GLYCERINE (GLSERN)
GLYCERINE (GLSERN)
CAS No. : 56-81-5
EC No. : 200-289-5
Synonyms:
Glycerine; glycerol; glycerin; 56-81-5; Glycerine; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL; Glycyl alcohol; Trihydroxypropane; Glyceritol; Propanetriol; Osmoglyn; 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane; Grocolene; Glysanin; Glyrol; Dagralax; Ophthalgan; Vitrosupos; Glycerin, anhydrous; Glycerin, synthetic; Synthetic glycerin; Polyglycerine; Polyglycerol; Synthetic glycerine; Optim; Moon; Star; Incorporation factor; Glycerinum; 90 Technical glycerine; Glycerin mist; Glycerin (mist); Citifluor AF 2; Glycerolum; Bulbold; Cristal; Glicerina [DCIT]; Glycerine mist; Glycerol polymer; Caswell No. 469; Polyglycerin; Propanetriol (VAN); Glycerin base; FEMA No. 2525; Glicerol [INN-Spanish]; Glycerolum [INN-Latin]; Glycerin [JAN]; Clyzerin, wasserfrei; Unigly G 2; Unigly G 6; Pricerine 9091; Clyzerin, wasserfrei [German]; Emery 916; CCRIS 2295; HSDB 492; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063507; 25618-55-7; 1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL, HOMOPOLYMER; UNII-PDC6A3C0OX; Collyrium Fresh-Eye Drops; AI3-00091; Glycerin, natural; NSC 9230; Glycerol, polymers; BRN 0635685; IFP; PGL 300; PGL 500; PGL 700; Monoctanoin Component D; HL 80; EINECS 200-289-5; MFCD00004722; PDC6A3C0OX; 1,2,3-trihydroxypropanol; Pentrioxido sulfurico glycerincol; CHEBI:17754; NSC9230; Glycerol (INN); Glycerol [INN]; NSC-9230; 8043-29-6; NCGC00090950-03; DSSTox_CID_662; DSSTox_RID_75717; DSSTox_GSID_20663; Glycerol, 99+%, extra pure; Glycerol; Propane-1,2,3-Triol; Glycerol, 99.6%, ACS reagent; Glicerina; Glicerol; Glycerol, 99+%, pure, synthetic; Glycerol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; Glyceol Opthalgan; Glycerol, 99.5+%, for spectroscopy; Tegin M; CAS-56-81-5; 30918-77-5; GOL; Mackstat H 66; WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[h2h]/1/; Glycerin [USP:JAN]; Glycerol, pure, 83.5-88.5 wt% aqueous solution; RG-S; Glycerol, for analysis, 86-88% wt% aqueous solution; UNII-F92TF92VBF; alditol; Neutracett; Glyceol; Glyzerin; Oelsuess; glycerine usp; Artifical tears; UNII-522DM106CR; C3H8O3; D-glycerol; L-glycerol; Tryhydroxypropane; Glycerol.; Organic Glycerin; Glycerol solution; Organic Glycerine; Glycerin,anhydrous; Glycerine (crude); Polyhydric alcohols; 1,3-Propanetriol; Glycerin USP grade; Glycerine 96%; Glycerol 85%; Glycerin 99.5%; Glycerine 96% USP; 1,3-Trihydroxypropane; 90 Technical glycerin; Emery 912; PubChem16092; rac-Glycerol-1-13C; ACMC-20akt3; E 422; Glycerin (JP17/USP); Glycerin 99.5% USP; Glycerine 99.7% USP; bmse000184; bmse000807; bmse000856; CHEMBL692; MolMap_000024; EC 200-289-5; EC 607-759-2; Glycerol, >=99.5%; Glycerin Reagent Grade ACS; WLN: Q1YQ1Q; F92TF92VBF; Glycerine (Fragrance Grade); 2-hydroxylpropane-1,3-diol; Glycerol, LR, >=98%; Glycerol, analytical standard; 4-01-00-02751 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC221G6P; Glycerin, concentrated (JAN); Concentrated glycerin (JP17); Glycerol 3 M solution, 3 M; Glycerol, >=99% (GC); M 314429; GTPL5195; INS NO.422; QSPL 181; DTXSID9020663; Glycerol, AR, >=99.5%; CHEBI:17522; CTK1C1367; Glycerol, >99%, FCC, FG; Glycerol, technical grade, 95%; KS-00000XBN; INS-422; 2w97; Glycerol, ACS reagent, 99.5%; 522DM106CR; Pharmakon1600-01300020; ZINC895048; Glycerol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade; Glycerol solution, 86-89% (T); HY-B1659; Glycerine 912 (96% CP/USP); Tox21_111043; Tox21_202077; Tox21_300144; c0066; Glycerol, BioXtra, >=99% (GC); Glycerol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%; NSC759633; STL199174; AKOS000120102; CS-6964; DB09462; Glycerol, USP, 99.0-101.0%; LS-1377; LS-3195; MCULE-6349111826; NSC-759633; GLYCERIN; PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL; Glycerolglycerin; Propane-1,2,3-Triol; PZN 7474853; Glycerol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; NCGC00090950-01; NCGC00090950-02; NCGC00090950-04; NCGC00090950-05; NCGC00253975-01; NCGC00259626-01; 8013-25-0; 98292-00-3; BP-31039; E422; Glycerol, for molecular biology, >=99%; Glycerol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%; Glycerol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%; LS-72131; SC-13789; Glycerin, meets USP testing specifications; 32-EP2269610A2; Glycerol, tested according to Ph.Eur., anhydrous; Q132501; BRD-K73866522-001-02-6; Glycerol-Gelatine, for mounting (histochemical slides); F0001-1470; 8DFDFCD7-1ED2-4373-845E-054F5AD00089; UNII-VFU0OU98LO component PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N; Glycerin, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; Glycerin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Glycerol, 99.5%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; Glycerol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, anhydrous, >=99.5% (GC); Glycerol, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 98.0-101.0%; Glycerol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, anhydrous, dist., >=99.5% (GC); ASTM(R) D6584 Glycerin solution, 500 mug/mL in pyridine, analytical standard; ASTM(R) D6584 Glycerin solution, certified reference material, 500 mug/mL in pyridine; Glycerol solution, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph.??Eur., BP, 84-88%; Glycerol, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for electrophoresis, >=99% (GC); Glycerol, polymer-bound, extent of labeling: 1-2 mmol/g glycerol loading, 1 % cross-linked with divinylbenzene; Glycerol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, FCC, E422, anhydrous, 99.0-101.0% (alkalimetric); gliserin; gliserol; glsern; glserol; glicerol; glicerine; GLYCERNE; GLYCEROL; GLYSEROL; GLYSERN; GLYCERYN; GLCERNE; GLYKERINE; GLYKEROL;
EN
Glycerine (Gliserin) IUPAC Name propane-1,2,3-triol
Glycerine (Gliserin) InChI InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
Glycerine (Gliserin) InChI Key PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Glycerine (Gliserin) Canonical SMILES C(C(CO)O)O
Glycerine (Gliserin) Molecular Formula C3H8O3
Glycerine (Gliserin) CAS 56-81-5
Glycerine (Gliserin) Deprecated CAS 29796-42-7, 30049-52-6
Glycerine (Gliserin) European Community (EC) Number 200-289-5
Glycerine (Gliserin) ICSC Number 0624
Glycerine (Gliserin) NSC Number 759633
Glycerine (Gliserin) RTECS Number MA8050000
Glycerine (Gliserin) UNII PDC6A3C0OX
Glycerine (Gliserin) JECFA Number 909
Glycerine (Gliserin) FEMA Number 2525
Glycerine (Gliserin) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID9020663
Glycerine (Gliserin) Physical Description Glycerine appears as a colorless to brown colored liquid. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite.
