ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (ZOPROPL ALKOL)
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (ZOPROPL ALKOL)
CAS No. : 67-63-0
EC No. : 200-661-7
Synonyms:
Isopropanol, 2 propanol, iso propylene alcohol, ipa isopropyl alcohol, ipa isopropyl; Isopropanol, pure, 99.5+%; Isopropanol, residue free, for electronic use, 99.8%; Isopropanol, water <50 ppm, extra dry over mol. sieve, 99.5%; Isopropanol, water <50 ppm, extra dry, 99.8%;2-PROPANOL (IPA);Isopropanol, conform to ACS, for spectroscopy, 99.5%; Isopropanol, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, for molecular biology, 99.5%; Isopropanol, for analysis ACS, 99.6%. 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ISO, 99.8%; 2-Propanol, reag. ISO, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.7%; 2-Propanol, BioReagent, for molecular biology, >=99.5%; 2-Propanol, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis; 2-Propanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.8% (GC); 2-Propanol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, anhydrous, >=99.5%; 2-Propanol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC); Isopropanol or isopropyl alcohol [UN1219] [Flammable liquid]; Isopropanol or isopropyl alcohol [UN1219] [Flammable liquid]; Isopropyl alcohol, EuropePharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; izopropil alkol; Isopropyl alcohol, meets EP, BP, USP testing specifications; 2-Propanol, >=99.7%, suitable for absorption spectrum analysis; 2-Propanol, semiconductor grade PURANAL(TM) (Honeywell 17829); 2-Propanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 2-Propanol, >=99.7%, for residue analysis, suitable for 1000 per JIS; 2-Propanol, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, 99.9%
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is an organic compound, an isomer of n-propanol, aliased dimethylmethanol, 2-propanol. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is a colorless, transparent liquid with a scent like a mixture of ethanol and acetone. Soluble in water, also soluble in most organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) has a wide range of uses as an organic raw material and solvent.
1）As a chemical raw material, it can produce acetone, hydrogen peroxide, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, isopropylamine, diisopropyl ether, isopropyl chloride, and fatty acid isopropyl ester and chloro fatty acid isopropyl ester.
2）In the fine chemical industry, it can be used to produce isopropyl nitrate, isopropyl xanthate, triisopropyl phosphite, aluminum isopropoxide, pharmaceuticals and pesticides, etc. It can also be used to produce diisopropanone, isopropyl acetate and Thymol and gasoline additives.
3）Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) Can be used to produce coatings, inks, extractants, aerosols, etc.
4) In the electronics industry, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) can be used as a cleaning and degreasing agent.
5) In the oil and fat industry, the extractant of cottonseed oil can also be used for degreasing of animal-derived tissue membranes.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) (IUPAC name propan-2-ol; commonly called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula CH3CHOHCH3) with a strong odor.[8] As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol and ethyl methyl ether.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in chemicals such as antiseptics, disinfectants, and detergents.
Names of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is also known as 2-propanol, sec-propyl alcohol, IPA, or isopropanol. IUPAC considers isopropanol an incorrect name as the hydrocarbon isopropane does not exist.
Properties of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is miscible in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins.[9] Unlike ethanol or methanol, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) to separate into a distinct layer.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37 °C (176.67 °F) and a composition of 87.7 wt% (91 vol%) Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). Water-Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) mixtures have depressed melting points.[10] It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at -89 °C (-128 °F).
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum.
Reactions of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) over a heated copper catalyst:
(CH3)2CHOH → (CH3)2CO + H2
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid.
Like most alcohols, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.[14]
History of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
In 1920, Standard Oil first produced Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) by hydrating propene. Its major use at the time was not rubbing alcohol but for oxidation to acetone, whose first major use was in World War I for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant.
Production of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.[16] It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone. There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and water form an azeotrope, and simple distillation gives a material that is 87.9% by weight Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and 12.1% by weight water.[18] Pure (anhydrous) Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.[16]
Biological of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Small amounts of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) are produced in the body in diabetic ketoacidosis.[19]
Indirect hydration of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Indirect hydration reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a mixture of sulfate esters. This process can use low-quality propene, and is predominant in the USA. These processes give primarily Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) rather than 1-propanol, because adding water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikov’s rule. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA), by distillation. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-product of this process; it is recycled back to the process and hydrolyzed to give the desired product.
CH3CH=CH2 + H2O H2SO4⟶ (CH3)2CHOH
Direct hydration of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
See also: Heteropoly acid
Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. This type of process usually requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%).[16] Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe.
Hydrogenation of acetone
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone, however this approach involves an extra step compared to the above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process.[16] It may remain economical depending on the value of the products. A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials. This is an efficient process and easy
Uses of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
One of the small scale uses of isopropanol is in cloud chambers. Isopropanol has ideal physical and chemical properties to form a supersaturated layer of vapor which can be condensed by particles of radiation.
In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications,[16] due to its low toxicity. Some Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant. [16]
Solvent of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It also evaporates quickly, leaves nearly zero oil traces, compared to ethanol, and is relatively non-toxic, compared to alternative solvents. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving oils. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents, about 6.4 million tonnes of which were used worldwide in 2011.[20]
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages, etc.
Intermediate
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, a herbicide and an ore flotation reagent.[21] Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent.[16] This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation.
Medical of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60-70% solution of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) or ethanol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA). A 75% v/v solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer.[22] Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer’s ear.[23]
Early uses as an anesthetic
Although Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) can be used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this use. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) can also be used similarly to ether as a solvent[24] or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals[25] and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However, it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed.
Automotive
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is a major ingredient in “gas dryer” fuel additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline, but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is consumed with the fuel itself. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is often sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3, DOT 4, or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid.
Laboratory
As a biological specimen preservative, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) solutions of 70-99% are used to preserve specimens.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA).
Safety of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2 and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat and open flame.[26] Distillation of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides, which may explode upon concentration. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is a skin irritant. Wearing protective gloves is recommended.
Toxicology of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants.[31] Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma.[31] Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone.[32] Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) does not cause an anion gap acidosis but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols.[31]
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver,[31] and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours.[31] Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected.
In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis usually have blood concentrations of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is an isomer of propyl alcohol with antibacterial properties. Although the exact mechanism of isopropanol’s disinfecting action is not known, it might kill cells by denaturing cell proteins and DNA, interfering with cellular metabolism, and dissolving cell lipo-protein membranes. Isopropanol is used in soaps and lotions as an antiseptic.
Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) should be removed immediately and not reworn until the Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is removed from the clothing. Clothing should then be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision can be made for the removal of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA), the person performing the operation should be informed of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)’s hazardous properties.
When a stream of hydrogen entrained Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) vapors and palladium particles, the mixture caught fire on exposure to air.
Solutions of 90% nitroform in 10% Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in polyethylene bottles exploded.
The reaction between Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and phosgene forms isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride. In the presence of iron salts thermal decomposition can occur, which in some cases can become explosive.
