HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous, high-melting-point compound derived from the hydrogenation of castor oil, available in flakes or powder form.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in cosmetics for its viscosity-modifying properties, improving the texture and stability of creams and emulsions, as well as in pharmaceuticals for its role as a lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations.
Due to Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in most solvents, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is valuable in industrial applications such as lubricants, adhesives, and coatings.
CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EC Number: 232-292-2
Molecular Formula: C57H110O9
Molecular Weight: 1,044.5 g/m
Synonyms: Cutina HR, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Unitina HR, Castorwax, Castorwax MP 70, Castorwax MP 80, Croduret, Fancol, ricini oleum hydrogenatum, PEG 60, PEG 40, OPAL WAX, Unitina HR, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Trihydroxystearin, CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT, CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Glyceryl tri(12-hydroxystearate), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG 40, CASTOR WAX, CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, hydrogenated castor oil flakes, Thixcin, Namlon T 206, Kolliwax HCO, PEG 40 CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, WNN 1, PEG 60,
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderis prepared by hydrogenation of castor oil, and its main component is 12-hydroxystearic acid triglyceride.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is slightly soluble in methylene chloride, insoluble in petroleum ether, very slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.
Chemically Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder commercial packaging includes a transport friendly and secure box with primary electrostatically dissipative PE packaging material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.
Available in wax, powder, or flakes, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is meticulously crafted through the hydrogenation process of Castor Oil, employing a Nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures.
This transformation results in a substance often referred
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder emerges as a white, crystalline solid in the form of flakes, distinguished by its unique physicochemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s production involves a precise chemical alteration, enhancing its versatility and making it a sought-after industrial material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, known for its excellent stability and texture, finds widespread applications across various industries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s diverse uses stem from the distinctive combination of properties it possesses, making Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powdera valuable ingredient in formulations ranging from cosmetics to industrial products.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax-like compound obtained by controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odorless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes.
The Color of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and has limited solubility in the solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to slightly yellowish fine free-flowing powder
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also known as Synthetic Wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white crystalline solid flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physic-chemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax with a high melting point.
Derived through a safe hydrogenation process from refined castor oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is known for its excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic and non-hazardous product that transforms into a clear transparent liquid when melted.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has excellent viscosity-modifying properties, making it ideal for improving grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax derived through a safe hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a high melting point and is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and possesses excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.
The colour of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white.
When melted Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.
There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder known as PEG-40.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.
Hydrogenation refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.
In the case of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, this increases the oil’s stability and raises Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.
This makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless, supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a ricinoleic acid that is fully saturated and is similar to a viscous wax-like product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in most organic solvents, but soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of “Ricinus communis L.”) by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced in form of flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to creamish flakes or powder.
The melting point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is°C 83 – 87
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.
Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a powerful occlusive agent that not only hydrates the skin and hair but also creates a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.
Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is the more stable form of castor oil that has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in personal care products due to its varied benefits ranging from hydrating and soothing the skin to binding and controlling the viscosity of formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also an excellent anti-aging ingredient.
The chemical formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is C57H110O9.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a Hard, Brittle Wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is Produced By Adding Hydrogen to Castor Oil in the Presence of a Nickel Catalyst. in the Hydrogenation Process, the Ricinoleic Acid Becomes Fully Saturated and Forms a Viscous Wax-like Product with a High Melting Point of 86°c.
Hydrogenation May Be Defined as the Conversion of Various Unsaturated Radicals of Fatty Glycerides Into More Highly or Completely Saturated Glycerides By the Addition of Hydrogen in the Presence of a Catalyst.
Hydrogenated oils are Created By a Controlled Heat Process in Which the Melting Point is Raised to Change the Oil Into a Waxy Substance.
The Hydrogenation Process Improves the Stability and Texture of a Product and is Heat Controlled to Avoid the Creation of Trans-fats.
The Object of the Hydrogenation is Not Only to Raise the Melting Point But also to Improve the Keeping Qualities, Taste, and Odor.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by hydrogenation of Ricinus communis (Castor) seed oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.
This is done by bubbling hydrogen gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.
Hydrogenation of castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.
The Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderis soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, commonly abbreviated as HCO, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s chemical structure and properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hydrogenated form of castor oil that is insoluble in water.
The hydrogenation process changes the chemical composition by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups and reducing the number of unsaturated bonds.
These changes can affect how the molecule interacts with other molecules and Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s solubility in water.