Glycerine (Gliserin) Color/Form Syrupy, rhombic plates
Glycerine (Gliserin) Odor MILD ODOR
Glycerine (Gliserin) Taste Sweet, warm taste
Glycerine (Gliserin) Melting Point 64 °F
Glycerine (Gliserin) Flash Point 320 °F
Glycerine (Gliserin) Solubility greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 64° F
Glycerine (Gliserin) Density 1.261 at 68 °F
Glycerine (Gliserin) Vapor Density 3.17
Glycerine (Gliserin) Vapor Pressure 0.0025 mm Hg at 122 °F ; 40 mm Hg at 388° F
Glycerine (Gliserin) LogP -1.76
Glycerine (Gliserin) Henrys Law Constant 1.73e-08 atm-m3/mole
Glycerine (Gliserin) Autoignition Temperature 698 °F
Glycerine (Gliserin) Decomposition Pure gycerin is not prone to oxidation by the atmosphere under ordinary conditions, but is decomposes on heating with the evolution of toxic acrolein.
Glycerine (Gliserin) Viscosity 954 CENTIPOISES AT 25 °C; 17 CENTIPOISES AT 25 °C (70% SOLN)
Glycerine (Gliserin) Heat of Combustion -4310 cal/g
Glycerine (Gliserin) Heat of Vaporization 160 cal/g
Glycerine (Gliserin) pH Neutral to litmus
Glycerine (Gliserin) Refractive Index [n]D/20 between 1,471 and 1,474
Glycerine (Gliserin) pKa pKa1 14.4
Glycerine (Gliserin) Dissociation Constants pKa = 14.4
Glycerine (Gliserin) Other Experimental Properties Solidifies after prolonged cooling at 0 °C forming shiny orthorhombic crystals
Glycerine (Gliserin) Molecular Weight 92.09 g/mol
Glycerine (Gliserin) XLogP3 -1.8
Glycerine (Gliserin) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 3
Glycerine (Gliserin) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 3
Glycerine (Gliserin) Rotatable Bond Count 2
Glycerine (Gliserin) Exact Mass 92.047344 g/mol
Glycerine (Gliserin) Monoisotopic Mass 92.047344 g/mol
Glycerine (Gliserin) Topological Polar Surface Area 60.7 Ų
Glycerine (Gliserin) Heavy Atom Count 6
Glycerine (Gliserin) Formal Charge 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Complexity 25.2
Glycerine (Gliserin) Isotope Atom Count 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Glycerine (Gliserin) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Glycerine (Gliserin) Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Cathartics; Cryoprotective Agents; Solvents; Vehicles.Glycerine (Gliserin) is indicated/ for relief of occasional constipation.Glycerine (Gliserin) ophthalmic solution may be used topically to reduce superficial corneal edema resulting from disease to facilitate opthalmoscopic and gonioscopic examination.Patients who have chronic difficulty with hard, but not impacted, cerumen may beadvised to instill light … Glycerine (Gliserin) … into ear canal occasionally to soften cerumen and promote normal removal.Glycerine (Gliserin) is a potent osmotic dehydrating agent with additional effects on brain metabolism. … Glycerine (Gliserin) decreases intracranial pressure in numerous disease states, including Reye’s syndrome, stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, pseudotumor cerebri, central nervous system tumor, and space occupying lesions. It is also effective in lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma and shrinking the brain during neurosurgical procedures. Hyperosmolality with rebound cerebral overhydration is of concern, especially in patients with altered blood brain barriers. They may be avoided if Glycerine (Gliserin) is administered on an intermittent rather than a continuous basis. Intravascular hemolysis does not occur with oral use. When administered intravenously, hemolysis can be minimized…MEDICATION (VET): Orally, as adjunct to acetonemia therapy especially in refractory or relapsing cases in cattle and sheep (its fermentation in rumen converts it to propionic acid, antiketogenic substance) … Oral doses may be laxative, but this effect is best accomplished by rectal infusion or as … suppositories. Inherently a lubricant, Glycerine (Gliserin)e also works by local irritation and osmotic absorption of water from mucosae, which … stimulate peristalsis and fecal evacuation. Topically, its osmotic effect is also used in otitis externa; on wounds, where it acts as bacteriostatic agent (if over 50% concentration); as lymphagogue on eye, where it reduces corneal edema; and in poultices.For rectal use only. May cause rectal discomfort or a burning sensation.Do not use for more than one per day; for a period of longer than one week unless directed by a doctor; laxative products when abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting are present unless directed by a doctor; if seal under product lid is damaged, missing or broken.If you have rectal bleeding or fail to have a bowel movement after using a laxative. This may indicate a serious condition.Adverse effects occur rarely following rectal administration of Glycerine (Gliserin) or sorbitol. Glycerine (Gliserin) may produce rectal discomfort, irritation, burning or griping, cramping pain and tenesmus. Hyperemia of the rectal mucosa with minimal amounts of hemorrhage and mucus discharge may also occur. These adverse effects occur less frequently following rectal administration of sorbitol.Glycerine (Gliserin) is commonly classified as an osmotic laxative but may act additionally or alternatively through its local irritant effects; it may also have lubricating and fecal softening actions. Glycerine (Gliserin) suppositories usually work within 15 to 30 minutes.Glycerine (Gliserin) is a trihydroxyalcohol with localized osmotic diuretic and laxative effects. Glycerine (Gliserin) elevates the blood plasma osmolality thereby extracting water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. This agent also prevents water reabsorption in the proximal tubule in the kidney leading to an increase in water and sodium excretion and a reduction in blood volume. Administered rectally, Glycerine (Gliserin) exerts a hyperosmotic laxative effect by attracting water into the rectum, thereby relieving constipation. In addition, Glycerine (Gliserin) is used as a solvent, humectant and vehicle in various pharmaceutical preparations.Well absorbed orally, poorly absorbed rectally. Studies in humans and animals indicate Glycerine (Gliserin) is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and the stomach.Approx 7-14% of dose is excreted unchanged in the urine within 2.5 hr.Glycerine (Gliserin) is distributed throughout the blood. Although Glycerine (Gliserin) generally does not appear in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital sac when the eye is inflamed, with a consequent decrease in osmotic effect.Data from studies in humans and animals indicate Glycerine (Gliserin) is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and the stomach, distributed over the extracellular space and excreted.After hydrolysis of Glycerine (Gliserin) esters in the intestine, Glycerine (Gliserin) is readily absorbed.Following rectal administration, Glycerine (Gliserin) and sorbitol are poorly absorbed; colonic evacuation of Glycerine (Gliserin) rectal suppositories or enemas occurs within 15-60 minutes, while colonic evacuation of oral sorbitol occurs within 24-48 hours.Following absorbption from GI tract, Glycerine (Gliserin) is distributed throughout the blood. Although Glycerine (Gliserin) Glycerine (Gliserin) generally does not appear in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital sac when the eye is inflamed, with a consequent decrease in osmotic effect.Glycerine (Gliserin) is a substrate for synthesis of triacylGlycerine (Gliserin)s and of phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissue. When fat metabolized as a source of energy, Glycerine (Gliserin) and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. Circulating Glycerine (Gliserin) does not glycate proteins and does not lead to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In some organisms, the Glycerine (Gliserin) component can enter the glycolysis pathway directly to provide a substrate for energy or glucose production. Glycerine (Gliserin) must be converted to their intermediate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate before being used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Glycerine (Gliserin) metabolism is regulated by the enzymes Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase, (cytosolic) NAD+-dependent G3P dehydrogenase and (mitochondrial) FAD-linked G3P dehydrogenase.Glycerine (Gliserin) is phosphorylated to alpha-glycerophosphate by Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase predominantly in the liver (80-90%) and kidneys (10-20%) and incorporated in the standard metabolic pathways to form glucose and glycogen. Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase is also found in intestinal mucosa, brown adipose tissue, lymphatic tissue, lung and pancreas. Glycerine (Gliserin) may also be combined with free fatty acids in the liver to form triglycerides (lipogenesis) which are distributed to the adipose tissues. The turnover rate is directly proportional to plasma Glycerine (Gliserin) levels.Glycerine (Gliserin) is endogenous in the human body. It enters the glycolytic pathway after its conversion in the liver to Glycerine (Gliserin)-3-phosphate by Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase. Glycerine (Gliserin)-3-phosphate is then oxidized by Glycerine (Gliserin)-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is then isomerized to glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate, eventually yielding pyruvic acid.Glycerine (Gliserin) esters are hydrolyzed to Glycerine (Gliserin) and the corresponding carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis is catalysed by intestinal lipase, which attacks the ester bonds at carbons 1 and 3. The ester bond at carbon 2 is more resistant to hydrolysis, possibly because of its stereochemistry and steric hindrance. The beta-monoglyceride can, however, spontaneously isomerise to the alpha-form (3-acylGlycerine (Gliserin)), permitting further hydrolysis to yield Glycerine (Gliserin).Glycerine (Gliserin), pyruvic acid, and lactic acid are endogenous in humans. Glycerine (Gliserin) and pyruvic acid are metabolized completely and are not excreted. … Glycerine (Gliserin) is metabolized via the glycolytic pathway after it has been converted in the liver to Glycerine (Gliserin)-3-phosphate.Glycerine (Gliserin) metabolism is regulated by the enzymes Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase, (cytosolic) NAD+-dependent G3P dehydrogenase and (mitochondrial) FAD-linked G3P dehydrogenase.Biotransformation: hepatic; Onset of action: reduction in intraocular pressure – within 10 min; Time to peak effect: reduction in intraocular pressure and vitreous volume – 60 to 90 min; Duration of action: reduction in intraocular pressure – approximately 5 hr.When administered rectally, Glycerine (Gliserin) exerts a hygroscopic and/or local irritant action, drawing water from the tissues into the feces and reflexively stimulating evacuation. Glycerine (Gliserin) decreases intraocular pressure by creating an osmotic gradient between the blood and intraocular fluid, causing fluid to move out of the aqueous and vitreous humors into the bloodstream.Glycerine (Gliserin) (Glycerine (Gliserin)) and sorbitol are hyperosmotic laxatives.When administered rectally, Glycerine (Gliserin) and sorbitol exert a hygroscopic and/or local irritant action, drawing water from the tissues into the feces and reflexly stimulating evacuation. The extent to which the simple physical distention of the rectum and the hygroscopic and/or local irritant actions are responsible for the laxative effects of some of these drugs is not known. Only extremely high oral doses of sorbitol (25 g daily) or Glycerine (Gliserin) exert laxative action.The physicochemical effects of a series of alkanols, alkanediols and Glycerine (Gliserin) on erythrocyte shape and hemolysis at 4 and 20 degrees C were examined. We calculated the dielectric constant of the incubation medium, Ds, and the dielectric constant of the erythrocyte membrane Dm in the presence of organic solutes. The ratio Ds/Dm = -38.48 at 20 degrees C defines the normal biconcave shape in a medium without hemolytic agents. A decrease in Ds/Dm favors externalization or internalization with consequent hemolysis. Alkanols and alkanediols convert biconcave erythrocytes into echinocytes, which is accompanied by an increase in the projected surface area. Glycerine (Gliserin) converts biconcave erythrocytes into stomatocytes, which was accompanied by a marginal decrease in the projected surface area. Progressive externalization in alkanols and alkanediols or internalization in Glycerine (Gliserin) resulted in a decrease in the projected surface area and the formation of smooth spheres. The degree of shape change induced was related to the degree of hemolysis and the ratio Ds/Dm. A decrease in temperature reduced both the degree of shape change and hemolysis. …/Thus/ physicochemical toxicity may be a result of a temperature dependent hydrophobic interaction between the organic solutes and the membrane and is best interpreted by the ability of the solutes to change Ds and Dm.Glycerine (Gliserin), also known as Glycerine (Gliserin) or glycyl alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Glycerine (Gliserin) exists as a liquid, very soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycerine (Gliserin) has been found throughout most human tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, sweat, feces, and blood. Within the cell, Glycerine (Gliserin) is primarily located in the mitochondria, myelin sheath and cytoplasm. Glycerine (Gliserin) exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Glycerine (Gliserin) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Glycerine (Gliserin) can be biosynthesized from glyceraldehyde through the action of the enzyme aldose reductase. Furthermore, Glycerine (Gliserin) can be converted into Glycerine (Gliserin) 3-phosphate through the action of the enzyme Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase. Finally, D-Galactose and Glycerine (Gliserin) can be converted into galactosylGlycerine (Gliserin) through the action of the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase a. In humans, Glycerine (Gliserin) is involved in the D-glyceric acidura pathway, the galactose metabolism pathway, and the Glycerine (Gliserin)ipid metabolism pathway. Glycerine (Gliserin) is also involved in a few metabolic disorders, which include Glycerine (Gliserin) kinase deficiency, the galactosemia pathway, and familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Glycerine (Gliserin) is a potentially toxic compound.Glycerine (Gliserin) (also called Glycerine (Gliserin)e or Glycerine (Gliserin)) is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The Glycerine (Gliserin) backbone is found in those lipids known as glycerides. Due to having antimicrobial and antiviral properties it is widely used in FDA approved wound and burn treatments. It can also be used as an effective marker to measure liver disease. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations. Owing to the presence of three hydroxyl groups, Glycerine (Gliserin) is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.Typical plant sources include soybeans or palm. Animal-derived tallow is another source. Approximately 950,000 tons per year are produced in the United States and Europe; 350,000 tons of Glycerine (Gliserin) were produced per year in the United States alone from 2000 to 2004.[10] The EU directive 2003/30/EC set a requirement that 5.75% of petroleum fuels are to be replaced with biofuel sources across all member states by 2010. It was projected in 2006 that by the year 2020, production would be six times more than demand, creating an excess of Glycerine (Gliserin).[6]Glycerine (Gliserin) from triglycerides is produced on a large scale, but the crude product is of variable quality, with a low selling price of as low as 2-5 U.S. cents per kilogram in 2011.