Mixing oleum and Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) (without residue) may be used in inks for marking food supplements in tablet form, gum, and confectionery.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may be present in the following foods under the conditions specified: (a) In spice oleoresins as a residue from the extraction of spice, at a level not to exceed 50 parts per million. (b) In lemon oil as a residue in production of the oil, at a level not to exceed 6 parts per million. (c) In hops extract as a residue from the extraction of hops at a level not to exceed 2.0 percent by weight: Provided, that, (1) The hops extract is added to the wort before or during cooking in the manufacture of beer. (2) The label of the hops extract specifies the presence of the Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and provides for the use of the hops extract only as prescribed by paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
WORKERS IN AN Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) PACKAGING PLANT BECAME ILL AFTER ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) POTENTIATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY HAS BEEN SHOWN PREVIOUSLY ONLY IN RATS. ACETONE, A PRODUCT OF Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) METABOLISM, IS A MAJOR POTENTIATOR OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY.
IDENTIFICATION: Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is an aliphatic alcohol hydrocarbon. It is prepared from propylene, which is obtained in the cracking of petroleum or by the reduction of acetone. It is a colorless liquid which is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene and chloroform. It is insoluble in salt solutions. It has a slight odor resembling a mixture of ethanol and acetone and has a slight bitter taste. It is used in antifreeze, industrial solvent, solvent for gums, shellac, essential oils, in quick drying oils, creosote and resins; extraction of alkaloids; in quick drying inks; in denaturing ethyl alcohol; in body rubs, hand lotions, after shave lotions, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in manufacture of acetone, glycerol, isopropyl acetate; antiseptic; rubefacient ; and pharmaceutical aid. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Toxic effects include central nervous depression, liver, kidney, cardiovascular depression and brain damage. It can cause drowsiness, ataxia, stupor, coma and respiratory depression, irritation of mucous membranes and eyes, gastritis, gastric hemorrhage, vomiting, pancreatitis, cold clammy skin, hypothermia, miosis, tachycardia, slow and noisy respiration. High risk of circumstances of poisoning: Accidental ingestion of rubbing alcohols/toiletries by children. There is a potential exposure from dermal and inhalation exposure in children during Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) sponging for control of fever. Intentional ingestion for alcoholic effect or in suicide attempts. Occupational or accidental exposure to liquid or its vapor in industrial applications. Individuals exposed to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) include the following: workers in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, chemical industry, petroleum workers, laboratory workers, printers, painters and carpenters and cabinet makers. There is little absorption through intact skin. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is a potent eye and skin irritant. 80% of an oral dose is absorbed within 30 minutes. Absorption is complete within 2 hours although this may be delayed in a large overdose. Alveolar concentration is correlated to the environmental concentration at any given time. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is absorbed through intact skin on prolonged exposure. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) distributes in body water with an apparent volume of distribution of 0.6-0.7 L/kg. 20-50% of an absorbed dose is excreted unchanged. Most Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is oxidized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetone, formate and finally carbon dioxide. Acetone is slowly eliminated by the lung (40%) or kidney. Clinically insignificant excretion occurs into the stomach and saliva. Related keto acids are not produced in sufficient quantities to cause a severe metabolic acidosis. Inebriation, peripheral vasodilation has occurred. In children, hypoglycemia is particularly severe when poisoning following fasting, exercise or chronic malnutrition Lactic acidosis may occur in patients with severe liver disease, pancreatitis or receiving biguanide therapy or as a result of the hypovolemia which frequently accompanies severe intoxication. ANIMAL STUDIES: Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) most closely follows first order kinetics, with a half life of 2.5 to 3.2 hours. The elimination half life of the active metabolite acetone is significantly prolonged to about 5 hours in rats. In rat hepatocytes the following has been observed: marked depletion of glutathione, increased malondialdehyde production, decreased protein sulfhydryls content and leakage of lactic dehydrogenase with loss of membrane activity.
A complete history and physical examination should be performed to detect pre existing conditions that might place the employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the skin, liver, kidneys, and respiratory system should be stressed. Skin disease: Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with pre existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Liver disease: Although Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is not known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the biotransformation and detoxification of foreign substances should be considered before exposing persons with impaired liver function. Kidney disease: Although Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is not known as a kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with impaired renal function. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis.
The assessment of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) exposure can be accomplished through measurement of either Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) or acetone. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) measurement has not been found to be a good assessment of low level exposure, due to its low sensitivity. However, measurement of acetone has been found to be a good indicator of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) exposure for exposures as low as 70 ppm, and has been found to correlate well with air concentrations. Whole Blood Reference Ranges: Normal – none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed – BAT (sampling time is end of exposure or end of shift, measured as the metabolite, acetone), 50 mg/l; Toxic – Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) level associated with serious toxic symptoms is 150 mg/l. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal – none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed – not established; and Toxic – not established. Urine Reference Ranges: The assessment of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) exposure can be accomplished through measurement of either Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) or acetone. However only acetone was found to be a useful test, due to its greater sensitivity and good correlation with air exposure levels. Normal – none detected (Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Exposed – BAT (sampling time is end of exposure or end of shift, measured as the metabolite, acetone), 50 mg/l; Toxic – Not established.
Persons with pre existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. … In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.
Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)’s production and use in the manufacture of acetone, glycerol, and isopropyl acetate and as a solvent for a variety of applications may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)’s use in hydraulic fracturing fluids results in its direct release to the environment. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) has been identified as a metabolic product of aerobic microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, fungi, and yeast. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 45.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days. If released to soil, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry’s Law constant of 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound’s Henry’s Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 86 hours and 29 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process based on the results of microbial screening tests. Occupational exposure to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound directly and from consumer products containing Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA).
ANAEROBIC: Typical Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) removal efficiencies for an anaerobic lagoon treatment facility, with a retention time of 15 days, were 50% after loading with dilute waste, and 69 and 74% after loading with concentrated wastes(1). In closed bottle studies, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was completely degraded anaerobically by an acetate-enriched culture, derived from a seed of domestic sludge(1). The culture started to use cross-fed Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA), after 4 days, at a rate of 200 mg/L/day(1). In a mixed reactor with a 20-day retention time, seeded by the same culture, 56% removal was achieved in the 20 days following 70 days of acclimation to a final concentration of 10,000 mg/L(1). The avg percent removal of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in semi-pilot scale anaerobic lagoons was 50% in 7.5-10 days for dilute wastes with 60 ppm Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) and 69-74% in 20-40 days for concentrated wastes with 175 ppm Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)(2). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was readily mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions(3). The degradation rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) under these conditions in fuel impacted river sediments and industrial/sewage impacted creek sediments was 2.4 ppm C/day (82% of expected methane recovery) and 3.0 ppm C/day (91% of expected methane recovery), respectively(3). The degradation rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in a sediment slurry from a shallow anoxic aquifer under methanogenic conditions was 7.6 ppm C/day (112% of theoretical methane recovery)(4). In anaerobic bioreactor studies using a granular sludge inocula, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) (at 125 ppm initial concentration) degraded with 115.5% of theoretical methane production over a 21-day incubation period(5); acetone was identified as a metabolite(5). In laboratory anaerobic sludge reactor tests using liquid hen manure as inoculum, Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) was degraded 100% in a 13-day incubation period with lag period(6).
