde for four days, the nasal passages became obstructed with intraluminal debris; degenerative/hyperplastic erosions with epithelial abscesses extended as far as the nasopharyngeal meatus in the 1-ppm exposure group. A study of male and female rats given glutaraldehyde in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 50, 250, or 100 ppm through two generations indicated a dose-related decrease in parental water consumption and body weight (attributed to adverse taste) and decrease in offspring (1000-ppm group) body weights. No adverse reproductive effects were observed. In other study there was a significant dose-dependent reduction in the average of maternal body weight gain and a significant increase in the number of stunted (body weight) and malformed fetuses at the 5 mL/mg/day dose level. Early mutagenicity studies were negative, but more recent studies have indicated that glutaraldehyde is mutagenic in vitro in bacterial assays and tests in mammalian cells. In vivo genotoxicity tests to date have proven negative. Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats and mice were exposed to glutaraldehyde vapor at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 (rats) and 0, 0.062, 0.12, or 0.25 ppm (mice) 6 hr/day, 5 days /week. The incidences of non-neoplastic lesions of the nose were reported to be significantly increased in the 0.50 and 0.75-ppm exposed rats and in the 0.12 and 0.25-ppm exposed male and female mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Available chronic toxicity data for glutaraldehyde indicate that continuous exposure results in measurable effects on coldwater fish at a concentration of 5.1 mg a.i./L. A second study on coldwater fish resulted in measurable effects at 2.5 mg a.i./L. Measurable effects on freshwater invertebrates were noted at concentrations of 8.5 mg/L product and 4.9 mg a.i./L.
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Occluded contact /in rabbit/ with 50% glutaraldehyde solutions in water. Two products tested: Ucarcide 250 and BASF 50% Glutaraldehyde. Severity of irritation was dependent on the duration of contact. Application of 50% glutaraldehyde for 60 min caused severe irritation and necrosis; 3 min produced transient minor irritation and some discoloration of the skin.
In genetic toxicity studies, glutaraldehyde was mutagenic with and without S9 metabolic activation in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA102, and TA104. Glutaraldehyde was mutagenic in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells in the absence of S9 and induced sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without S9. No increase in chromosomal aberrations was induced by glutaraldehyde in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without S9 at one laboratory; at another laboratory, chromosomal aberrations were induced in the absence of S9 only. Glutaraldehyde did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male /Drosophila/ melanogaster treated as adults by feeding or injection or treated as larvae by feeding. In vivo, glutaraldehyde induced a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells 36 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection. In a subset of the 36 hr chromosomal aberrations test, there was a small increase in the number of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes, which was judged to be equivocal. Additional short-term (3 day) and subchronic (13 week) micronucleus tests in mice, using the intraperitoneal or inhalation routes, respectively, yielded negative results.
Glutaraldehyde’s production and use as a disinfectant, as a cross-linking agent, as a tanning agent for leather and use in the paper and textile industries to improve wet strength and dimensional stability of fibers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a biocide in water treatment, hydraulic fracturing fluids and oil-field applications and as a preservative in cosmetics and personal-care products will result in its direct release to the environment. Glutaraldehyde has been detected in gasoline and diesel engine emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C indicates glutaraldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase glutaraldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16 hours. Glutaraldehyde may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the atmosphere based upon aqueous photolysis studies. If released to soil, glutaraldehyde is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry’s Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Glutaraldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure and it has been reported that small amounts of glutaraldehyde will volatilize to the atmosphere. Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that glutaraldehyde is readily biodegradable. A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms. If released into water, glutaraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, glutaraldehyde showed 73% degradation in 28 days indicating that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound’s Henry’s Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. At 25 °C, glutaraldehyde has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively. The measured half-life for the photolysis of aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days. Occupational exposure to glutaraldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where glutaraldehyde is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to glutaraldehyde via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with consumer products containing glutaraldehyde.
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that glutaraldehyde is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of glutaraldehyde from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry’s Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). Glutaraldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(4), and it has been reported that small amounts of glutaraldehyde will volatilize to the atmosphere(4). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that glutaraldehyde is readily biodegradable(2,3,5). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and and initial glutaraldehyde concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(3).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that glutaraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry’s Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that glutaraldehyde is readily biodegradable(2,3,7). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, glutaraldehyde showed 73% degradation in 28 days(2). At 25 °C, glutaraldehyde has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively(2,3). The measured half-life for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days(2).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), glutaraldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase glutaraldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde have an observed photolysis half-life of 196 days when exposed to sunlight(4) suggesting that direct photolysis may occur in the ambient atmosphere(SRC).
AEROBIC: Glutaraldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 59% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Using OECD Guideline 301C (Ready biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I)), glutaraldehyde reached 74% of its theoretical BOD in 28 days and 80% DOC in 15 days with classified the compound as readily biodegradable(2). Glutaraldehyde was found to be readily biodegradable using OECD Guideline 301D (Closed Bottle Test)(2). In a DOC die-away test, glutaradehyde, present at 25 mg/L, showed 83% degradation in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(3). Glutaraldehyde, present at 8.3 mg/L, degraded 60% in 28 days using sewage inoculum in a CO2 evolution test(3). In a closed bottle test, glutaraldehyde present at 2.0 mg/L, degraded 64% in 28 days using a Polyseed inoculum(3). A higher biodegradability with a short lag time was observed when the glutaraldehyde concentrations in the test systems were low (<2 mg/L) than when the concentrations were high (>8 mg/L). Since bacterial inhibition for glutaraldehyde occurs at about 5 mg/L, the lower biodegradation rates observed in studies where high concentrations of glutaraldehyde were used were likely due to inhibition of the inoculum(3). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, glutaraldehyde showed 73% degradation in 28 days(3). The major metabolite of glutaraldehyde produced by microbes in an aerobic sediment-river water system was carbon dioxide, with glutaric acid formed as an intermediate in the water phase(3). The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of glutaraldehyde catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under aerobic conditions was 10.6 hours(3). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and initial glutaraldehyde concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order biodegradation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(4).
ANAEROBIC: The major metabolites of glutaraldehyde produced by microbes in an anaerobic sediment-river water system were 1,5-pentanediol with 5-hydroxypentanal formed as an intermediate, and 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal, a cyclicized dimer of glutaraldehyde. The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of glutaraldehyde catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under anaerobic conditions was 7.7 hours(1).