[11] It can be purified, but the process is expensive. Some Glycerine (Gliserin) is burned for energy, but its heat value is low.[12]Crude Glycerine (Gliserin) from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can be purified by treatment with activated carbon to remove organic impurities, alkali to remove unreacted Glycerine (Gliserin) esters, and ion exchange to remove salts. High purity Glycerine (Gliserin) (> 99.5%) is obtained by multi-step distillation; a vacuum chamber is necessary due to its high boiling point (290 °C).In food and beverages, Glycerine (Gliserin) serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies), and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. Glycerine (Gliserin) and water are used to preserve certain types of plant leaves.[14] As a sugar substitute, it has approximately 27 kilocalories per teaspoon (sugar has 20) and is 60% as sweet as sucrose. It does not feed the bacteria that form plaques and cause dental cavities.[citation needed] As a food additive, Glycerine (Gliserin) is labeled as E number E422. It is added to icing (frosting) to prevent it from setting too hard.As used in foods, Glycerine (Gliserin) is categorized by the U.S. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics as a carbohydrate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein and fat. Glycerine (Gliserin) has a caloric density similar to table sugar, but a lower glycemic index and different metabolic pathway within the body, so some dietary advocates[who?] accept Glycerine (Gliserin) as a sweetener compatible with low-carbohydrate diets.It is also recommended as an additive when using polyol sweeteners such as erythritol and xylitol which have a cooling effect, due to its heating effect in the mouth, if the cooling effect is not wanted.[15]Glycerine (Gliserin) is mildly antimicrobial and antiviral and is an FDA approved treatment for wounds. The Red Cross reports that an 85% solution of Glycerine (Gliserin) shows bactericidal and antiviral effects, and wounds treated with Glycerine (Gliserin) show reduced inflammation after roughly 2 hours. Due to this it is used widely in wound care products, including Glycerine (Gliserin) based hydrogel sheets for burns and other wound care. It is approved for all types of wound care except third degree burns, and is used to package donor skin used in skin grafts. There is no topical treatment approved for third degree burns, and so this limitation is not exclusive to Glycerine (Gliserin).[16]Glycerine (Gliserin) is used in medical, pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, often as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication, and as a humectant.Ichthyosis and xerosis have been relieved by the topical use of Glycerine (Gliserin).[17][18] It is found in allergen immunotherapies, cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving cream, hair care products, soaps, and water-based personal lubricants. In solid dosage forms like tablets, Glycerine (Gliserin) is used as a tablet holding agent. For human consumption, Glycerine (Gliserin) is classified by the U.S. FDA among the sugar alcohols as a caloric macronutrient. Glycerine (Gliserin) is also used in blood banking to preserve red blood cells prior to freezing.When utilized in “tincture” method extractions, specifically as a 10% solution, Glycerine (Gliserin) prevents tannins from precipitating in ethanol extracts of plants (tinctures). It is also used as an “alcohol-free” alternative to ethanol as a solvent in preparing herbal extractions. It is less extractive when utilized in a standard tincture methodology. Alcohol-based tinctures can also have the alcohol removed and replaced with Glycerine (Gliserin) for its preserving properties. Such products are not “alcohol-free” in a scientific or FDA regulatory sense, as Glycerine (Gliserin) contains three hydroxyl groups. Fluid extract manufacturers often extract herbs in hot water before adding Glycerine (Gliserin) to make glycerites.[24][25]When used as a primary “true” alcohol-free botanical extraction solvent in non-tincture based methodologies, Glycerine (Gliserin) has been shown to possess a high degree of extractive versatility for botanicals including removal of numerous constituents and complex compounds, with an extractive power that can rival that of alcohol and water–alcohol solutions.[26] That Glycerine (Gliserin) possesses such high extractive power assumes it is utilized with dynamic (i.e. critical) methodologies as opposed to standard passive “tincturing” methodologies that are better suited to alcohol. Glycerine (Gliserin) possesses the intrinsic property of not denaturing or rendering a botanical’s constituents inert like alcohols (i.e. ethyl (grain) alcohol, methyl (wood) alcohol, etc.) do. Glycerine (Gliserin) is a stable preserving agent for botanical extracts that, when utilized in proper concentrations in an extraction solvent base, does not allow inverting or mitigates reduction-oxidation (REDOX) of a finished extract’s constituents, even over several years.[citation needed] Both Glycerine (Gliserin) and ethanol are viable preserving agents. Glycerine (Gliserin) is bacteriostatic in its action, and ethanol is bactericidal in its action.[27][28][29]Like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, Glycerine (Gliserin) is a non-ionic kosmotrope that forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, competing with water-water hydrogen bonds. This interaction disrupts the formation of ice. The minimum freezing point temperature is about −36 °F (−38 °C) corresponding to 70% Glycerine (Gliserin) in water.Glycerine (Gliserin) was historically used as an anti-freeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point. While the minimum freezing point of a Glycerine (Gliserin)-water mixture is higher than an ethylene glycol-water mixture, Glycerine (Gliserin) is not toxic and is being re-examined for use in automotive applications.[31][32]In the laboratory, Glycerine (Gliserin) is a common component of solvents for enzymatic reagents stored at temperatures below 0 °C due to the depression of the freezing temperature. It is also used as a cryoprotectant where the Glycerine (Gliserin) is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals to laboratory organisms that are stored in frozen solutions, such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and mammalian embryos.Glycerine (Gliserin) is used to produce nitroGlycerine (Gliserin), which is an essential ingredient of various explosives such as dynamite, gelignite, and propellants like cordite. Reliance on soap-making to supply co-product Glycerine (Gliserin) made it difficult to increase production to meet wartime demand. Hence, synthetic Glycerine (Gliserin) processes were national defense priorities in the days leading up to World War II. NitroGlycerine (Gliserin), also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris, taken in the form of sub-lingual tablets, or as an aerosol spray.
TR
Gliserin (Glycerine) IUPAC Ad propan-1,2,3-triol
Gliserin (Glycerine) InChI InChI = 1S / C3H8O3 / c4-1-3 (6) 2-5 / h3-6H, 1-2H2
Gliserin (Glycerine) InChI Anahtar PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gliserin (Glycerine) Kanonik SMILES C (C (CO) O) O
Gliserin (Glycerine) Moleküler Formül C3H8O3
Gliserin (Glycerine) CAS 56-81-5
Gliserin (Glycerine) Kullanmdan Kaldrld CAS 29796-42-7, 30049-52-6
Gliserin (Glycerine) Avrupa Topluluu (EC) Numaras 200-289-5
Gliserin (Glycerine) ICSC Numaras 0624
Gliserin (Glycerine) NSC Numaras 759633
Gliserin (Glycerine) RTECS Numaras MA8050000
Gliserin (Glycerine) UNII PDC6A3C0OX
Gliserin (Glycerine) JECFA Numaras 909
Gliserin (Glycerine) FEMA Numaras 2525
Gliserin (Glycerine) DSSTox Madde Kimlii DTXSID9020663
Gliserin (Glycerine) Fiziksel Tanm Gliserin, renksiz ila kahverengi renkli bir sv olarak görünür. Yancdr ancak tutumas biraz çaba gerektirebilir.