The Henry’s Law constant for Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry’s Law constant indicates that Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry’s Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 86 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)’s Henry’s Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 45.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). The volatilization of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) from a runoff tank of an industrial wastewater treatment facility was measured; the volatilization rate of Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) ranged between 0.64-0.69 mg/sq m-min(4). The evaporation rate of a 1:1 Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA):water mixture from a shallow pool was 1.5 kg/sq-m per hour at a wind speed of 4.5 m/s and pool temperature of 20 °C and an ambient air temperature of 22 °C(5). Laboratory studies demonstrated that Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) will volatilize from water to air in the absence of wind(6).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,665,524 workers (2,058,264 of these are female) are potentially exposed to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) in the US(1). Occupational exposure to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is produced or used(SRC). Occupational exposure to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) may occur during the mfg of chemicals using Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA), its use as a solvent in various industrial applications, and its use in medicinal applications(SRC). For example, inhalation exposure of workers to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA)(sampling location, concentration mg/cu m) in various industries are as follows: car painting(personal, avg 7.1); ink production (area, 6.3-32.8); paint manufacture (personal, time-weighted avg range 6-258); hospital operating theater (area, avg 8.8); tractor painting (area, range 33-332); higher aromatic boot spray painting (personal, time-weighted avg-avg 4.7); lower aromatic booth spray painting (personal, time-weighted-avg-avg 10.6); solvent wiping (personal, time-weighted-avg-avg 2.5); paint mixing (time-weighted-avg-avg, 4.2); spraying paint lacquer (personal, time-weighted-avg-avg <2.5); printing (personal, time-weighted-avg-avg 396); printed circuit boards mfg (personal, range 5.8-23); furniture stripping (personal, range 42-160); degreasing metal (personal, range 2.2-10.6); mfg of rubber weather strips (area, range 6.5-140); chemicals packaging (area, range 150-1350); Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) production (area, avg 165)(2). The inhalation exposure to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) varied from 0.4 to 14.8 mg/cu m, with a mean of 5.6 mg/cu m, for hairdressers in Norway(3). Airborne Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) concentrations of 0.12-5.90 ppm (mean 1.05 ppm) were detected in the air of 22 nail sculpturing salons(4). Monitoring of air at seven off-set printing sites in Norway detected Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) concentrations of 0.8 to 100.6 ppm(5). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA) via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound directly and from consumer products containing Isopropyl alcohol (izopropil alkol, isopropyl alcohol, IPA).
zopropil Alkol
Kullanm Alanlar :
zopropil alkol, renksiz, yanc sv dier isimler çeitli biliniyor. Örnein, laboratuarda o isopropanol, isopro, iso, izopropil veya ksaltma IPA basitçe tarafndan ibareli olabilir. Ayrca bazen 2-propanol, referans muhtemelen denilen bir inorganik bileik propanol olarak da bilinen bir izomeri olan etmektir. Tabii ki, izopropil alkol en yaygn basit ispirto olarak bilinir.
zopropanol olarakta bilinen izopropil alkol; berrak, etanol ve aseton karm bir kokuya sahip; yanc karakterde bir alkoldür. Su, etanol, aseton, kloroform ve benzen ile her oranda çözelti oluturmakta, sekonder alkollerin tüm tipik reaksiyonlarna maruz kalabilmekte, güçlü okside edici ajanlarla kuvvetli tepkimeler vermektedir. Birçok uygulamada düük maliyetli solvent olarak kullanlan izopropil alkol, solvent özellikleri ve evaporasyon hz bakmndan etil alkole benzemektedir. Yanmas durumunda ayrmaya urayarak toksit özellikte olan karbon monoksit meydana getirmektedir.
Selüloz nitrat, selüloz asetat bütirat ve selüloz asetat propiyanat için tekil ettii yüksek latent solvent gücü, lml evaporasyon hz ve dier birçok solventle tamamen çözelti oluturabilmesi açsndan laklarda, mürekkep ve incelticilerde kullanm yararl olmaktadr. Herbisitler için monoizoprolamin üretiminde izopropil alkolün kullanm, kullanm açsndan en hzl büyüyen segment olup, kaplama ve mürekkeplerde solvent olarak kullanm ise ya ayn kalmakta yada çok az artmaktadr.
Kullanm Alanlar
Solvent olarak; bitkisel ve hayvansal yalar, zamk reçineleri, vakslar, renk maddeleri, aromalar, alkoloidler, vitaminler ve aljinatlar gibi doal ürünlerin ekstraksiyon ve saflatrlmasnda; gda maddelerinin üretiminde tayc olarak; organik kimyasallarn saflatrlmas, kristalizasyonu ve çöktürülmesinde; fenolik vernikler ve nitroselüloz laklar gibi sentetik polimerlerde uygulama alan bulmaktadr.
Ayrca yine solvent olarak; kozmetik, saç tonikleri, parfümler, cilt losyonlar, saç boyama durulayaclar, cilt temizleyiciler, deodorant, oje, ampuan, saç spreyleri, oda spreylerinin formulasyonlarna katlmaktadr.
Kaplama ve boya solventi olarak; çimento, astar boya, boya ve mürekkep üretiminde uygulama bulmakta, sv sabun ve deterjanda temizleme ve kurutma ajan olarak görev görmektedir.
zopropil alkol (IPA); ayrca aseton ve onun türevleri üretiminin ile izopropil asetat, izopropilamin, diizopropil eter, izopropil xanthate, ya asidi esterleri, herbisidal esterler ve alüminyum izopropoksit gibi dier kimyasallarn üretilmesinde de kullanlmaktadr.
Dier kullanm alanlar; bira üretiminde soutucu ajan, polivinil florür üretiminde dehidre edici ajan, polimerizasyon deitiricisi olarak ve ev tütü ile kiisel bakm ürünlerinde aroma ajan eklinde saylabilmektedir.
zopropil alkol organik bir bileiktir, bir n-propanol izomeridir, dier ad dimetilmetanol, 2-propanol. zopropil alkol, etanol ve aseton karm gibi kokulu, renksiz, effaf bir svdr. Suda çözünür, ayrca alkol, eter, benzen, kloroform vb. Gibi çou organik çözücüde de çözünür.
zopropil alkol, organik bir hammadde ve çözücü olarak geni bir kullanm alanna sahiptir.
1） Kimyasal hammadde olarak aseton, hidrojen peroksit, metil izobütil keton, diizobutil keton, izopropilamin, diizopropil eter, izopropil klorür ve ya asidi izopropil ester ve kloro ya asidi izopropil ester üretebilir.