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of glutaraldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The measured first-order rate constants of the hydrolysis of glutaraldehyde at pH 5 and 7 were 0.0014 and 0.0068 per day (at 25 °C), which corresponds to half-lives of 508 and 102 days, respectively(3). At pH 9, the first-order rate constant was measured to be 0.015 per day, corresponding to a half-life of 46 days(4). The only major degradate observed and identified was a cyclized dimer of glutaraldehyde, 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal(3). Hydrolysis tests conducted at 40 and 50 °C and pH 9 for 165 hours determined the hydrolysis half-life is >24 hours at 50 °C and >59 hours at 40 °C(4). An hydrolysis test according to OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH) reported glutaraldehyde to be hydrolytically stable at pH 4 and pH 7 with decomposition at pH 9(4). At 25 °C, hydrolysis half-lives were 628, 394 and 63.8 days respectively at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9(4). The measured first-order rate constant for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde exposed to natural sunlight was 0.0035 per day with a corresponding half life was 196 days(3).
The Henry’s Law constant for glutaraldehyde has been experimentally determined to be 3.30X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry’s Law constant indicates that glutaraldehyde is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Glutaraldehyde’s Henry’s Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Glutaraldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg(3), and it has been reported that small amounts of glutaraldehyde will volatilize to the atmosphere(4).
Glutaraldehyde was detected at mean emission factors of 0.13 and 0.06 mg/kg fuel burned in the emissions from light-duty vehicles measured in a San Francisco Bay area highway tunnel bore during the summers of 2001 and 2006, respectively(1). Glutaraldehyde was not detected in samples taken in 1999. The mean glutaraldehyde emission factor for medium- and heavy-duty diesel trucks measured in 2006 in a separate mixed-traffic bore of the tunnel was 0.55 mg/kg fuel burned(1). Glutaraldehyde concentrations of 170-3700 ug/L were detected in pharmaceutical wastewater effluents from Rouen, France(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 367,330 workers (265,564 of these were female) were potentially exposed to glutaraldehyde in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to glutaraldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where glutaraldehyde is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to glutaraldehyde via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with consumer products containing glutaraldehyde(SRC).
Glutaraldehit
Dierlerinin yan sra Cidex ve Glutaral markalar altnda satlan Glutaraldehyde bir dezenfektan, ilaç, koruyucu ve fiksatiftir. Dezenfektan olarak cerrahi aletlerin ve hastanelerin dier alanlarnn sterilize edilmesinde kullanlr. [3] laç olarak ayak tabanndaki siilleri tedavi etmek için kullanlr. [4] Glutaraldehit sv olarak uygulanr.
Yan etkiler arasnda cilt tahrii bulunur. Fazla miktarda maruz kalnmas halinde bulant, ba ars ve nefes darl ortaya çkabilir. [3] Özellikle yüksek konsantrasyonlarda kullanldnda koruyucu ekipman kullanlmas önerilir. [3] Glutaraldehit, sporlar dahil bir dizi mikroorganizmaya kar etkilidir. Glutaraldehit bir dialdehittir. [8] Glutaraldehyde bir dizi mekanizma ile çalr. [7]
Glutaraldehit, 1960’larda tbbi kullanma girdi. Glutaraldehyde, Dünya Salk Örgütü’nün Temel laçlar Listesinde yer almaktadr. Deri tabaklama gibi bir dizi baka ticari kullanm vardr.
çindekiler
1 Glutaraldehyde Kullanm
1.1 Glutaraldehit dezenfeksiyonu
1.2 Glutaraldehit fiksatifi
1.3 Glutaraldehitin siil tedavisi
2 Glutaraldehit güvenlii
3 Glutaraldehitin etki mekanizmas
4 Glutaraldehit üretimi ve reaksiyonlar
5 Glutaraldehitin tarihi ve kültürü
Glutaraldehit kullanm
Glutaraldehit dezenfeksiyonu
Glutaraldehit, dezenfektan ve ilaç olarak kullanlr.
Genellikle çözelti olarak uygulanr, cerrahi aletler ve dier alanlarn sterilize edilmesinde kullanlr.
Glutaraldehit fiksatifi
Glutaraldehit, biyokimya uygulamalarnda, SDS-PAGE, boyama veya elektron mikroskobu öncesinde aminle reaktif homobifonksiyonel çapraz balayc ve fiksatif olarak kullanlr. Proteinlerini çapraz balayarak hücreleri hzla öldürür. Bakteri, bitki materyali ve insan hücreleri gibi örnekleri stabilize etmek için genellikle tek bana veya formaldehit [13] ile kartrlarak iki fiksatif ilemden ilki olarak kullanlr. kinci bir fiksatif prosedür, hücre ve organel membran lipidlerini çapraz balamak ve stabilize etmek için osmiyum tetroksit kullanr. Fiksasyonu genellikle dokunun etanol veya aseton içinde dehidrasyonu ve ardndan bir epoksi reçinesi veya akrilik reçineye gömülmesi takip eder. [Kaynak belirtilmeli]
Proteinlerin glutaraldehit ile tedavisine yönelik baka bir uygulama da, GlaxoSmithKline tarafndan üretilen Boostrix Tdap asndaki bomaca (bomaca) toksoid bileeni gibi toksoid alar oluturmak için bakteriyel toksinlerin inaktivasyonudur. [14]
lgili bir uygulamada, glutaraldehit bazen derinin tabaklanmasnda ve mumyalamada kullanlr.
Glutaraldehitin siil tedavisi
laç olarak plantar siillerin tedavisinde kullanlr. [4] Bu amaçla,% 10 w / v solüsyonu kullanlr. Cildi kurutarak siilin fiziksel olarak çkarlmasn kolaylatrr. [15] Ticari isimler Diswart Solution ve Glutarol içerir.
Glutaraldehitin güvenlii
Yan etkileri cilt tahriini içerir. [4] Çok miktarda maruz kalnmas halinde mide bulants, ba ars ve nefes darl görülebilir. [3] Özellikle yüksek konsantrasyonlarda kullanldnda koruyucu ekipman kullanlmas önerilir. [3] Glutaraldehit, sporlar dahil bir dizi mikroorganizmaya kar etkilidir. [3] [7]
Güçlü bir sterilant olarak glutaraldehit toksiktir ve güçlü bir tahri edicidir. [16] Kanserojen aktiviteye dair güçlü bir kant yoktur. [17] Bu kimyasalla çalan baz mesleklerde baz kanser riski artmtr.
Glutaraldehitin etki mekanizmas
Glutaraldehidin biyosidal özelliklerini açklamak için bir dizi mekanizmaya bavurulmutur. [7] Dier birçok aldehit gibi, proteinlerde ortak fonksiyonel gruplar olan aminler ve tiyol gruplar ile reaksiyona girer. ki ilevli olduundan, ayn zamanda potansiyel bir çapraz balaycdr. [18]
Glutaraldehit üretimi ve reaksiyonlar
Diels-Alder reaksiyonu yoluyla glutaraldehit sentezi.