Gliserin (Glycerine) Renk / Form uruplu, ekenar dörtgen plakalar
Gliserin (Glycerine) Koku HAFF KOKU
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tat Tatl, scak tat
Gliserin (Glycerine) Erime Noktas 64 ° F
Gliserin (Glycerine) Parlama Noktas 320 ° F
Gliserin (Glycerine) 64 ° F’de 100 mg / mL veya daha yüksek çözünürlük
Gliserin (Glycerine) Younluk 1.261, 68 ° F
Gliserin (Glycerine) Buhar Younluu 3.17
Gliserin (Glycerine) Buhar Basnc 122 ° F’de 0.0025 mm Hg; 388 ° F’de 40 mm Hg
Gliserin (Glycerine) LogP -1.76
Gliserin (Glycerine) Henrys Yasas Sabiti 1.73e-08 atm-m3 / mol
Gliserin (Glycerine) Kendiliinden Tutuma Scakl 698 ° F
Gliserin (Glycerine) Ayrmas Saf gycerin, sradan koullar altnda atmosfer tarafndan oksidasyona eilimli deildir, ancak stldnda toksik akrolein oluumu ile ayrr.
Gliserin (Glycerine) Viskozite 954 25 ° C’de MERKEZLER; 25 ° C’de 17 SANTRPOZ (% 70 SOLN)
Gliserin (Glycerine) Yanma Iss -4310 cal / g
Gliserin (Glycerine) Buharlama Iss 160 cal / g
Gliserin (Glycerine) pH Nötral litmus
Gliserin (Glycerine) Krlma ndeksi [n] D / 20 1,471 ve 1,474 arasnda
Gliserin (Glycerine) pKa pKa1 14.4
Gliserin (Glycerine) Ayrlma Sabitleri pKa = 14.4
Gliserin (Glycerine) Dier Deneysel Özellikler 0 ° C’de uzun süreli soutmadan sonra katlar ve parlak ortorombik kristaller oluturur.
Gliserin (Glycerine) Molekül Arl 92.09 g / mol
Gliserin (Glycerine) XLogP3 -1.8
Gliserin (Glycerine) Hidrojen Ba Donör Says 3
Gliserin (Glycerine) Hidrojen Ba Alcs Says 3
Gliserin (Glycerine) Dönebilen Ba Says 2
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tam Kütle 92.047344 g / mol
Gliserin (Glycerine) Monoizotopik Kütle 92.047344 g / mol
Gliserin (Glycerine) Topolojik Polar Yüzey Alan 60,7 Ų
Gliserin (Glycerine) Ar Atom Says 6
Gliserin (Glycerine) Resmi Yük 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Karmakl 25.2
Gliserin (Glycerine) zotop Atom Says 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tanml Atom Stereocenter Says 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tanmsz Atom Stereo Merkez Saym 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tanml Ba Stereocenter Says 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Tanmsz Ba Stereo Merkez Saym 0
Gliserin (Glycerine) Kovalent Bal Birim Says 1
Gliserin (Glycerine) Bileii Kanonikletirilmitir Evet
Çözücü, yumuatc, farmasötik ajan ve tatlandrc ajan olarak kullanlr. Kriyoprotektif Ajanlar; Çözücüler; Araçlar.Gliserin (Glycerine) endikedir / ara sra kabzl gidermek için kullanlr. Gliserin (Glycerine) oftalmik solüsyon, oftalmoskopik ve gonyoskopik muayeneyi kolaylatrmak için hastalktan kaynaklanan yüzeysel korneal ödemi azaltmak için topikal olarak kullanlabilir. etkilenmise, serumene k alamas tavsiye edilebilir … Gliserin (Glycerine) … serümeni yumuatmak ve normal çkarmay desteklemek için ara sra kulak kanalna. Gliserin (Glycerine), beyin metabolizmas üzerinde ek etkileri olan güçlü bir ozmotik dehidratasyon ajandr. … Gliserin (Glycerine), Reye sendromu, felç, ensefalit, menenjit, psödotümör serebri, merkezi sinir sistemi tümörü ve yer kaplayan lezyonlar dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalk durumunda kafa içi basnc azaltr. Ayrca glokomda göz içi basncn düürmede ve beyin cerrahisi ilemleri srasnda beyni küçültmede etkilidir. Rebound serebral ar hidrasyonlu hiperosmolalite, özellikle deimi kan beyin bariyerleri olan hastalarda endie vericidir. Gliserin (Glycerine) sürekli yerine aralkl olarak uygulanrsa bunlardan kaçnlabilir. Azdan kullanm ile intravasküler hemoliz olumaz. ntravenöz olarak uygulandnda hemoliz en aza indirilebilir … LAÇ (VET): Özellikle sr ve koyunlarda refrakter veya nükseden olgularda asetonemi tedavisine ek olarak azdan (rumende fermantasyonu propiyonik aside, antiketojenik maddeye dönütürür) … Oral dozlar müshil olabilir, ancak bu etki en iyi ekilde rektal infüzyon veya fitil olarak elde edilir. Doas gerei bir kayganlatrc olan Gliserin (Glycerine) e ayrca, peristaltizmi ve dk tahliyesini uyaran mukozadan suyun yerel tahri ve ozmotik emilimi ile de çalr. Topikal olarak, ozmotiketki ayrca otitis eksterna’da da kullanlr; bakteriyostatik ajan olarak hareket ettii yaralarda (% 50’nin üzerinde konsantrasyon varsa); gözdeki lenfagog olarak kornea ödemi azaltr; ve kümes hayvanlarnda. Sadece rektal kullanm içindir. Rektal rahatszla veya yanma hissine neden olabilir. Günde birden fazla kullanmayn; bir doktor tarafndan belirtilmedikçe bir haftadan uzun bir süre; bir doktor tarafndan belirtilmedikçe karn ars, mide bulants veya kusma mevcut olduunda müshil ürünler; Ürün kapann altndaki conta hasarl, eksik veya krlmsa, rektal kanamanz varsa veya bir müshil kullandktan sonra barsak hareketi yapamyorsanz. Bu ciddi bir duruma iaret edebilir. Gliserin (Glycerine) veya sorbitolün rektal uygulamasndan sonra nadiren istenmeyen etkiler ortaya çkar. Gliserin (Glycerine) rektal rahatszlk, tahri, yanma veya skma, kramp arlar ve tenesmus oluturabilir. Minimum miktarda kanama ve mukus aknts ile rektal mukozada hiperemi de meydana gelebilir. Bu yan etkiler, sorbitolün rektal uygulamasndan sonra daha seyrek meydana gelir. Gliserin (Glycerine) yaygn olarak ozmotik bir laksatif olarak snflandrlr, ancak ek veya alternatif olarak lokal tahri edici etkileri yoluyla da hareket edebilir; ayn zamanda yalama ve dk yumuatma etkilerine sahip olabilir. Gliserin (Glycerine) fitiller genellikle 15 ila 30 dakika içinde etki eder. Gliserin (Glycerine), lokalize ozmotik diüretik ve müshil etkileri olan bir trihidroksialkoldür. Gliserin (Glycerine) kan plazmas ozmolalitesini yükseltir, böylece dokulardan suyu interstisyel sv ve plazmaya çeker. Bu ajan ayrca böbrekteki proksimal tübülde su yeniden emilimini önleyerek su ve sodyum atlmnda bir arta ve kan hacminde bir azalmaya yol açar. Rektal olarak uygulanan Gliserin (Glycerine), suyu rektuma çekerek hiperozmotik bir müshil etkisi uygular ve böylece kabzl giderir. Ek olarak, Gliserin (Glycerine), çeitli farmasötik preparatlarda bir çözücü, nemlendirici ve araç olarak kullanlr. Azdan iyi emilir, rektal olarak zayf ekilde emilir. nsanlarda ve hayvanlarda yaplan çalmalar, Gliserin (Glycerine) ‘in barsakta ve midede hzla emildiini göstermektedir. 