2） nce kimya endüstrisinde, izopropil nitrat, izopropil ksantat, triizopropil fosfit, alüminyum izopropoksit, farmasötikler ve pestisitler, vb. Üretmek için kullanlabilir. Ayrca diizopropanon, izopropil asetat ve Timol ve benzin katk maddeleri üretmek için de kullanlabilir.
3） zopropil alkol Kaplamalar, mürekkepler, özütleyiciler, aerosoller vb.
4) Elektronik endüstrisinde, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), temizleme ve ya giderme ajan olarak kullanlabilir.
5) Ya ve kat ya endüstrisinde, pamuk tohumu ya özütleyicisi, hayvandan elde edilen doku zarlarnn yadan arndrlmas için de kullanlabilir.
zopropil alkol (IUPAC ad propan-2-ol; genellikle izopropanol veya 2-propanol olarak adlandrlr), güçlü bir kokuya sahip, renksiz, yanc bir kimyasal bileiktir (kimyasal formül CH3CHOHCH3). [8] Bir hidroksil grubuna bal bir izopropil grubu olarak, alkol karbon atomunun dier iki karbon atomuna bal olduu ikincil alkolün en basit örneidir. 1-propanol ve etil metil eterin yapsal bir izomeridir.
zopropil alkol, çok çeitli endüstriyel ve ev kimyasallarnn imalatnda kullanlr ve antiseptikler, dezenfektanlar ve deterjanlar gibi kimyasallarda ortak bir bileendir.
zopropil alkol isimleri
zopropil alkol ayrca 2-propanol, sek-propil alkol, IPA veya izopropanol olarak da bilinir. IUPAC, hidrokarbon izopropan bulunmadndan izopropanolü yanl bir isim olarak deerlendirir.
zopropil alkolün özellikleri
zopropil alkol su, etanol, eter ve kloroform ile karabilir. Etil selüloz, polivinil bütiral, birçok ya, alkaloid, sakz ve doal reçineleri çözer. [9] Etanol veya metanolden farkl olarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), tuz çözeltileriyle karmaz ve sodyum klorür gibi bir tuz eklenerek sulu çözeltilerden ayrlabilir. Süreç, halk arasnda tuzlama olarak adlandrlr ve konsantre zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün ayr bir katmana ayrlmasna neden olur.
zopropil alkol, suyla bir azeotrop oluturur, bu da 80.37 ° C (176.67 ° F) kaynama noktas ve arlkça% 87.7 (hacimce% 91) zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) bileimi verir. Su-zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) karmlar düük erime noktalarna sahiptir. [10] Biraz ac bir tad vardr ve içilmesi güvenli deildir.
zopropil alkol, azalan scaklkla giderek daha viskoz hale gelir ve -89 ° C’de (-128 ° F) donar.
zopropil alkol, ultraviyole tarafndan görülebilir bir spektrumda 205 nm’de maksimum absorbansa sahiptir.
zopropil alkolün reaksiyonlar
zopropil alkol, karlk gelen keton olan asetona oksitlenebilir. Bu, kromik asit gibi oksitleyici maddeler kullanlarak veya zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün stlm bir bakr katalizör üzerinde dehidrojenasyonu ile salanabilir:
(CH3) 2CHOH → (CH3) 2CO + H2
zopropil alkol, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley redüksiyonunda ve dier transfer hidrojenasyon reaksiyonlarnda sklkla hem çözücü hem de hidrit kayna olarak kullanlr. zopropil alkol, fosfor tribromür kullanlarak 2-bromopropana dönütürülebilir veya sülfürik asit ile stlarak propene dehidre edilebilir.
Çou alkol gibi, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) de izopropoksitler olarak adlandrlabilecek alkoksitler oluturmak için potasyum gibi aktif metallerle reaksiyona girer. Alüminyum ile reaksiyon (bir miktar civa ile balatlr) katalizör alüminyum izopropoksiti hazrlamak için kullanlr.
zopropil alkolün tarihçesi
1920’de, Standard Oil ilk olarak propeni hidratlayarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) üretti. O zamanki en büyük kullanm alkol deil, ilk büyük kullanm 1.Dünya Sava’nda dumansz, düük patlayc bir itici olan korditin hazrlanmas için olan asetona oksidasyon yapmakt.
zopropil alkol üretimi
1994 ylnda Amerika Birleik Devletleri, Avrupa ve Japonya’da 1,5 milyon ton zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) üretildi. [16] Öncelikle bir hidrasyon reaksiyonunda su ve propeni birletirerek veya asetonu hidrojene ederek üretilir. Hidrasyon ilemi için iki yol vardr ve her iki ilem de zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün damtma yoluyla sudan ve dier yan ürünlerden ayrlmasn gerektirir. zopropil alkol ve su bir azeotrop oluturur ve basit damtma, arlkça% 87.9 zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) ve arlkça% 12.1 su olan bir malzeme verir. [18] Saf (susuz) zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), slak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün azeotropik ajan olarak diizopropil eter veya sikloheksan kullanlarak azeotropik damtlmasyla yaplr. [16]
zopropil alkolün biyolojik
Diyabetik ketoasidozda vücutta az miktarda zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) üretilir. [19]
zopropil alkolün dolayl hidrasyonu
Dolayl hidrasyon, bir sülfat ester karm oluturmak için propeni sülfürik asit ile reaksiyona sokar. Bu ilem, düük kaliteli propen kullanabilir ve ABD’de baskndr. Bu ilemler, 1-propanol yerine esas olarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) verir, çünkü propene su veya sülfürik asit eklenmesi Markovnikov’un kuraln izler. Bu esterlerin buharla müteakip hidrolizi, damtma yoluyla zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) üretir. Diizopropil eter, bu ilemin önemli bir yan ürünüdür; ileme geri döndürülür ve istenen ürünü vermek için hidrolize edilir.
CH3CH = CH2 + H2O H2SO4⟶ (CH3) 2CHOH
zopropil alkolün dorudan hidrasyonu
Ayrca baknz: Heteropoli asit
Dorudan hidrasyon, kat veya destekli asidik katalizörlerin varlnda yüksek basnçlarda, gaz veya sv fazda propen ve suyu reaksiyona sokar. Bu tür ilemler genellikle daha yüksek saflkta propilen (>% 90) gerektirir. [16] Dorudan hidrasyon, Avrupa’da daha yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Aseton hidrojenasyonu
zopropil alkol, asetonun hidrojenasyonu yoluyla hazrlanabilir, ancak bu yaklam, asetonun kendisi normalde kümen ilemi yoluyla propenden hazrlandndan, yukardaki yöntemlere kyasla ekstra bir aama içerir. [16] Ürünlerin deerine göre ekonomik kalabilir. Bilinen bir sorun, MIBK ve dier kendi kendine youma ürünlerinin olumasdr. Raney nikeli, orijinal endüstriyel katalizörlerden biriydi, modern katalizörler genellikle desteklenen bimetalik malzemelerdir. Bu verimli ve kolay bir süreçtir
zopropil alkolün kullanm
zopropanolün küçük ölçekli kullanmlarndan biri bulut odalarndadr. zopropanol, radyasyon parçacklar tarafndan younlatrlabilen ar doymu bir buhar tabakas oluturmak için ideal fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir.