Low energy activation energies have been reported for hydrogenated castor oil compared to other oils such as olive or sunflower oils.
Uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is accessible with high-drop point, high applicability and good stability.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as the viscosity modifier, made to improve resistance against grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has specific dispersal level that ensures its good use in the powder coatings, elastomer, hot-melt adhesives others.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for the production of daily cosmetics, shoe polish, pharmaceutical ointment, is the raw material for the preparation of 12-hydroxy stearic acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Hot-melt adhesive in packaging, Bookbinding, Footwear, Carpet back, Product Assembly, Thick film chlorinated rubber, Epoxy and vinyl coating, Personal care and cosmetic industries, and Micronized Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder derivative.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, sealants, etc.
As Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder suppliers, we follow strict protocols to ensure that only the best quality product reaches our customers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hydrogenated castor powder for pharmaceutical application used as consistency factor in topical formulations, as lipohphillic lubricant in tablets and capsules and as plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularily suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder complies with IPEC GMP standards for critical pharmaceutical applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a consistency factor in topical formulations, as alipophillic lubricant in tablets and capsules, and as a plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ensures risk reduction in pharmaceutical applications and meets all relevant regulatory needs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for all skin care applications, particularly for sticks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderis also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.here are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.
This versatile ingredient, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, finds applications in various industries due to its exceptional properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in a variety of industrial applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is utilized in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives to improve their resistance to grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings to enhance their performance and durability.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s high-drop point and stable nature make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ideal for applications that require resistance to heat and chemicals.
Hydrogenated castor oil has been used as an antimicrobial agent for various detergent compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and topical formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has also been used as a polymerization aid for the production of insoluble polymers, including polyurethane elastomers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications.
Because of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s excellent resistance to moisture, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder works extremely well as a viscosity modifier, and Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderalso provides significant improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in the cosmetics sector.
There are numerous applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.
There are many applications such as lubricants, plastics, and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.
Other technical application fields of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings. Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.
In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an ingredient.
Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Adhesives, Emulsifiers, and Lubricants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder — also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s resistance to moisture makes useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.
After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
greases uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder: Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard brittle, high melting point waxy substance with faint characteristic of fatty wax odor and is tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with beeswax, carnauba and candelilla wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is relatively insoluble in most organic solvents though it will dissolve in a number of solvents and oils at an elevated temperature but on cooling will form gels or a paste like mass.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder forms a smooth, stable anionic emulsion with emulsifiers and triethanolamine stearate. Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can also be emulsified with a cationic emulsifying agent, making emulsions that are also stable.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is mainly used in plastics, textiles, lubricants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Castor Oils & Castor Oil Derivatives, Flavor & Fragrance, Inks & Digital Inks, Lubricant & Grease, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Nutritionals
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physicochemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of multipurpose Lithium/Calcium grease and high-performance aviation grease.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of soaps & cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as mould release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a component of specialty wax blends like pencils, crayons, lipsticks and anti-deodorant sticks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of hot-melt coatings and sealant requiring resistance to water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a coating agent for paper & as anti-foaming agent.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of Automotive refinish Acrylics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used rheological agent that provides thixotropic in paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, sealants and numerous industrial compositions.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used thick film chlorinated rubber, epoxy and vinyl coating.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used flame Retardant and anti-static agent for fiber.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacture of Spin finish oil for polyamide fiber.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in preparation of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained release capsules, wetting/bodying agent, face paint.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as plasticizer for cellulosic.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used processing aid for Colour concentrates.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used surface treatment agents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of hot melt adhesives used in packaging books, binding footwear, carpet backing and in product assembly.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used anti-tack and slip additives for processing plastics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of specialty chemicals for applications such as metal working, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries in the form of derivatives such as esters, ethylates, sulfates etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s foam-enhancing properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.
Furthermore, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, paper chemicals and dyes, cosmetics and personal care products and pharmaceuticals.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, metal surface treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, lubricants and greases and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , textile, leather or fur and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for Coatings and Greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is utilized in the Manufacture of Waxes, Polishes, Carbon Paper, Candles and Crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds Use in Cosmetics, Hair Dressing, Ointments, and in Preparation of Hydroxyl-stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a Paint Additive, Pressure Mould Release Agent in the Manufacture of Formed Plastics and Rubber Goods.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is this insolubility that makes valuable to the lubricants markets.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as the Reaction Itself is Exothermic, the Chief Energy Requirements are in the Production of Hydrogen, Warming of the Oil, Pumping, and Filtering.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fertilisers, coating products and air care products.
Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting).
Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in Various Industries:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a wide range of applications across different sectors.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s versatility and excellent properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an essential ingredient in various industries.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications:
The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries extensively use hydrogenated castor oil powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a key ingredient in the production of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained-release capsules, and face paint.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s ability to act as a wetting and bodying agent makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder useful in the preparation of different pharmaceutical formulations.
In the cosmetic industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of soaps, shampoos, creams, and lotions due to its stable nature and high-drop point
Industrial Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in the Production of Greases, Lubricants, and Adhesives:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s viscosity-modifying properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an excellent choice for improving the grease and oil resistance of these products.
The powder form is particularly suitable for hot-melt adhesives, where Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder enhances the adhesion and strength of the adhesive.
Additionally, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a mold release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.
Use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in Rubber, Plastic, Polishes, and Coatings:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder plays a crucial role in the rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings industries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderis known for its excellent dispersal level in powder coatings and its ability to enhance the performance of elastomers and sealants.
In rubber and plastic applications, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderimproves the resistance to moisture, oil, and other petrochemical products.
Furthermore, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderfinds use in polishes and coatings where it provides durability and a glossy finish
Topical formulations:
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be used as consistency factor to enhance the viscosity of the formulation.
The typical concentration at about 0.1-2% Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes and can therefore be used in combination with fatty alcohols and other consistency factors.
Similar to emollients, waxes affect the sensory profile and the stability of a topical formulation.
They are solid at ambient temperatures and stabilize emulsions as the viscosity is increased by formation of lamellar structures in oil-in-water formulations.
Furthermore Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a special advantage because of its high melting point and is able to support the formulation stability particularly at elevated temperatures.
Lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine.
Lubricants also ensure that tablet formulations and ejection can occur with low friction.
Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, are most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules.
Lubricants are added in small quantities to tablet or capsule formulations to improve certain processing characteristics.
In tablet formulations Kolliwax® HCO can be used as a lubricant as an effective alternative to magnesium stearate.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible to a large number of actives and does not provide a metallic taste.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularly suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.
Plasticizer in solid dispersions:
In solid dispersions, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as plasticizer in solid polymeric matrices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is suitable for melt granulation, spray drying and hot melt extrusion processes.
Plastics Uses:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Cosmetics Uses:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.
Pharmaceutical Applications:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in cosmetics.
Uses Area of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a natural powerhouse ingredient overflowing with benefits for both hair and skin.
Skin care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as an outstanding emollient that deeply nourishes the surface and prevents moisture loss.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder soothes the skin against sunburn and treats signs of aging like wrinkles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil also has antibacterial properties making it potent for fighting acne
Cosmetic products:
Apart from its emollient properties, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is quite beneficial as a binding agent that keeps formulations together and stabilizes them.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a great thickening agent and gives products a rich, luxurious consistency.
In cosmetics, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder works wonders for dry skin and lips
Hair care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has remarkable perks for overall hair health.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder aids the rapid growth of hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows while keeping them healthy and nourished.
Long-term use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder on hair leaves them lustrous, thick, and frizz-free
Features of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.
There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder known as PEG-40.
The Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.
Key Features:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
This is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Benefits of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
At room temperature Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard wax with a high melting point (85-88°C)
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has unique particle size distribution
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularly suitable for the formulation of sensitive APIs
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with several natural vegetable and animal waxes, as well as fatty alcohols to enhance viscosity of topical formulations
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is suitable as a plasticizer for melt granulation, spray drying, Hot melt extrusion
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder offers several benefits when used in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as an excellent emollient, providing hydration and moisturization to the skin.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also helps in the formulation of various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and shampoos by enhancing their stability and texture.
The high-drop point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ensures that the products remain stable even at elevated temperatures.
In conclusion, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a versatile ingredient with various applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial sectors.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder’s unique properties and exceptional stability make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an ideal choice for improving the performance of greases, lubricants, adhesives, rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings.
Functionalities of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Additives,
Lubricants,
Film formers,
Viscosity modifiers
Origin of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Castor oil is derived from castor beans, also known as ricinus communis, which is native to India, China, and Brazil.
This oil undergoes a hydrogenation process which involves reacting castor oil with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, typically nickel or palladium.
During hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids present in castor oil undergo saturation, converting double bonds into single bonds.
This results in a more solid and stable form of castor oil with improved oxidative stability and increased melting point.