2,5 saat içinde dozun yaklak% 7-14’ü deimeden idrarla atlr. Gliserin (Glycerine) kana dalr. Gliserin (Glycerine) genellikle oküler svlarda görülmese de, göz iltihaplandnda orbital keseye girebilir ve bunun sonucunda ozmotik etkide azalma meydana gelebilir.nsanlarda ve hayvanlarda yaplan çalmalardan elde edilen veriler, Gliserin (Glycerine) ‘in göz svsnda hzla emildiini göstermektedir. barsak ve mide, hücre d bolua datlr ve atlr. Barsaktaki Gliserin (Glycerine) esterlerinin hidrolizinden sonra, Gliserin (Glycerine) kolayca emilir. Rektal uygulamann ardndan, Gliserin (Glycerine) ve sorbitol zayf bir ekilde emilir; Gliserin (Glycerine) rektal fitiller veya lavmanlarn kolonik tahliyesi 15-60 dakika içinde meydana gelirken, oral sorbitolün kolonik tahliyesi 24-48 saat içinde gerçekleir. GI kanalndan absorpsiyonu takiben, Gliserin (Glycerine) kana datlr. Gliserin (Glycerine) Gliserin (Glycerine) genel olarak oküler svlarda görülmese de, göz iltihaplandnda orbital keseye girebilir ve bunun sonucunda ozmotik etkide azalma olur Gliserin (Glycerine) triasil Gliserin (Glycerine) sentezi için bir substrattr. ) karacier ve ya dokusundaki fosfolipidler. Ya bir enerji kayna olarak metabolize edildiinde, Gliserin (Glycerine) ve ya asitleri kan dolamna salnr. Dolaan Gliserin (Glycerine), proteinleri glisatlamaz ve gelimi glikasyon son ürünlerinin (AGE’ler) oluumuna yol açmaz. Baz organizmalarda, Gliserin (Glycerine) bileeni, enerji veya glikoz üretimi için bir substrat salamak üzere dorudan glikoliz yoluna girebilir. Gliserin (Glycerine), glikoliz veya glukoneogenezde kullanlmadan önce ara gliseraldehit 3-fosfata dönütürülmelidir. Gliserin (Glycerine) metabolizmas, Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz, (sitosolik) NAD + baml G3P dehidrojenaz ve (mitokondriyal) FAD’ye bal G3P dehidrojenaz enzimleri tarafndan düzenlenir. Gliserin (Glycerine), alfa-gliserin kinaz tarafndan fosforile edilir. arlkl olarak karacierde (% 80-90) ve böbreklerde (% 10-20) ve glikoz ve glikojen oluturmak için standart metabolik yollara dahil edilmitir. Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz ayrca barsak mukozasnda, kahverengi ya dokusunda, lenfatik dokuda, akcierde ve pankreasta bulunur. Gliserin (Glycerine), ya dokusuna dalan trigliseritleri (lipogenez) oluturmak için karacierdeki serbest ya asitleri ile de birletirilebilir. Devir hz, plazma Gliserin (Glycerine) seviyeleri ile doru orantldr. Gliserin (Glycerine) insan vücudunda endojendir. Karacierde Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz tarafndan Gliserin (Glycerine) -3-fosfata dönütürüldükten sonra glikolitik yola girer. Gliserin (Glycerine) -3-fosfat daha sonra Gliserin (Glycerine) -3-fosfat dehidrojenaz ile dihidroksiaseton fosfat elde edilir, bu daha sonra izomerize edilerek gliseral-dehid-3-fosfata dönütürülür ve sonunda piruvik asit elde edilir. Gliserin (Glycerine) esterleri, Gliserin (Glycerine) ve karlk gelen karboksilik asitlere hidrolize edilir. Hidroliz, karbon 1 ve 3’teki ester balarna saldran barsak lipaz tarafndan katalize edilir. Karbon 2’deki ester ba, muhtemelen stereokimyas ve sterik engellemesi nedeniyle hidrolize daha dirençlidir. Bununla birlikte, beta-monogliserid kendiliinden alfa-formuna (3-asil Gliserin (Glycerine)) izomerize olabilir ve daha fazla hidrolizin Gliserin (Glycerine) vermesine izin verir. Gliserin (Glycerine), pirüvik asit ve laktik asit insanlarda endojendir. Gliserin (Glycerine) ve piruvik asit tamamen metabolize olur ve vücuttan atlmaz. … Gliserin (Glycerine), karacierde Gliserin (Glycerine) -3-fosfata dönütürüldükten sonra glikolitik yolla metabolize edilir Gliserin (Glycerine) metabolizmas Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz (sitosolik) enzimleri tarafndan düzenlenir. NAD + -baml G3P dehidrojenaz ve (mitokondriyal) FAD-balantl G3P dehidrojenaz.Biyotransformasyon: hepatik; Etki balangc: göz içi basncnda azalma – 10 dakika içinde; Tepe etkisine kadar geçen süre: göz içi basnc ve vitröz hacimde azalma – 60 ila 90 dakika; Etki süresi: göz içi basncnda azalma – yaklak 5 saat Rektal olarak uygulandnda, Gliserin (Glycerine) dokulardan dkya su çekerek ve refleks olarak tahliyeyi uyararak higroskopik ve / veya lokal bir tahri edici etki gösterir. Gliserin (Glycerine), kan ve göz içi svs arasnda ozmotik bir gradyan oluturarak göz içi basncn düürür ve svnn sulu ve vitröz hümörlerden kan dolamna geçmesine neden olur.Gliserin (Glycerine) (Gliserin (Glycerine)) ve sorbitol hiperozmotik laksatiflerdir. Rektal olarak uygulandnda, Gliserin (Glycerine) ve sorbitol, dokulardan dkya su çekerek ve refleks olarak tahliyeyi uyararak higroskopik ve / veya lokal bir tahri edici etki gösterir. Bu ilaçlarn bazlarnn müshil etkilerinden rektumdaki basit fiziksel gerilmenin ve higroskopik ve / veya lokal tahri edici etkilerin ne ölçüde sorumlu olduu bilinmemektedir. Sadece ar yüksek oral sorbitol (günde 25 g) veya Gliserin (Glycerine) dozlar müshil etkisi gösterir. 4 ve 20 derece C’de eritrosit ekli ve hemoliz üzerindeki bir dizi alkanol, alkanediol ve Gliserin (Glycerine) fizikokimyasal etkileri incelenmitir. nkübasyon ortamnn dielektrik sabitini, Ds’yi ve organik çözünenlerin varlnda eritrosit membran Dm’nin dielektrik sabitini hesapladk. 