1990 ylnda, Amerika Birleik Devletleri’nde çounlukla kaplamalar veya endüstriyel ilemler için bir çözücü olarak 45.000 metrik ton zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) kullanld. O yl 5400 metrik ton ev içi kullanm ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde kullanld. zopropil alkol, düük toksisitesinden dolay özellikle farmasötik uygulamalar için [16] popülerdir. Kimyasal bir ara ürün olarak baz zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) kullanlr. zopropil alkol asetona dönütürülebilir, ancak kümen ilemi daha önemlidir. [16]
zopropil alkol çözücüsü
zopropil alkol, çok çeitli polar olmayan bileikleri çözer. Ayrca hzla buharlar, etanole kyasla neredeyse sfr ya izi brakr ve alternatif çözücülere kyasla nispeten toksik deildir. Bu nedenle, özellikle yalar çözmek için solvent ve temizleme svs olarak yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Etanol, n-butanol ve metanol ile birlikte, 2011 ylnda dünya çapnda yaklak 6,4 milyon ton kullanlan alkol çözücü grubuna aittir.
zopropil alkol genellikle gözlükleri, elektrik kontaklarn, ses veya video bant kafalarn, DVD’yi ve dier optik disk lenslerini temizlemek, CPU’lardaki ve dier IC paketlerindeki soutuculardan termal macunu çkarmak için kullanlr.
Orta düzey
zopropil alkol, baka bir çözücü olan izopropil asetat vermek üzere esterletirilir. Sodyum izopropilksantat, herbisit ve cevher flotasyon reaktifi vermek için karbon disülfür ve sodyum hidroksit ile reaksiyona girer. [21] zopropil alkol, birincisi bir katalizör ve ikincisi bir kimyasal reaktif olan srasyla titanyum ve alüminyum izopropoksitler vermek için titanyum tetraklorür ve alüminyum metal ile reaksiyona girer. [16] Bu bileik, transfer hidrojenasyonunda bir dihidrojen donörü olarak hareket ederek kendi bana bir kimyasal reaktif görevi görebilir.
zopropil alkol tbbi
Ovma alkolü, el dezenfektan ve dezenfekte edici pedler tipik olarak suda% 60-70 zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) veya etanol solüsyonu içerir. zopropil alkol için bir geçit görevi gören bakterilerin zar gözeneklerini açmak için suya ihtiyaç vardr. El dezenfektan olarak suda% 75 v / v solüsyon kullanlabilir. [22] zopropil alkol, daha çok yüzücü kula olarak bilinen otitis eksterna’nn önlenmesi için bir su kurutma yardmcs olarak kullanlr. [23]
Erken anestezi olarak kullanr
zopropil alkol anestezi için kullanlabilmesine ramen, birçok olumsuz özellii veya dezavantaj bu kullanm yasaklamaktadr. zopropil alkol, etere benzer ekilde bir çözücü olarak [24] veya duman soluyarak veya azdan anestezik olarak kullanlabilir. lk kullanmlar, çözücünün bilim adamlar ve baz veteriner hekimler tarafndan küçük memeliler [25] ve kemirgenler için genel anestetik olarak kullanlmasn içeriyordu. Bununla birlikte, solunum yolu tahrii, iç kanama ve görme ve iitme sorunlar gibi birçok komplikasyon ortaya çkt için ksa süre sonra kesildi. Nadir durumlarda, hayvanlarda ölüme yol açan solunum yetmezlii gözlenmitir.
Otomotiv
zopropil alkol, “gaz kurutucu” yakt katk maddelerinde ana bileendir. Önemli miktarlarda su, benzinden ayrld ve düük scaklklarda besleme hatlarnda donabilecei için yakt tanklarnda bir sorundur. Alkol benzindeki suyu uzaklatrmaz, ancak alkol benzindeki suyu çözer. Su, bir kez çözündüünde, çözünmeyen suyla ayn riski oluturmaz çünkü artk besleme hatlarnda birikmez ve donmaz, ancak yaktla birlikte tüketilir. zopropil alkol genellikle aerosol kutularda ön cam veya kap kilidi açc olarak satlr. zopropil alkol ayrca, fren svs (genellikle DOT 3, DOT 4 veya mineral ya) fren balatalarn kirletmeyecek ve zayf frenlemeye neden olacak ekilde, hidrolik fren sistemlerinden fren svs izlerini çkarmak için de kullanlr. zopropil alkol ve su karmlar da ev yapm ön cam ykama svsnda yaygn olarak kullanlr.
Laboratuvar
Biyolojik bir örnek koruyucu olarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), formaldehit ve dier sentetik koruyuculara nispeten toksik olmayan bir alternatif salar. Örnekleri korumak için% 70-99 zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) solüsyonlar kullanlr.
zopropil alkol genellikle DNA ekstraksiyonunda kullanlr. Bir laboratuvar çalan, DNA’y çökeltmek için onu bir DNA çözeltisine ekler ve daha sonra santrifüjden sonra bir pelet oluturur. Bu mümkündür çünkü DNA, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)de çözünmez.
zopropil alkolün güvenlii
zopropil alkol buhar havadan daha youndur ve yancdr, havada% 2 ile% 12,7 arasnda yanclk aral vardr. Isdan ve açk alevden uzak tutulmaldr. [26] zopropil alkolün magnezyum üzerinde damtlmasnn, konsantrasyon üzerine patlayabilen peroksitler oluturduu bildirilmitir. zopropil alkol cildi tahri edicidir. Koruyucu eldiven giyilmesi tavsiye edilir.
zopropil alkolün toksikolojisi
zopropil alkol ve metaboliti aseton, merkezi sinir sistemi (CNS) depresanlar olarak görev yapar. [31] Zehirlenme, yutulmas, solunmas veya cilt tarafndan emilmesiyle ortaya çkabilir. zopropil alkol zehirlenmesinin semptomlar arasnda kzarma, ba ars, ba dönmesi, CNS depresyonu, bulant, kusma, anestezi, hipotermi, düük tansiyon, ok, solunum depresyonu ve koma saylabilir. [31] Ar dozlar, asetona metabolizmasnn bir sonucu olarak nefeste meyvemsi bir kokuya neden olabilir. [32] zopropil alkol, anyon aç asidozuna neden olmaz, ancak dier alkollerde olduu gibi, serumun hesaplanan ve ölçülen ozmolaliteleri arasnda bir ozmolal boluk oluturur. [31]
zopropil alkol, karacierde alkol dehidrojenaz tarafndan aseton oluturmak üzere oksitlenir [31] ve insanlarda biyolojik yarlanma ömrü 2.5 ile 8.0 saat arasndadr. [31] Metanol veya etilen glikol zehirlenmesinin aksine, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün metabolitleri önemli ölçüde daha az toksiktir ve tedavi büyük ölçüde destekleyicidir. Ayrca, bir alkol dehidrojenaz inhibitörü olan fomepizolün, metanol veya etilen glikol ile birlikte yutulmasndan üphelenilmedikçe, kullanmna dair hiçbir gösterge yoktur.