Glutaraldehit endüstriyel olarak siklopentenin oksidasyonu ile üretilir. Alternatif olarak, akrolein ve vinil eterlerin Diels-Alder reaksiyonu ve ardndan hidroliz ile yaplabilir. [19]
Dier birçok dialdehit (örn., Glioksal) ve basit aldehitler (örn. Formaldehit) gibi, glutaraldehit sulu çözeltide çeitli hidratlara dönüür ve bu da dier dengeleyici türlere dönüür.
Monomerik glutaraldehit aldol younlama reaksiyonu ile polimerize olur ve alfa, beta-doymam poli-glutaraldehit verir. Bu reaksiyon genellikle alkali pH deerlerinde meydana gelir. [Tbbi kaynak belirtilmeli]
Glutaraldehit tarihi ve kültürü
Glutaraldehit, 1960’larda tbbi kullanma girdi. [9] Bir salk sisteminde ihtiyaç duyulan en güvenli ve en etkili ilaçlar Dünya Salk Örgütü Temel laçlar Listesinde yer almaktadr. [10] Deri tabaklama gibi baka ticari kullanmlar da vardr. [11]
Sistem dezenfeksiyonu için biyosit olarak ve uzun süreli saklama için koruyucu olarak% 0.1 ila% 1.0 konsantrasyonlu bir glutaraldehit çözeltisi kullanlabilir. Pek çok mikroorganizma ve virüse ek olarak endosporlar öldüren bir sterilandr.
Bir biyosit olarak glutaraldehit, hidrolik krlma (“çatlatma”) svsnn bir bileenidir. Alpha 1427 adl katk maddesine dahildir. [22] Bakteriyel büyüme, bu kuyulardan petrol ve gaz çkarlmasna zarar verir. Glutaraldehit, mikrobiyal büyümeyi engellemek için krlma svsnn bir bileeni olarak pompalanr.
BULGULAR: Nisan 2002’de alt hastadan oluan bir salgn meydana geldi ve bir siroz hastas Temmuz 2008’de kabul edildi. Tüm hastalar, karmak olmayan endoskopiden 48 saat içinde kendi kendini snrlayan karn ars ve kanl ishal sendromu gelitirdi. Ar hasta bir hasta, intravenöz sv ve antibiyotik almak için hastaneye kaldrlmay gerektirdi. Nisan 2002’deki aratrmann ardndan, endoskop temizleme prosedüründeki bir kusur nedeniyle glutaraldehit kaynakl kolit tehisi kondu. Temmuz 2008’de temizlik prosedüründe herhangi bir eksiklik yoktu. Hastann elik eden hastal göz önüne alndnda, sirozla ilikili barsak iltihab ve endotokseminin elik ettii iskemik kolitin bu sporadik vakada olas tan olduunu varsaydk. SONUÇLAR: Endoskopistler, akut rektokolit ile bavuran hastalarda, özellikle yakn zamanda endoskopik inceleme geçirmi hastalarda bu iyatrojenik komplikasyonun farknda olmaldr. Endoskopiyi takiben ortaya çkan akut rektokolit salgn, glutaraldehit kaynakl olarak deerlendirilmeli ve temizlik ve ekipman-dezenfeksiyon prosedürlerinin aratrlmasna yol açmaldr. Bir salgn, bulac hastalk veya glutaraldehit kontaminasyonuna dair güçlü kantlarn yokluunda, sporadik bir vaka, özellikle elik eden hastalklar veya predispozan faktörleri olan hastalarda iskemik kolit olarak düünülmelidir.
Sçanlarda seyreltik sulu glutaraldehit solüsyonlar (% 0.075-7.5) ile yaplan dermal ve intravenöz çalmalar, dermal testlerde yaklak% 5’in sçanda ve% 30-50’sinin tavanda absorbe edildiini göstermitir. ntravenöz enjeksiyon testlerinde, sçanda yaklak% 12 ve tavanda yaklak% 33 emilmitir. Çalmada erkekler ve kadnlar arasnda önemli bir fark yoktu. Her türde dermal absorpsiyon hz sabiti düüktür (0.2-2 saat). Eliminasyon süreleri hem intravenöz enjeksiyon (sçan 10 saat, tavan 15-30 saat için t0.5) hem de dermal uygulama (sçan 40-110 saat, tavan 20-100 saat için t0.5) için uzundu; glutaraldehidin proteine balanmas ve metabolitlerin yava atlm. Her iki türde de ana metabolit CO2 idi ve dier metabolitler tanmlanmamt. / Metabolizmann muhtemelen aldehit dehidrojenaz ile karlk gelen karboksilik asitlere ilk oksidasyonu ve ardndan CO2’ye oksidasyonu içerdii ileri sürüldü / önerildi.