The resulting Hydrogenated Castor Oil is then purified to remove impurities and make it safe for use in cosmetics.
Experimental Properties of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Chemical Properties:
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.
The PhEur 6.0 describes hydrogenated castor oil as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powderconsists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.
Unique Properties:
Emollient:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has emollient properties, making it suitable for skin-care and cosmetic products, providing moisturization and a smooth texture.
Thickening:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can serve as a thickening agent in various formulations, enhancing their viscosity and stability.
Lubrication:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder functions as a lubricant, reducing friction and providing a smooth surface in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
Release Agent:
In food processing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as a release agent, preventing sticking and enhancing the release of products from molds and equipment.
Plasticizer:
In plastics and coatings, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can function as a plasticizer, improving flexibility and durability.
Alternative for:
The choice of using hydrogenated castor oil depends on specific application requirements.
Alternatives may include other types of oils, waxes, or chemical compounds that provide similar properties, depending on the desired characteristics and environmental considerations.
The selection is influenced by factors such as emollient properties, thickening ability, lubrication, release properties, and cost considerations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is preferred when its unique combination of properties aligns with the application’s needs, particularly in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, where its safety and performance benefits are valued.
Production Methods of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil using a catalyst.
Handling And Storage of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Storage:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may be produced.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Stability And Reactivity of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Reactivity:
No data available
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
Conditions to avoid:
No data available
Safety of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil is non-toxic and extremely safe for use on hair and skin.
However, cosmetic-grade Hydrogenated Castor Oil is cleaned of all impurities and does not pose any risks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also non-comedogenic, providing a safe solution for hydration without clogging the pores.
Further, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is vegan, halal, and kosher-certified.
First Aid Measures of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
Fire Fighting Measures of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Further information:
No data available
Accidental Release Measures of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
Identifiers of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2
Chemical Name: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder
CAS Number: 8001-79-4 (for hydrogenated castor oil), though specific powder forms might not have a unique CAS number.
Chemical Formula: C18H36O3 (for the primary component, hydrogenated castor oil).
Molecular Weight: Varies based on the specific formulation and degree of hydrogenation.
INCI Name: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients).
Appearance: White to off-white powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents.
Melting Point: Typically around 85-90°C, depending on hydrogenation level.
Density: Approximately 0.95 g/cm³ (may vary slightly based on formulation).
pH: Generally neutral to slightly acidic in aqueous solutions.
CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EC Number: 232-292-2
Molecular Formula: C57H110O9
Properties of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Appearance: White flakes
Iodine Value, gI2/100g: 3 MAX
Saponification Value, mg KOH/g: 175 – 185
Acid Value, mg KOH/g: 3 MAX
Hydroxyl Value, mg KOH/g: 155 MIN
Melting Point, °C: 84 – 88
Gardner Color: 3 MAX
CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20°C
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 20°C
Appearance: Powder
Storage Condition: Room Temperature
Stability: Stable.
Additional Information:
Appearance: White to pale yellow powder, lump, or flake.
Base Number: Not more than 4.0.
Melting Point: 85-88 °C.
Hydroxyl Value: 150-165.
Iodine Value: Not more than 5.0.
Saponification Value: 176-182.
Color: 3
Appearance: White to creamish flakes or powder
Density (20°C): 0.970
Refractive index: N.A.
Melting point (°C): 83 – 87
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): 0.0 – 3.0
Gardner color: 0.0 – 3.0
Hydroxyl value (mg KOH/g): 180.0000
Melting point (°C): 85 – 88
Nickel content (ppm): 3
Saponification value (mg KOH/g): 0
Specific Gravity (25°C): 1.02
Color: White to Pale Yellowish
Appearance @ 20°C: Solid (Mobile liquid @ 30°C)
Odor: Almost none
Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3 (27℃)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
FDA 21 CFR: 178.3280; 175.300; 176.170; 177.1200; 177.1210
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED
EWG’s Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZF94AP8MEY
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil (8001-78-3)
Appearance: White flakes or powder
Odor: Like hardened vegetable oil
pH: Neutral
Boiling Point: > 300°C
Melting Point: 82 – 87°C
Flash Point: Above 310°C
Flammability (solid, gas): None
Auto flammability: None
Explosive Properties: Dust explodable
Oxidizing Properties: None
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable
Relative Density: About 0.99 at 25°C
Solubility – Water solubility: Insoluble
Fat solubility: Insoluble in most organic solvents at room temperature
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Melting Point: 85°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Viscosity: High