Adli patolojide, diyabetik ketoasidoz sonucu ölen kiiler genellikle onlarca mg / dL’lik kan zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) konsantrasyonlarna sahipken, ölümcül zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) almyla olanlar genellikle yüzlerce mg / dL kan konsantrasyonuna sahiptir.
zopropil alkol, baz plastik, kauçuk ve kaplamalara saldrr.
zopropil Alkol, antibakteriyel özelliklere sahip bir propil alkol izomeridir. zopropanolün dezenfekte edici etkisinin tam mekanizmas bilinmemekle birlikte, hücre proteinlerini ve DNA’y denatüre ederek, hücresel metabolizmaya müdahale ederek ve hücre lipo-protein zarlarn çözerek hücreleri öldürebilir. zopropanol, sabun ve losyonlarda antiseptik olarak kullanlr.
Sv zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)le slanan giysiler hemen çkarlmal ve zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) giysiden çkarlncaya kadar tekrar giyilmemelidir. Giysiler daha sonra atlana kadar veya zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün giysiden çkarlmas salanncaya kadar saklanmak üzere kapal kaplara yerletirilmelidir. Kyafet ykanacaksa veya zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ü çkarmak için baka ekilde temizlenecekse, ilemi gerçekletiren kii zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün tehlikeli özellikleri hakknda bilgilendirilmelidir.
Bir hidrojen akm zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) buharlar ve paladyum parçacklar tarafndan sürüklendiinde, karm havaya maruz kaldnda alev ald.
Polietilen ielerde% 10 zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) içinde% 90 nitroform çözeltileri patlad.
zopropil alkol ile fosgen arasndaki reaksiyon, izopropil kloroformat ve hidrojen klorür oluturur. Demir tuzlarnn varlnda, baz durumlarda patlayc olabilen termal ayrma meydana gelebilir.
Oleum ve zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün kapal bir kapta kartrlmas, scaklk ve basncn artmasna neden oldu.
zopropil alkol (kalnt olmadan), mürekkeplerde, tablet formunda, sakz ve ekerlemelerde gda takviyelerini iaretlemek için kullanlabilir.
zopropil alkol, belirtilen koullar altnda aadaki yiyeceklerde bulunabilir: (a) Baharatta, milyonda 50 parçay geçmeyecek bir seviyede baharat ekstraksiyonundan elde edilen bir kalnt olarak baharat oleoresinleri. (b) Ya üretiminde bir kalnt olarak limon yanda, milyonda 6 parçay geçmeyecek bir seviyede. (c) erbetçiotu ekstraksiyonundan arlkça yüzde 2.0′ geçmeyecek bir seviyede kalnt olarak erbetçiotu ekstrakt: (1) erbetçiotu ekstrakt, bira imalatnda piirme öncesinde veya piirme srasnda mayeye eklenir. (2) erbetçiotu özütünün etiketi, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün varln belirtir ve erbetçiotu özütünün yalnzca bu bölümün paragraf (c) (1) ‘de belirtildii ekilde kullanlmasn salar.
BR ZOPROPL ALKOL AMBALAJ TESSNDEK ÇALIANLAR KAZA SONUCU KARBON TETRAKLORDE MARUZ KALDIKTAN SONRA HASTA KALDI. KARBON TETRAKLORÜR TOKSSTESNN ZOPROPL ALKOL POTANSYELER ÖNCEDEN SADECE RATLARDA GÖSTERLMTR. ZOPROPL ALKOL METABOLZMASININ BR ÜRÜNÜ olan ASETON, KARBON TETRAKLORÜR TOKSSTESNN BALICA POTANSYATÖRÜDÜR.
TANIMLAMA: zopropil alkol, bir alifatik alkol hidrokarbondur. Petrolün krlmasnda veya asetonun indirgenmesi ile elde edilen propilenden hazrlanr. Su, alkol, eter, aseton, benzen ve kloroformda çözünebilen renksiz bir svdr. Tuz çözeltilerinde çözünmez. Etanol ve aseton karmna benzeyen hafif bir kokusu ve hafif ac bir tad vardr. Antifriz, endüstriyel çözücü, zamk çözücü, gomalak, uçucu yalar, çabuk kuruyan yalar, kreozot ve reçinelerde; alkaloidlerin ekstraksiyonu; çabuk kuruyan mürekkeplerde; etil alkolün denatüre edilmesinde; vücut losyonlarnda, el losyonlarnda, tra sonras losyonlarda, kozmetiklerde ve ilaçlarda; aseton, gliserol, izopropil asetat üretiminde; antiseptik; kzartc; ve farmasötik yardm. NSAN MARUZ KALMA: Toksik etkiler, merkezi sinir depresyonu, karacier, böbrek, kardiyovasküler depresyon ve beyin hasarn içerir. Uyuukluk, ataksi, uyuukluk, koma ve solunum depresyonu, mukoza ve gözlerde tahri, gastrit, mide kanamas, kusma, pankreatit, souk nemli cilt, hipotermi, miyoz, taikardi, yava ve gürültülü solunuma neden olabilir. Yüksek zehirlenme riski: Çocuklar tarafndan ovma alkollerinin / tuvalet malzemelerinin kazara yutulmas. Atein kontrolü için süngerle zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) kullanm srasnda çocuklarda deri ve soluma maruziyetinden potansiyel bir maruziyet söz konusudur. Alkolik etki veya intihar giriimlerinde kastl yutma. Endüstriyel uygulamalarda svya veya buharna mesleki veya kazara maruz kalma. zopropil alkole maruz kalan kiiler unlar içerir: ilaç endüstrisindeki içiler, kozmetik endüstrisi, kimya endüstrisi, petrol içileri, laboratuar çalanlar, yazclar, boyaclar ve marangozlar ve marangozlar. Salam deri yoluyla çok az emilim vardr. zopropil alkol, güçlü bir göz ve cildi tahri edicidir. Oral dozun% 80’i 30 dakika içinde emilir. Emilim 2 saat içinde tamamlanr, ancak bu büyük bir doz am durumunda gecikebilir. Alveolar konsantrasyon, herhangi bir zamanda çevresel konsantrasyon ile ilikilidir. zopropil alkol, uzun süre maruz kalndnda salam deri yoluyla emilir. zopropil alkol vücut suyunda görünen dalm hacmi 0.6-0.7 L / kg ile dalr. Absorbe edilen dozun% 20-50’si deimeden atlr. zopropil alkolün çou karacierde alkol dehidrojenaz tarafndan aseton, format ve son olarak karbon dioksite oksitlenir. Aseton, akcier (% 40) veya böbrek tarafndan yavaça elimine edilir. Mide ve tükürükte klinik olarak önemsiz bir atlm meydana gelir. lgili keto asitler, ciddi bir metabolik asidoza neden olmak için yeterli miktarlarda üretilmez. Sarholuk, periferik vazodilatasyon meydana geldi. Çocuklarda, hipoglisemi, açlk, egzersiz veya kronik yetersiz beslenmeyi takiben zehirlenme durumunda özellikle iddetlidir.iddetli karacier hastal, pankreatit veya biguanid tedavisi gören hastalarda veya sklkla iddetli zehirlenmeye elik eden hipovoleminin bir sonucu olarak laktik asidoz meydana gelebilir. HAYVAN ÇALIMALARI: zopropil alkol, 2,5 ila 3,2 saatlik yar ömürle birinci derece kinetii en yakndan takip eder. Aktif metabolit asetonun eliminasyon yar ömrü, sçanlarda önemli ölçüde yaklak 5 saate kadar uzar. Sçan hepatositlerinde unlar gözlemlenmitir: belirgin glutatyon azalmas, artm malondialdehit üretimi, azalm protein sülfhidril içerii ve membran aktivitesi kayb ile laktik dehidrojenaz sznts.