TANIMLAMA: Glutaraldehit, güçlü, çürük elma kokusuna sahip renksiz yal bir svdr. Suda çok çözünür. KULLANIM: Glutaraldehit, hastanelerde, tarm ve su ürünleri yetitiriciliinde, gda ileme ve gda depolama kurulularnda ve su artma tesislerinde yaygn olarak dezenfektan olarak kullanlan antimikrobiyal bir kimyasaldr. Kozmetikler, temizleyiciler, yaptrclar, kat, tekstil ve deriler, boyalar ve kaplamalar, mürekkepler ve boyalar dahil olmak üzere birçok tüketici ürününün imalatnda koruyucu olarak kullanlr. Glutaraldehit ayrca laboratuvarlarda ve mumyalama svsnda ve fotografik ve X-n gelitirme svlarnda doku fiksatif olarak kullanlr. Glutaraldehit, hidrolik krma ve açk deniz petrol operasyonlarnda kullanlmaktadr. MARUZ KALMA: Hastanelerde, temizlik hizmetlerinde, bakm evlerinde, veteriner hastanelerinde ve ticari ve endüstriyel iletmelerdeki içiler, hava veya cilt temasnda buharlar soluyarak glutaraldehite maruz kalabilir. Genel popülasyon maruziyeti, hava solunarak ve glutaraldehit içeren tüketici ürünleriyle cilt temas yoluyla meydana gelebilir. Glutaraldehit ayrca benzinli ve dizel motor egzozlarnda da bulunur. Glutaraldehit havaya salnrsa, dier kimyasallarla ve kla reaksiyona girerek bozunacaktr. Suya veya topraa salnrsa, toprak partiküllerine veya asl partiküllere balanmas beklenir. Glutaraldehidin slak topraktan veya su yüzeylerinden havaya geçmesi beklenmez, ancak kuru topraklardan havaya geçebilir. Glutaraldehit’in mikroorganizmalar tarafndan parçalanmas ve suda yaayan organizmalarda birikmemesi beklenir. RSK: Dezenfeksiyon ve sanitasyon faaliyetleri srasnda glutaraldehit svsna veya buharna maruz kalan tbbi ve tarm içilerinde burun aknts, ba ars, yüz ve göz tahrii, solunum problemleri, cilt tahrii ve alerjik cilt reaksiyonlar bildirilmitir. Glutaraldehit buharlarna defalarca maruz kalan içilerde astm bulunmutur. Direkt göz temas ile ilik, yanma ars ve a duyarllk ortaya çkabilir. Mesleki glutaraldehide maruz kalma öyküsü ile kanserden ölüm riski artmamtr. Laboratuvar hayvanlarnda seyreltilmi glutaraldehit ile dorudan cilt temasnda göz tahrii ve cilt tahrii / hassasiyeti meydana gelir. Seyreltilmemi gluraraldehit ile temas halinde iddetli tahri ve yanklar meydana gelir. Suda tekrarlayan orta dozlarda glutaraldehit verilen laboratuvar hayvanlarnda mide lezyonlar, karacier hasar ve vücut arlnda azalma meydana geldi. Yüksek oral dozlarda ölüm meydana geldi. Burun, boaz ve akcier lezyonlar ve düük vücut arlklar, defalarca düük hava konsantrasyonlarnda glutaraldehide maruz kalan laboratuar hayvanlarnda bulundu. Anneler için de toksik olan yüksek oral dozlarda laboratuar hayvanlarnda doum kusurlar ve düükler gözlendi. Çiftlemeden önce yüksek oral dozlar verilen laboratuar hayvanlarnda dourganlk etkilenmemitir. Suda yüksek oral dozlar verilen veya ömürleri boyunca orta hava konsantrasyonlarna maruz kalan laboratuvar hayvanlarnda tümörler indüklenmedi. Amerikan Resmi Endüstriyel Hijyenistler Konferans, glutaraldehitin insan kanserojen olarak snflandrlamayacan belirledi. ABD EPA Karsinojenite Deerlendirme nceleme Komitesi, 2 yllk birkaç laboratuvar hayvan çalmasnda tümör indüksiyonu eksikliine dayanarak, glutaraldehidi herhangi bir maruziyet yoluna göre ‘nsanlara Kanserojen Olmas Muhtemel Deil’ olarak snflandrd. Glutaraldehidin insanlarda kansere neden olma potansiyeli vardr. ABD EPA IRIS program, Uluslararas Kanser Aratrma Ajans veya ABD Ulusal Toksikoloji Program 13. Kanserojen Raporu tarafndan deerlendirilmemitir.
Mikroskopi / histoloji. Glutaraldehit, histoloji ve elektron ve k mikroskopisinde doku fiksatifi olarak, genellikle% 1.5-6 sulu çözelti olarak kullanlr. Su ürünleri yetitiricilii. Glutaraldehit, balk yetitiriciliinde virüsleri ve dier mikroorganizmalar kontrol etmek için genellikle slatc maddelerle birlikte kullanlr. Makyaj malzemeleri. Glutaraldehide Avrupa’da% 0.1’e varan konsantrasyonlarda kozmetikte koruyucu olarak izin verilmektedir. Aerosol ve spreylerde buna izin verilmez.
Ulusal Pestisit Bilgi Eriim Sistemi (NPIRS), kimyasal glutaraldehit içeren ürünler için aktif etiketleri olan 24 irketi tanmlar. Formüle edilmi ürünlerdeki irketlerin, ürün adlarnn ve yüzde glutaraldehitin tam listesini görüntülemek için aadaki url’yi tklayn ve Aktif çerik alanna CAS Kayt numarasn girin.
Avustralya’da glutaraldehidin son kullanmda u ekilde datld tahmin edilmektedir: salk sektöründe souk dezenfektan olarak% 55, röntgen film ilemede% 20, su artmada% 10, hayvan barnaklarnda% 5, Tabaklamada% 5, tuvalet dezenfeksiyonu, mikroskopi, su ürünleri yetitiricilii ve hava kanal dezenfeksiyonu gibi dier kullanmlarda% 5. Fransa’da% 50 dezenfeksiyon / kontrolde,% 40 fotoraf endüstrisinde,% 5 deri endüstrisinde ve% 5 kat endüstrisinde kullanlmaktadr. Norveç’te,% 80’i endüstriyel temizlik maddelerinde ve% 14’ü fotokopi gelitiricilerinde kullanlmaktadr. Birleik Krallk’ta glutaraldehit, çounlukla souk dezenfektan ve açk deniz petrol operasyonlarnda biyosit olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Glutaraldehyde, keskin, keskin bir kokuya sahip renksiz, yal bir svdr. Glutaraldehit, endüstriyel, laboratuvar, tarmsal, tbbi ve baz evsel amaçlarla, öncelikle yüzeylerin ve ekipmanlarn dezenfekte edilmesi ve sterilizasyonu için kullanlr. Örnein, petrol ve gaz geri kazanm operasyonlarnda ve boru hatlarnda, atk su artmnda, röntgen ilemede, mumyalama svsnda, deri tabaklama, kat endüstrisinde, kümeslerin sislenmesinde ve temizliinde ve üretiminde kimyasal ara ürün olarak kullanlmaktadr. çeitli malzemeler. Boya ve çamar deterjan gibi seçkin ürünlerde kullanlabilir.
Glutaraldehide maruz kalmann kritik etkileri / göz, cilt ve solunum yolu tahrii, cilt hassasiyeti ve mesleki astmdr. nsanlarda 0.2 ppm’nin altndaki buhar konsantrasyonlarnda burun ve boazda tahri gözlenmitir. Seyreltik glutaraldehit solüsyonlarna maruz kalan içilerde mesleki astm da bildirilmitir … Glutaraldehit solüsyonlar kullanan içilerde genellikle% 2 veya daha fazla olmak üzere kontakt dermatit ve göz tahrii bildirilmitir. Seyreltik solüsyonlar kullanan içilerde cilt hassasiyeti dorulanmtr.