20 derece C’de Ds / Dm = -38.48 oran, hemolitik ajanlar içermeyen bir ortamda normal çift içbükey eklini tanmlar. Ds / Dm’deki bir azalma, sonuçta hemoliz ile birlikte eksternalizasyonu veya içselletirmeyi destekler. Alkanoller ve alkanedioller, bikonkav eritrositleri ekinositlere dönütürür ve buna, öngörülen yüzey alannda bir art elik eder. Gliserin (Glycerine), bikonkav eritrositleri stomatositlere dönütürür ve buna, öngörülen yüzey alannda marjinal bir azalma elik eder. Alkanoller ve alkanediollerde aamal dsallatrma veya Gliserin (Glycerine) içinde içselletirme, yanstlan yüzey alannda bir azalmaya ve pürüzsüz kürelerin oluumuna neden oldu. ndüklenen ekil deiikliinin derecesi, hemoliz derecesi ve Ds / Dm oran ile ilikiliydi. Scaklktaki düü hem ekil deiikliini hem de hemolizi düürdü. … / Bu nedenle / fizikokimyasal toksisite, organik çözücüler ve zar arasndaki scakla bal hidrofobik etkileimin bir sonucu olabilir ve en iyi, çözünenlerin Ds ve Dm’yi deitirme kabiliyetiyle yorumlanr. Gliserin (Glycerine), ayn zamanda Gliserin olarak da bilinir (Gliserin) veya glisil alkol, eker alkolleri olarak bilinen organik bileikler snfna aittir. Bunlar, karbonil grubunun (aldehit veya keton, indirgeyici eker) bir birincil veya ikincil hidroksil grubuna indirgendii hidrojene karbonhidrat formlardr. Gliserin (Glycerine) sv, çok çözünür (suda) ve çok zayf asidik bir bileik (pKa’sna bal olarak) olarak bulunur. Gliserin (Glycerine) çou insan dokusunda bulunmutur ve ayrca beyin omurilik svs, ter, dk ve kan dahil olmak üzere çou biyo svda tespit edilmitir. Hücre içinde, Gliserin (Glycerine) esas olarak mitokondri, miyelin klf ve sitoplazmada bulunur. Gliserin (Glycerine), mayadan insanlara kadar tüm ökaryotlarda bulunur. Gliserin (Glycerine) bir dizi enzimatik reaksiyona katlr. Özellikle, Gliserin (Glycerine), enzim aldoz redüktazn etkisiyle gliseraldehitten biyosentezlenebilir. Ayrca, Gliserin (Glycerine), Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz enziminin etkisiyle Gliserin (Glycerine) 3-fosfata dönütürülebilir. Son olarak, D-Galaktoz ve Gliserin (Glycerine) galaktosil Gly’ye dönütürülebilirAlfa-galaktosidaz enziminin etkisiyle cerine (Gliserin) a. nsanlarda Gliserin (Glycerine), D-gliserik asidura yolanda, galaktoz metabolizma yolunda ve Gliserin (Glycerine) ipid metabolizma yolunda rol oynar. Gliserin (Glycerine) ayrca Gliserin (Glycerine) kinaz eksiklii, galaktozemi yolu ve ailesel lipoprotein lipaz eksikliini içeren birkaç metabolik bozuklukta rol oynar. Gliserin (Glycerine) potansiyel olarak toksik bir bileiktir. Gliserin (Glycerine) (ayrca Gliserin (Glycerine) e veya Gliserin (Glycerine) olarak da adlandrlr) basit bir poliol bileiidir. Renksiz, kokusuz, viskoz, tatl tad olan ve toksik olmayan bir svdr. Gliserin (Glycerine) omurgas, gliseridler olarak bilinen lipidlerde bulunur. Antimikrobiyal ve antiviral özelliklere sahip olmas nedeniyle FDA onayl yara ve yank tedavilerinde yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Karacier hastaln ölçmek için etkili bir belirteç olarak da kullanlabilir. Ayn zamanda gda endüstrisinde tatlandrc olarak ve farmasötik formülasyonlarda nemlendirici olarak yaygn ekilde kullanlmaktadr. Üç hidroksil grubunun varl nedeniyle, Gliserin (Glycerine) suyla karabilir ve doas gerei higroskopiktir.Tipik bitki kaynaklar arasnda soya fasulyesi veya hurma bulunur. Hayvansal kaynakl donya baka bir kaynaktr. Amerika Birleik Devletleri ve Avrupa’da ylda yaklak 950.000 ton üretilmektedir; Yalnzca Amerika Birleik Devletleri’nde 2000 ile 2004 yllar arasnda ylda 350.000 ton Gliserin (Glycerine) üretildi. [10] 2003/30 / EC sayl AB direktifi, 2010 ylna kadar tüm üye devletlerde petrol yaktlarnn% 5,75’inin biyoyakt kaynaklaryla deitirilmesini art komutur. 2006 ylnda 2020 ylna kadar üretimin talepten alt kat fazla olaca öngörülmütür. , fazla Gliserin (Glycerine) yaratr. [6] Trigliseritlerden Gliserin (Glycerine) büyük ölçekte üretilir, ancak ham ürün, 2-5 ABD senti kadar düük bir sat fiyat ile deiken kaliteye sahiptir. 2011 ylnda kilogram. [11] Artlabilir, ancak ilem pahaldr. Enerji için bir miktar Gliserin (Glycerine) yaklr, ancak s deeri düüktür. [12] Trigliseridlerin hidrolizinden elde edilen Ham Gliserin (Glycerine), organik safszlklar gidermek için aktif karbon ile, reaksiyona girmemi Gliserin (Glycerine) gidermek için alkali ile ilenerek saflatrlabilir. ) esterler ve tuzlar uzaklatrmak için iyon deiimi. Çok aamal damtma ile yüksek saflkta Gliserin (Glycerine) (>% 99.5) elde edilir; yüksek kaynama noktas (290 ° C) nedeniyle bir vakum odas gereklidir. Yiyecek ve içeceklerde Gliserin (Glycerine) nemlendirici, çözücü ve tatlandrc olarak görev yapar ve yiyeceklerin korunmasna yardmc olabilir. Ayrca ticari olarak hazrlanm az yal yiyeceklerde (örnein kurabiyeler) dolgu maddesi olarak ve likörlerde koyulatrc bir madde olarak kullanlr. Gliserin (Glycerine) ve su, belirli bitki yapraklarn korumak için kullanlr. [14] Bir eker ikamesi olarak, çay ka bana yaklak 27 kilokaloriye sahiptir (ekerde 20) ve sakaroz kadar% 60 tatldr. Plak oluturan ve di boluklarna neden olan bakterileri beslemez. [Kaynak belirtilmeli] Gda katk maddesi olarak Gliserin (Glycerine) E numaras E422 olarak etiketlenmitir. Çok sertlemesini önlemek için buzlanmaya (buzlanma) eklenir.Gdalarda kullanlan Gliserin (Glycerine), ABD Beslenme ve Diyetetik Akademisi tarafndan bir karbonhidrat olarak kategorize edilmitir. ABD Gda ve laç Dairesi (FDA) karbonhidrat tanm, protein ve ya hariç tüm kalorik makro besinleri içerir. Gliserin (Glycerine), sofra ekerine