Çalan artan riske atabilecek önceden var olan koullar tespit etmek ve gelecekteki salk izlemesi için bir temel oluturmak için tam bir geçmi ve fiziksel muayene yaplmaldr. Deri, karacier, böbrekler ve solunum sisteminin muayenesi vurgulanmaldr. Deri hastal: zopropil alkol, yaszlatrc bir ajandr ve uzun süreli maruziyette dermatite neden olabilir. Önceden cilt rahatszl olan kiiler bu ajann etkilerine kar daha duyarl olabilir. Karacier hastal: zopropil alkol insanlarda bir karacier toksini olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, karacier fonksiyon bozukluu olan kiilere maruz kalmadan önce bu organn yabanc maddelerin biyotransformasyonu ve detoksifikasyonundaki önemi dikkate alnmaldr. Böbrek hastal: zopropil alkol, insanlarda böbrek toksini olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, bu organn toksik maddelerin yok edilmesindeki önemi, böbrek fonksiyon bozukluu olanlarda özel olarak dikkate alnmasn hakl çkarmaktadr. Kronik solunum hastal: Solunum fonksiyon bozukluu olan kiilerde, özellikle obstrüktif hava yolu hastalklar olanlarda, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün solunmas tahri edici özelliklerinden dolay semptomlarn iddetlenmesine neden olabilir. Periyodik Tbbi Muayene: Yukarda belirtilen tbbi muayeneler yllk olarak tekrarlanmaldr.
zopropil alkol maruziyetinin deerlendirilmesi, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) veya asetonun ölçülmesi yoluyla gerçekletirilebilir. zopropil alkol ölçümünün, düük duyarll nedeniyle düük düzeyde maruz kalmann iyi bir deerlendirmesi olduu bulunmamtr. Bununla birlikte, aseton ölçümünün, 70 ppm kadar düük maruziyetler için zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)e maruz kalmann iyi bir göstergesi olduu ve hava konsantrasyonlar ile iyi korelasyon gösterdii bulunmutur. Tam Kan Referans Aralklar: Normal – hiçbiri saptanmad (zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Maruz kalan – BAT (örnekleme süresi maruziyetin sonu veya vardiya sonu, metabolit, aseton olarak ölçülür), 50 mg / l; Toksik – Ciddi toksik semptomlarla ilikili zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) seviyesi 150 mg / l’dir. Serum veya Plazma Referans Aralklar: Normal – hiçbiri saptanmad (zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Maruz kalm – belirlenmemi; ve Toksik – kantlanmamtr. drar Referans Aralklar: zopropil alkol maruziyetinin deerlendirilmesi, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) veya asetonun ölçülmesi yoluyla gerçekletirilebilir. Bununla birlikte, daha yüksek duyarll ve havaya maruz kalma seviyeleri ile iyi korelasyonu nedeniyle yalnzca asetonun yararl bir test olduu bulunmutur. Normal – hiçbiri tespit edilmedi (zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)); Maruz kalan – BAT (örnekleme süresi maruziyetin sonu veya vardiya sonu, metabolit, aseton olarak ölçülür), 50 mg / l; Toksik – Belirlenmemi.
Önceden cilt rahatszl olan kiiler bu ajann etkilerine kar daha duyarl olabilir. … Solunum fonksiyon bozukluu olan kiilerde, özellikle obstrüktif hava yolu hastalklar olanlarda, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün solunmas, tahri edici özelliklerinden dolay semptomlarn iddetlenmesine neden olabilir.
zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün üretimi ve aseton, gliserol ve izopropil asetat üretiminde ve çeitli uygulamalar için bir çözücü olarak kullanlmas, çeitli atk akmlar yoluyla çevreye salnmasna neden olabilir. zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün hidrolik krlma svlarnda kullanlmas, dorudan çevreye salnmasna neden olur. zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), aerobik mikroorganizmalarn, anaerobik mikroorganizmalarn, mantarlarn ve mayann metabolik bir ürünü olarak tanmlanmtr. Havaya braklrsa, 25 ° C’de 45,4 mm Hg’lik bir buhar basnc, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün yalnzca ortam atmosferinde bir buhar olarak var olacan gösterir. Buhar faz zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), fotokimyasal olarak üretilen hidroksil radikalleri ile reaksiyona girerek atmosferde bozunacaktr; Havadaki bu reaksiyonun yarlanma ömrünün 3,2 gün olduu tahmin edilmektedir. Topraa salnrsa, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün tahmini Koc 1,5’e göre çok yüksek hareketlilie sahip olmas beklenir. Nemli toprak yüzeylerinden buharlamann 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m / mol Henry Yasas sabitine dayanan önemli bir kader süreci olmas bekleniyor. zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün, buhar basncna bal olarak kuru toprak yüzeylerinden uçmas beklenir. Suya salnrsa, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün tahmini Koc’a göre askda katlara ve çökeltiye adsorbe olmas beklenmez. Su yüzeylerinden buharlamann, bu bileiin Henry Yasas sabitine dayanan önemli bir kader süreci olmas bekleniyor. Model nehir ve model göl için tahmini volatilizasyon yar ömürleri srasyla 86 saat ve 29 gündür. Tahmini BCF 3, suda yaayan organizmalardaki biyokonsantrasyon potansiyelinin düük olduunu göstermektedir. Hidrolize edilebilir fonksiyonel gruplarn bulunmamasndan dolay hidrolizin meydana gelmesi beklenmemektedir. Mikrobiyal tarama testlerinin sonuçlarna göre biyolojik bozunmann önemli bir kader süreci olmas bekleniyor. zopropil alkole mesleki olarak maruz kalma, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün üretildii veya kullanld iyerlerinde bu bileiin solunmas ve dermal temas yoluyla meydana gelebilir. zleme verileri, genel popülasyonun, ortam havasnn solunmas, yiyecek ve içme suyunun yutulmas ve bu bileikle dorudan ve zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) içeren tüketici ürünleriyle dermal temas yoluyla zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)e maruz kalabileceini göstermektedir.