Uygulama kstlamalar. Kullanm: boya koruyucu. Maksimum 100 ppm uygulama oran. Kullanm: tbbi bina dezenfeksiyonu. lem gören malzemenin arlna göre aktif bileenin maksimum% 0.1 uygulama oran. Tüm glutaraldehit tek geçili soutma kulesi kullanmlar, glutaraldehit makro kirletici kontrol kullanmlar ve tüm kritik tbbi ekipman / alet kullanmlar iptal edilir. Kritik tbbi ekipman kullanm, vücut svlaryla temas eden herhangi bir ekipmann içinde veya üzerinde bir pestisit kullanm olarak tanmlanr. Kritik tbbi ekipman / aletlerin örnekleri arasnda, bunlarla snrl olmamak üzere hemodaliz tüpleri, diçilik aletleri bulunur.
GLUTARALDEHYDE havaya maruz kaldnda rengi solabilir. Istldnda polimerleir. Bu kimyasal, güçlü oksitleyici maddelerle uyumsuzdur. Su varlnda polimerize olur.
Güçlü oksitleyiciler, güçlü bazlar [Not: Alkali glutaraldehit çözeltileri (yani, aktifletirilmi glutaraldehit) alkol, ketonlar, aminler, hidrazinler ve proteinlerle reaksiyona girer].
Ajans, aktif bileen glutaraldehit içeren pestisit ürünlerinin kullanmyla ilikili diyet, mesleki, içme suyu ve ekolojik riskler konusundaki deerlendirmesini tamamlamtr. Bu verilerin gözden geçirilmesine ve Ajansn aktif içerik glutaraldehit deerlendirmelerine ilikin kamuoyu yorumlarna dayanarak, Ajans, insan sal ve glutaraldehidin ekolojik etkileri hakknda FFDCA kapsamnda tolerans yeniden deerlendirme sürecinin ve yeniden kayt sürecinin bir parças olarak kararlar almak için yeterli bilgiye sahiptir. FQPA tarafndan deitirildii ekliyle FIFRA kapsamnda. Ajans, glutaraldehit içeren ürünlerin yeniden kayt için uygun olduunu u artlarla belirlemitir: (i) dorulayc veri ihtiyaçlarnn karlanmas; (ii) bu belgede ana hatlar verilen risk azaltma önlemlerinin benimsenmesi; ve (iii) bu önlemleri yanstacak ekilde etiket deiiklikleri yaplr. … Ajans, glutaraldehit deerlendirmesine dayanarak, bu belgede belirtildii ekilde etiketlenip kullanlmadkça, glutaraldehit ürünlerinin FIFRA ile tutarsz riskler oluturacan belirlemitir. Buna göre, bir tescil ettirenin bu belgede tanmlanan risk azaltma önlemlerini uygulamamas durumunda, Ajans, glutaraldehit kullanmndan kaynaklanan risk endielerini gidermek için düzenleyici önlem alabilir. Bu belgede ana hatlar verilen tüm deiiklikler ürün etiketlerine dahil edilirse, glutaraldehit için mevcut tüm riskler, bu belirlemenin amaçlar dorultusunda önemli ölçüde azaltlacaktr. Nesli Tükenmekte Olan Türler deerlendirmesi tamamlandktan sonra, bu belgenin III. Bölümünde açkland gibi bu kaytlarda daha fazla deiiklik yaplmas gerekebilir.
TANIMLAMA VE KULLANIM: Glutaraldehit renksiz bir svdr. ABD’de pestisit kullanm için kaytldr, ancak onaylanm pestisit kullanmlar periyodik olarak deiebilir ve bu nedenle u anda onaylanm kullanmlar için federal, eyalet ve yerel yetkililere danlmaldr. Yosun önleyici, bakteriyosit ve fungisit olarak kullanlr. Glutaraldehit, histoloji ve elektron ve k mikroskopisinde doku fiksatifi olarak, genellikle% 1.5-6 sulu çözelti olarak kullanlr. Glutaraldehit, balk yetitiriciliinde virüsleri ve dier mikroorganizmalar kontrol etmek için genellikle slatc maddelerle birlikte kullanlr. Glutaraldehide Avrupa’da% 0.1’e varan konsantrasyonlarda kozmetikte koruyucu olarak izin verilmektedir. Aerosol ve spreylerde buna izin verilmez. Glutaraldehit, cerrahi ve diçilik ekipmanlarnn souk sterilizasyonu için% 2 konsantrasyonda yaygn olarak kullanlan bir biyosittir. Krma svlarnda bakteri üremesini ortadan kaldrmak için glutaraldehit gibi biyositler eklenir. NSAN MARUZ KALMA VE TOKSSTE: Solunmas veya ciltle temas yoluyla <1 ppm konsantrasyonlarna maruz kalnmas ciltte ve / veya mukoza zarnda tahrie neden olabilir. Glutaraldehite maruz kalmann kritik etkileri göz, cilt ve solunum yolu tahrii, cilt hassaslamas ve mesleki astmdr. nsanlarda 0.2 ppm’nin altndaki buhar konsantrasyonlarnda burun ve boazda tahri gözlenmitir. Seyreltik glutaraldehit solüsyonlarna maruz kalan içilerde mesleki astm da bildirilmitir. Genellikle% 2 veya daha fazla olmak üzere glutaraldehit solüsyonlar kullanan çalanlarda kontakt dermatit ve göz tahrii bildirilmitir. Seyreltik solüsyonlar kullanan içilerde cilt hassasiyeti dorulanmtr. Glutaraldehide maruz kalmann neden olabilecei dier semptomlar arasnda kalp çarpnts ve taikardi bulunur. Bir glutaraldehit üretim biriminde 186 erkek çalanda ölüm ve kanser ölümlerinin görülme skl, 1959 – 1978 döneminde ABD’li beyaz erkekler ve 29.000 dier kimya içisi ile karlatrld. Tüm denekler 10 yl boyunca gözlendi. Kanserden ölümlerin görülme skl gibi ölüm says da beklenenden daha azd. HAYVAN ÇALIMALARI: Glutaraldehit,% 2 orannda cilt tahrii ve% 0,2 orannda göz tahrii belirtileri ile yüksek konsantrasyonlarda tavanlarn cildini ve gözlerini andrd. Farelerin 24 saat boyunca 33 veya 133 ppb’lik konsantrasyonlarda glutaraldehite maruz brakld bir inhalasyon çalmasnda, hayvanlar nefes nefese ve artan tmar sergilerken, en yüksek konsantrasyonu soluyan fareler toksik hepatit gelitirdi. 