benzer bir kalori younluuna sahiptir, ancak daha düük bir glisemik indekse ve vücut içinde farkl bir metabolik yola sahiptir, bu nedenle baz diyet savunucular [kim?] Gliserin’i (Gliserin) düük karbonhidratl diyetlerle uyumlu bir tatlandrc olarak kabul eder. azda stma etkisi nedeniyle soutma etkisi olan eritritol ve ksilitol gibi poliol tatlandrclar kullanldnda, soutma etkisi istenmiyorsa katk maddesi olarak da önerilir. [15] Gliserin (Glycerine) hafif antimikrobiyal ve antiviraldir. ve yaralar için FDA onayl bir tedavidir. Kzl Haç,% 85’lik bir Gliserin (Glycerine) çözeltisinin bakteri öldürücü ve antiviral etkiler gösterdiini ve Gliserin (Glycerine) ile tedavi edilen yaralarn yaklak 2 saat sonra azalm iltihaplanma gösterdiini bildirmektedir. Bu nedenle, yanklar ve dier yara bakm için Gliserin (Glycerine) bazl hidrojel tabakalar dahil olmak üzere yara bakm ürünlerinde yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Üçüncü derece yanklar dnda her türlü yara bakm için onayldr ve deri greftlerinde kullanlan donör deriyi paketlemek için kullanlr. Üçüncü derece yanklar için onaylanm bir topikal tedavi yoktur ve bu nedenle bu snrlama Gliserin’e (Gliserin) özel deildir. [16] Gliserin (Glycerine) tbbi, farmasötik ve kiisel bakm preparatlarnda, genellikle pürüzsüzlüü iyiletirmenin bir yolu olarak kullanlr, kayganlatrma salayan ve nemlendirici olarak. ktiyoz ve kseroz, Gliserin (Glycerine) topikal kullanmyla hafifletildi. [17] [18] Alerjen immünoterapilerinde, öksürük uruplarnda, iksirler ve balgam söktürücülerde, di macunlarnda, gargaralarda, cilt bakm ürünlerinde, tra kremlerinde, saç bakm ürünlerinde, sabunlarda ve su bazl porsiyonlarda bulunur.kiisel yalayclar. Tabletler gibi kat dozaj formlarnda Gliserin (Glycerine), tablet tutma maddesi olarak kullanlr. nsan tüketimi için Gliserin (Glycerine), ABD FDA tarafndan eker alkolleri arasnda kalorik bir makro besin olarak snflandrlmtr. Gliserin (Glycerine), donmadan önce krmz kan hücrelerini korumak için kan bankasnda da kullanlr. “Tentür” yöntemi ekstraksiyonlarnda, özellikle% 10’luk bir çözelti olarak kullanldnda, Gliserin (Glycerine), bitkilerin etanol ekstraktlarnda (tentürler) tanenlerin çökelmesini önler. ). Bitkisel ekstraksiyonlarn hazrlanmasnda çözücü olarak etanole “alkolsüz” bir alternatif olarak da kullanlr. Standart bir tentür metodolojisinde kullanldnda daha az ekstraktiftir. Alkol bazl tentürlerde ayrca alkolün çkarlmas ve koruyucu özellikleri nedeniyle Gliserin (Glycerine) ile deitirilmesi de salanabilir. Gliserin (Glycerine) üç hidroksil grubu içerdiinden, bu tür ürünler bilimsel veya FDA düzenleyici anlamda “alkolsüz” deildir. Sv özüt üreticileri, gliserit yapmak için Gliserin (Glycerine) eklemeden önce genellikle bitkileri scak suda çkarrlar. [24] [25] Tentür bazl olmayan metodolojilerde birincil “gerçek” alkolsüz botanik ekstraksiyon çözücüsü olarak kullanldnda, Gliserin (Glycerine) Alkol ve su-alkol çözeltileriyle rekabet edebilecek bir çkarma gücüne sahip, çok sayda bileen ve karmak bileiin çkarlmas da dahil olmak üzere botanikler için yüksek derecede özütleme çok yönlülüüne sahip olduu gösterilmitir. Gliserin (Glycerine) bu kadar yüksek ekstraksiyon gücüne sahip olduu için, alkole daha uygun olan standart pasif “tentür” metodolojilerinin aksine dinamik (yani kritik) metodolojilerle kullanldn varsayar. Gliserin (Glycerine), alkoller (yani etil (tahl) alkol, metil (odun) alkol, vb.) Gibi bir botanik bileenlerini denatüre etmeme veya etkisiz hale getirmeme özelliine sahiptir. Gliserin (Glycerine), bir ekstraksiyon çözücü baznda uygun konsantrasyonlarda kullanldnda, bitmi bir ekstraktn bileenlerinin birkaç yl içinde bile tersine çevrilmesine veya indirgeme-oksidasyonuna (REDOX) izin vermeyen botanik ekstraktlar için stabil bir koruyucu ajandr. [Alnt gerek] Hem Gliserin (Glycerine) hem de etanol canl koruyucu maddelerdir. Gliserin (Glycerine) eyleminde bakteriyostatiktir ve etanol eyleminde bakterisidaldir. [27] [28] [29] Etilen glikol ve propilen glikol gibi, Gliserin (Glycerine) ile güçlü hidrojen balar oluturan iyonik olmayan bir kosmotroptur. su molekülleri, su-su hidrojen balaryla rekabet eder. Bu etkileim buz oluumunu bozar. Minimum donma noktas scakl, sudaki% 70 Gliserin (Glycerine) ‘e karlk gelen yaklak -36 ° F (-38 ° C)’ dir. Gliserin (Glycerine), etilen glikol ile deitirilmeden önce eskiden otomotiv uygulamalar için bir antifriz olarak kullanlmtr. donma noktas daha düüktür. Bir Gliserin (Glycerine) -su karmnn minimum donma noktas bir etilen glikol-su karmndan daha yüksek iken, Gliserin (Glycerine) toksik deildir ve otomotiv uygulamalarnda kullanlmak üzere yeniden incelenmektedir. [31] [32] laboratuvar, Gliserin (Glycerine), donma scaklnn dümesi nedeniyle 0 ° C’nin altndaki scaklklarda depolanan enzimatik reaktifler için ortak bir çözücü bileenidir. Ayrca, Gliserin (Glycerine) ‘in, mantar, bakteri, nematod ve memeli embriyolar gibi donmu çözeltilerde depolanan laboratuvar organizmalarna buz kristallerinin verdii zarar azaltmak için suda çözündürüldüü bir kriyoprotektan olarak da kullanlr. Gliserin (Glycerine) dinamit, gelignit ve kordit gibi itici gazlar gibi çeitli patlayclarn temel bir bileeni olan nitroGliserin (Glycerine) üretmek için kullanlr. Yan ürün Gliserin (Glycerine) salamak için sabun yapmna güvenmek, sava zaman talebini karlamak için üretimi artrmay zorlatrd. Bu nedenle, sentetik Gliserin (Glycerine) süreçleri, II.Dünya Sava’na giden günlerde ulusal savunma öncelikleriydi. Gliseril trinitrat (GTN) olarak da bilinen NitroGliserin (Glycerine), yaygn olarak dil alt tabletler eklinde alnan anjina pektorisi rahatlatmak için veya bir aerosol sprey olarak kullanlr.