ANAEROBK: Bir anaerobik lagün ileme tesisi için tipik zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) uzaklatrma verimleri, 15 günlük tutma süresi, seyreltik atk ile yüklemeden sonra% 50 ve konsantre atklarla yüklemeden sonra% 69 ve 74 idi (1). Kapal ie çalmalarnda, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), bir ev tipi çamur tohumundan türetilen asetatla zenginletirilmi bir kültür tarafndan anaerobik olarak tamamen parçalanmtr (1). Kültür, 4 gün sonra 200 mg / L / gün orannda çapraz beslenmi zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) kullanmaya balad (1). Ayn kültürle tohumlanan 20 günlük bir tutma süresine sahip kark bir reaktörde, 10.000 mg / L’lik bir nihai konsantrasyona (1) 70 günlük almay takip eden 20 günde% 56 uzaklatrma saland. Yar pilot ölçekli anaerobik lagünlerde zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün ortalama olarak uzaklatrlmas, 60 ppm zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) içeren seyreltik atklar için 7.5-10 günde% 50 ve 175 ppm zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) içeren konsantre atklar için 20-40 günde% 69-74 idi (2 ). zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), metanojenik koullar altnda (3) metan ve karbon dioksite kolayca mineralize edildi. Bu koullar altnda, yakttan etkilenen nehir çökeltilerinde ve endüstriyel / kanalizasyondan etkilenen dere çökeltilerinde zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün bozunma oran 2.4 ppm C / gün (beklenen metan geri kazanmnn% 82’si) ve 3.0 ppm C / gün (beklenen metan geri kazanmnn% 91’i) idi, srasyla (3). Metanojenik koullar altnda s bir anoksik akiferden bir tortu bulamacndaki zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün bozunma oran 7,6 ppm C / gün’dü (teorik metan geri kazanmnn% 112’si) (4). Granüler çamur inokülünün kullanld anaerobik biyoreaktör çalmalarnda, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) (125 ppm balangç konsantrasyonunda) 21 günlük bir inkübasyon süresi boyunca teorik metan üretiminin% 115,5’i ile bozunmutur (5); aseton bir metabolit olarak tanmlanmtr (5). nokülum olarak sv tavuk gübresinin kullanld laboratuar anaerobik çamur reaktör testlerinde zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA), 13 günlük inkübasyon periyodunda gecikme periyoduyla% 100 bozulmutur (6).
zopropil alkol için Henry Yasas sabiti 25 ° C’de 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m / mol’dür (1). Bu Henry Yasas sabiti, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün su yüzeylerinden buharlamasnn beklendiini gösterir (2). Bu Henry Yasas sabitine dayanarak, model bir nehirden (1 m derinlik, 1 m / sn akan, 3 m / sn rüzgar hz) (2) buharlama yar ömrü 86 saat (SRC) olarak tahmin edilmektedir. Bir gölden modeldeki uçuculuk yar ömrü (1 m derinlik, 0,05 m / sn akma, 0,5 m / sn rüzgar hz) (2) 29 gün (SRC) olarak tahmin edilmektedir.
zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün Henry Yasas sabiti, nemli toprak yüzeylerinden buharlamann (SRC) meydana gelebileceini gösterir. zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün, 25 ° C’de 45,2 mm Hg buhar basncna bal olarak kuru toprak yüzeylerinden (SRC) buharlamas beklenmektedir (3). Bir endüstriyel atk su artma tesisinin bir ak tankndan zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün buharlamas ölçüldü; zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün buharlama hz 0.64-0.69 mg / m2-dakika arasnda deimitir (4). S bir havuzdan 1: 1 zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA): su karmnn buharlama hz 4,5 m / s rüzgar hznda ve 20 ° C havuz scaklnda ve 22 ° ortam hava scaklnda saatte 1,5 kg / m2 idi. C (5). Laboratuvar çalmalar, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün rüzgar olmadnda sudan havaya uçacan göstermitir (6).
NIOSH (NOES Anketi 1981-1983) istatistiksel olarak 4,665,524 içinin (bunlarn 2,058,264’ü kadn) ABD’de potansiyel olarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)e maruz kaldn tahmin etmitir (1). zopropil alkole mesleki maruziyet, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)ün üretildii veya kullanld iyerlerinde (SRC) bu bileiin solunmas ve dermal temas yoluyla meydana gelebilir. zopropil alkole mesleki maruziyet, zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) kullanan kimyasallarn mfg’si, çeitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda çözücü olarak kullanm ve tbbi uygulamalarda (SRC) kullanm srasnda meydana gelebilir. Örnein, çeitli endüstrilerde içilerin solunarak zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)e maruz kalmas (örnekleme yeri, konsantrasyon mg / m3) aadaki gibidir: araba boyama (kiisel, ortalama 7.1); mürekkep üretimi (alan, 6,3-32,8); boya üretimi (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama 6-258 aral); hastane ameliyathanesi (alan, ort. 8.8); traktör boyama (alan, aralk 33-332); daha yüksek aromatik önyükleme sprey boyama (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama 4,7); alt aromatik kabin sprey boyama (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama 10.6); çözücü silme (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama 2,5); boya kartrma (zaman arlkl ortalama-ortalama 4.2); boya vernik püskürtme (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama-ortalama <2,5); yazdrma (kiisel, zaman arlkl ortalama-ortalama 396); baskl devre kartlar mfg (kiisel, 5.8-23 aral); mobilya soyma (kiisel, 42-160 aralnda); ya giderme metali (kiisel, aralk 2.2-10.6); mfg lastik hava eritleri (alan, 6.5-140 aral); kimyasal ambalajlar (alan, 150-1350 aral); zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) üretimi (alan, ortalama 165) (2). zopropil alkole soluma maruziyeti, Norveç’teki kuaförlerde ortalama 5,6 mg / m3 ile 0,4 ila 14,8 mg / m3 arasnda deimektedir (3). 22 adet trnak ekillendirme salonunun havasnda 0,12-5,90 ppm (ortalama 1,05 ppm) havadaki zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) konsantrasyonlar tespit edilmitir (4). Norveç’teki yedi ofset bask tesisinde havann izlenmesi, 0,8 ila 100,6 ppm zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) konsantrasyonlar tespit etti (5). zleme verileri, genel popülasyonun, ortam havasnn solunmas, gdann yutulmas ve dorudan bu bileikle ve zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) içeren tüketici ürünleriyle dermal temas yoluyla zopropil alkol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA)e maruz kalabileceini göstermektedir.