1 gün boyunca 1 ppm’de tek bir tüm vücut inhalasyon maruziyetini takiben, sçanlar ve fareler üst solunum yolu skuamöz epitelinde phtlama patolojisi gelitirdi. Bu tür maruziyetlerden 4 gün sonra, iltihapl granülositik, skuamöz epitel içine sznt ve burun lümeninin kalnlam epiteliyle birlikte lamina propriya ortaya çkmtr. Dört gün boyunca 0.5 veya 1 ppm glutaraldehit teneffüs eden hayvanlarda, burun geçileri lümen içi debris ile tkand; epitelyal apseli dejeneratif / hiperplastik erozyonlar 1 ppm maruziyet grubunda nazofaringeal meatusa kadar uzanmtr. ki nesil boyunca 0, 50, 250 veya 100 ppm konsantrasyonlarda içme suyunda glutaraldehit verilen erkek ve dii sçanlar üzerinde yaplan bir çalma, ebeveynlerin su tüketiminde ve vücut arlnda doza bal bir düü (olumsuz tada atfedilir) ve yavrularda azalma olduunu gösterdi. (1000 ppm grubu) vücut arlklar. Hiçbir olumsuz üreme etkisi gözlenmedi. Baka bir çalmada, 5 mL / mg / gün doz seviyesinde, maternal vücut arl kazanmnn ortalamasnda doza bal önemli bir azalma ve bodur (vücut arl) ve malformasyonlu fetüslerin saysnda önemli bir art vard. lk mutajenite çalmalar negatifti, ancak daha yeni çalmalar glutaraldehitin memeli hücrelerindeki bakteriyel analizlerde ve testlerde in vitro olarak mutajenik olduunu göstermitir. Bugüne kadar in vivo genotoksisite testlerinin negatif olduu kantlanmtr. 50 erkek ve 50 dii sçan ve fareden oluan gruplar, 0, 0.25, 0.50 veya 0.75 (sçanlar) ve 0, 0.062, 0.12 veya 0.25 ppm (fareler) 6 saat / gün, 5 gün / gün konsantrasyonlarnda glutaraldehit buharna maruz brakld. hafta. Burun neoplastik olmayan lezyon vakalarnn 0,50 ve 0,75 ppm’ye maruz braklan sçanlarda ve 0,12 ve 0,25 ppm’ye maruz kalan erkek ve dii farelerde önemli ölçüde artt bildirilmitir. EKOTOKSSTE ÇALIMALARI: Glutaraldehit için mevcut kronik toksisite verileri, sürekli maruz kalmann 5,1 mg a.i./L konsantrasyonunda souk su balklar üzerinde ölçülebilir etkilere yol açtn göstermektedir. Souk su balklar üzerinde yaplan ikinci bir çalma, 2,5 mg a.i./L’de ölçülebilir etkilerle sonuçland. Tatl su omurgaszlar üzerindeki ölçülebilir etkiler, 8.5 mg / L ürün ve 4.9 mg a.i./L konsantrasyonlarnda kaydedildi.
/ LABORATUVAR HAYVANLARI: Akut Maruz Kalma / Tkal temas / tavanlarda / suda% 50 glutaraldehit çözeltileri ile. Test edilen iki ürün: Ucarcide 250 ve BASF% 50 Glutaraldehyde. Tahriin iddeti temas süresine balyd. 60 dakika süreyle% 50 glutaraldehit uygulamas ciddi tahrie ve nekroza neden oldu; 3 dakika, geçici küçük tahri ve ciltte bir miktar renk deiiklii yaratt.
Genetik toksisite çalmalarnda glutaraldehit, S. typhimurium sular TA100, TA102 ve TA104’te S9 metabolik aktivasyonu ile ve olmadan mutajenikti. Glutaraldehit, S9 yokluunda fare L5178Y lenfoma hücrelerinde mutajenikti ve kültürlenmi Çin hamsteri yumurtalk hücrelerinde S9 ile ve S9 olmadan karde kromatid deiimlerini indükledi. Bir laboratuarda S9 ile veya S9 olmadan kültürlenmi Çin hamsteri yumurtalk hücrelerinde glutaraldehit tarafndan kromozomal aberasyonlarda art indüklenmemitir; baka bir laboratuvarda, kromozomal anormallikler yalnzca S9 yokluunda indüklendi. Glutaraldehit, yetikin olarak tedavi edilen erkek / Drosophila / melanogaster’in germ hücrelerinde, besleme veya enjeksiyon yoluyla veya beslenerek larva olarak tedavi edilen cinsiyete bal resesif ölümcül mutasyonlara neden olmamtr. n vivo olarak, glutaraldehit, tek bir intraperitoneal enjeksiyondan 36 saat sonra fare kemik ilii hücrelerinde kromozom anormalliklerinde önemli bir arta neden oldu. 36 saatlik kromozomal anormallikler testinin bir alt kümesinde, üpheli olduuna karar verilen mikronukleatl kemik ilii polikromatik eritrositlerin saysnda küçük bir art vard. Farelerde srasyla intraperitoneal veya inhalasyon yollar kullanlarak yaplan ilave ksa süreli (3 gün) ve subkronik (13 hafta) mikronükleus testleri negatif sonuçlar vermitir.
Glutaraldehit’in dezenfektan olarak, çapraz balama maddesi olarak, deri için tabaklama maddesi olarak üretimi ve kullanm ve kat ve tekstil endüstrisinde elyaflarn slak mukavemetini ve boyutsal stabilitesini iyiletirmek için kullanlmas, çeitli atk aklar yoluyla çevreye salnmasna neden olabilir. . Su artmada, hidrolik krlma svlarnda ve petrol sahas uygulamalarnda biyosit olarak ve kozmetik ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde koruyucu olarak kullanlmas, dorudan çevreye salnmasna neden olacaktr. Benzinli ve dizel motor emisyonlarnda glutaraldehit tespit edildi. Havaya braklrsa, 30 ° C’de 0,6 mm Hg’lik bir buhar basnc, glutaraldehidin atmosferde yalnzca bir buhar olarak var olacan gösterir. Buhar fazndaki glutaraldehit, fotokimyasal olarak üretilen hidroksil radikalleri ile reaksiyona girerek atmosferde bozunacaktr; Havadaki bu reaksiyonun yar ömrünün 16 saat olduu tahmin edilmektedir. Glutaraldehit, sulu fotoliz çalmalarna dayal olarak atmosferde dorudan fotolize duyarl olabilir. Topraa salnrsa, glutaraldehidin 5,1 ila 500 arasnda deien ölçülen Koc deerlerine dayal olarak çok yüksek ila orta derecede hareketlilie sahip olmas beklenir. Nemli toprak yüzeylerinden buharlamann, Henry Yasas’nn 3.3X10 sabitine dayanan önemli bir kader süreci olmas beklenmez. 8 atm-cu m / mol. Glutaraldehit’in buhar basncna bal olarak kuru toprak yüzeylerinden uçmas beklenmektedir ve az miktarda glutaraldehidin atmosfere uçaca bildirilmitir. Biyolojik bozunma tarama testlerinin sonuçlar, glutaraldehidin kolayca biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir olduunu göstermektedir. Tnl kumlu topran kullanld bir toprak bozulmas çalmas, birincil olarak toprak mikroorganizmalarna bal olarak 1,7 günlük sözde birinci derece dalm yar ömrü gözlemledi. Suya salnrsa, glutaraldehitin Koc baznda askda katlara ve tortulara adsorbe olmas beklenmez. nokülum olarak deniz suyunun kullanld kapal ie testinde, glutaraldehit 28 günde% 73 bozulma gösterdi ve bu da biyolojik bozunmann suda önemli bir kader süreci olmasnn beklendiini gösterdi. Su yüzeylerinden buharlamann, bu bileiin Henry Yasas sabitine dayanan önemli bir kader süreci olmas beklenmiyor. Tahmini BCF 3, suda yaayan organizmalardaki biyokonsantrasyon potansiyelinin düük olduunu göstermektedir. 25 ° C’de glutaraldehit, srasyla pH 5, pH 7 ve pH 9’da 508-628, 102-394 ve 46-63.8 günlük hidroliz yar ömürlerini ölçmütür. Doal güne na maruz kalan sulu glutaraldehit çözeltilerinin fotolizi için ölçülen yar ömür 196 gündü. Glutaraldehite mesleki maruziyet, glutaraldehitin üretildii veya kullanld iyerlerinde bu bileiin solunmas ve dermal temas yoluyla meydana gelebilir. Kullanm ve snrl izleme verileri, genel popülasyonun ortam havasnn solunmas yoluyla ve glutaraldehit içeren tüketici ürünleriyle dermal temas yoluyla glutaraldehide maruz kalabileceini göstermektedir.
KARASAL YAAM: Bir snflandrma emasna (1) dayanarak, 5,1 ile 500 (2,3) arasnda deien ölçülen Koc deerleri, glutaraldehidin toprakta (SRC) çok yüksek ila orta derecede hareketlilie sahip olmasnn beklendiini göstermektedir. 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m / mol (2) Henry Yasas sabiti verildiinde, nemli toprak yüzeylerinden glutaraldehitin buharlamasnn önemli bir kader süreci (SRC) olmas beklenmemektedir. Glutaraldehidin 30 ° C’de 0,6 mm Hg buhar basncna bal olarak kuru toprak yüzeylerinden (SRC) uçmas beklenir ve az miktarda glutaraldehidin atmosfere uçaca bildirilmitir (4). Biyolojik bozunma tarama testlerinin sonuçlar, glutaraldehidin kolayca biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir olduunu göstermektedir (2,3,5). Tnl kumlu bir toprak ve 10 ppm’lik ilk glutaraldehit konsantrasyonu kullanan bir toprak bozunma çalmas, esas olarak toprak mikroorganizmalarna bal olarak 1.7 günlük bir sözde birinci derece dalm yar ömrü gözlemledi (3).
AQUATIC FATE: Bir snflandrma emasna (1) dayal olarak, 5,1 ila 500 (2,3) arasnda deien ölçülen Koc deerleri, glutaraldehidin askda katlara ve çökeltiye (SRC) adsorbe olmasnn beklenmediini gösterir. 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m / mol (2) Henry Yasas sabitine dayal olarak su yüzeylerinden buharlama beklenmemektedir (4). Bir snflandrma emasna (5) göre, -0.33 (2) log Kow deerinden ve regresyondan türetilmi bir denklemden (6) tahmini BCF 3 (SRC), sucul organizmalarda biyokonsantrasyon potansiyelinin düük olduunu göstermektedir (SRC ). Biyolojik bozunma tarama testlerinin sonuçlar, glutaraldehidin kolaylkla biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir olduunu göstermektedir (2,3,7). nokülum olarak deniz suyunun kullanld kapal ie testinde glutaraldehit 28 günde% 73 bozulma göstermitir (2). 25 ° C’de glutaraldehit, srasyla pH 5, pH 7 ve pH 9’da 508-628, 102-394 ve 46-63.8 günlük hidroliz yar ömürlerini ölçmütür (2,3). Doal güne na maruz kalan steril sulu glutaraldehit çözeltilerinin fotolizi için ölçülen yar ömür 196 gündü (2).
ATMOSFERK KADER: Atmosferdeki yar uçucu organik bileiklerin (1) gaz / partikül bölünmesi modeline göre, 30 ° C’de (2) 0.6 mm Hg buhar basncna sahip olan glutaraldehitin yalnzca buhar olarak var olmas beklenmektedir. ortam atmosferinde. Buhar fazndaki glutaraldehit, atmosferde fotokimyasal olarak üretilen hidroksil radikalleri (SRC) ile reaksiyona girerek bozulur; Bu reaksiyonun havada yarlanma ömrü, 25 ° C’de 2,52X10-11 cu cm / molekül-saniye hz sabitinden hesaplanan 15 saat (SRC) olarak tahmin edilmektedir (3). Sulu glutaraldehit çözeltileri, güne na maruz kaldklarnda 196 günlük bir fotoliz yar ömrüne sahiptir (4), bu da ortam atmosferinde (SRC) dorudan fotolizin meydana gelebileceini düündürmektedir.
AEROBK: 100 mg / L’de bulunan Glutaraldehit, Japon MITI testinde (1) 30 mg / L’de aktif çamur inokülumu kullanarak teorik BO’nin% 59’una 4 hafta içinde ulat. OECD Guideline 301C’yi (Hazr biyobozunurluk: Modifiye MITI Testi (I)) kullanarak, glutaraldehit teorik BO’nin% 74’üne 28 günde ve% 80 DOC’ye, bileiin biyolojik olarak kolayca parçalanabilir olarak snflandrlmasyla 15 günde ulat (2). OECD Guideline 301D (Kapal ie Testi) (2) kullanlarak glutaraldehidin biyolojik olarak kolayca parçalanabildii bulunmutur. Bir DOC ölme testinde, 25 mg / L’de bulunan glutaradehyde, bir kanalizasyon inokülumu kullanlarak 5 günde% 83 bozulma gösterdi (3). 8,3 mg / L’de mevcut olan glutaraldehit, bir CO2 evrim testinde (3) kanalizasyon inokülumu kullanlarak 28 günde% 60 orannda indirgenmitir. Kapal bir ie testinde, 2.0 mg / L’de bulunan glutaraldehit, Polyseed as (3) kullanlarak 28 günde% 64 indirgendi. Test sistemlerindeki glutaraldehit konsantrasyonlar, konsantrasyonlarn yüksek olduu zamandan (> 8 mg / L) düük olduunda (<2 mg / L) ksa bir gecikme süresiyle daha yüksek bir biyolojik bozunabilirlik gözlendi. Glutaraldehit için bakteriyel inhibisyon yaklak 5 mg / L’de meydana geldiinden, yüksek glutaraldehit konsantrasyonlarnn kullanld çalmalarda gözlenen daha düük biyodegradasyon oranlar, muhtemelen inokülüm inhibisyonundan kaynaklanyordu (3). nokülum olarak deniz suyunun kullanld kapal ie testinde glutaraldehit 28 günde% 73 bozulma göstermitir (3). Aerobik bir tortu-nehir suyu sisteminde mikroplar tarafndan üretilen glutaraldehitin ana metaboliti, su faznda bir ara ürün olarak oluan glutarik asit ile karbondioksitti (3). Aerobik koullar altnda suda (ana bileiin kaybna dayal olarak) glutaraldehit katabolizmasnn hesaplanan sözde birinci derece yar ömrü 10,6 saattir (3). Tnl kumlu bir toprak ve 10 ppm’lik ilk glutaraldehit konsantrasyonu kullanan bir toprak degradasyon çalmas, esas olarak toprak mikroorganizmalarna bal olarak 1,7 günlük bir sözde birinci derece biyolojik bozunma yarlanma ömrü gözlemledi (4).
ANAEROBK: Anaerobik bir tortu-nehir suyu sisteminde mikroplar tarafndan üretilen glutaraldehidin ana metabolitleri, ara ürün olarak oluturulan 5-hidroksipentanal ile 1,5-pentandiol ve 3-formil-6-hidroksi-2-sikloheksen-1-propanal, halkal bir glutaraldehit dimeridir. Anaerobik koullar altnda suda glutaraldehit katabolizmasnn hesaplanan sözde birinci derece yar ömrü (ana bileiin kaybna dayal olarak) 7,7 saattir (1).
Glutaraldehidin fotokimyasal olarak üretilen hidroksil radikalleri ile buhar faz reaksiyonu için hz sabiti 25 ° C’de 2,52X10-11 cu cm / molekül-sn olarak ölçülmütür (1). Bu, cu cm bana 5X10 + 5 hidroksil radikalinin atmosferik konsantrasyonunda yaklak 15 saatlik bir atmosferik yar ömre karlk gelir. Glutaraldehitin pH 5 ve 7’de hidrolizinin ölçülen birinci dereceden hz sabitleri, srasyla 508 ve 102 günlük yar ömürlere karlk gelen günde 0.0014 ve 0.0068 idi (25 ° C’de) (3). PH 9’da, birinci dereceden hz sabiti, 46 günlük bir yar ömre karlk gelen, günde 0.015 olarak ölçüldü (4). Gözlenen ve tanmlanan tek önemli bozunma, glutaraldehit, 3-formil-6-hidroksi-2-sikloheksen-1-propanal (3) ‘ün siklize bir dimeridir. 165 saat boyunca 40 ve 50 ° C’de ve pH 9’da gerçekletirilen hidroliz testleri, hidroliz yar ömrünün 50 ° C’de> 24 saat ve 40 ° C’de> 59 saat olduunu belirlemitir (4). OECD Yönergesi 111’e (pH’n levi olarak Hidroliz) göre bir hidroliz testi, glutaraldehidin pH 4 ve pH 7’de hidrolitik olarak stabil olduunu ve pH 9 (4) ‘de ayrtn bildirdi. 25 ° C’de hidroliz yar ömürleri pH 5, pH 7 ve pH 9’da srasyla 628, 394 ve 63.8 gündü (4). Doal güne na maruz braklan steril sulu glutaraldehit çözeltilerinin fotolizi için ölçülen birinci dereceden hz sabiti günde 0,0035, karlk gelen yar ömür 196 gündü (3).
Glutaraldehit için Henry Yasas sabiti deneysel olarak 3.30X10-8 atm-cu m / mol (1) olarak belirlenmitir. Bu Henry Yasas sabiti, glutaraldehitin esasen su yüzeylerinden uçucu olmamas beklendiini gösterir (2). Glutaraldehyde’in Henry Yasas sabiti, nemli toprak yüzeylerinden buharlamann gerçeklemesinin beklenmediini gösterir (SRC). Glutaraldehidin 0,6 mm Hg (3) buhar basncna bal olarak kuru toprak yüzeylerinden (SRC) uçmas beklenirken, az miktarda glutaraldehidin atmosfere uçaca bildirilmitir (4).
Glutaraldehit, 2001 ve 2006 yazlar San Francisco Körfezi bölgesi karayolu tünelinde ölçülen hafif hizmet araçlarndan kaynaklanan emisyonlarda srasyla 0.13 ve 0.06 mg / kg yakt emisyon faktörlerinde tespit edilmitir (1). 1999 ylnda alnan numunelerde glutaraldehit tespit edilmemitir. 2006 ylnda tünelin ayr bir karma trafik deliinde ölçülen orta ve ar hizmet dizel kamyonlar için ortalama glutaraldehit emisyon faktörü 0,55 mg / kg yakt yaklmtr (1). Fransa, Rouen’den gelen farmasötik atk su atk sularnda 170-3700 ug / L glutaraldehit konsantrasyonlar tespit edilmitir (2).
NIOSH (NOES Aratrmas 1981-1983), istatistiksel olarak ABD’de 367.330 içinin (bunlarn 265.564’ü kadndr) potansiyel olarak glutaraldehite maruz kaldn tahmin etmitir (1). NOES Anketi, çiftlik içilerini kapsamamaktadr. Glutaraldehite mesleki maruziyet, glutaraldehitin üretildii veya kullanld iyerlerinde bu bileiin solunmas ve dermal temas yoluyla meydana gelebilir. Kullanm ve snrl izleme verileri, genel popülasyonun ortam havasnn solunmas yoluyla ve glutaraldehit (SRC) içeren tüketici ürünleriyle dermal temas yoluyla glutaraldehite maruz kalabileceini göstermektedir.