MONOPROPYLENE GLYCOL (Monopropilen Glikol)

CAS No. : 57-55-6

EC No. : 200-338-0

Synonyms:

Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; 57-55-6; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP; Solargard P; alpha-Propyleneglycol; Solar Winter BAN; dl-Propylene glycol; DL-1,2-Propanediol; Ucar 35; Sentry Propylene Glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; (RS)-1,2-Propanediol; (+-)-1,2-Propanediol; PG 12; (+-)-Propylene glycol; FEMA No. 2940; propylenglycol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Caswell No. 713; (+/-)-1,2-propanediol; 1,2-Propylenglykol [German]; CCRIS 5929; HSDB 174; Prolugen; .alpha.-Propylene glycol; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; Ilexan P; AI3-01898; 1,2-propandiol; NSC 69860; SDM No. 27; 1,2-propane diol; 1,2-propane-diol; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068603; Propan-1,2-Diol; L-1,2-propanediol; CHEBI:16997; HOCH2CH(OH)Me; MeCH(OH)CH2OH; EINECS 200-338-0; S-(+)-Propylene glycol; 1000PG; CH3CH(OH)CH2OH; HOCH2CH(OH)CH3; MFCD00064272; BRN 1340498; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent; 1,2-Propanediol (8CI,9CI); 1, 2-propanediol; NSC-69860; LS-1391; NCGC00090739-02; (+/-)-Propylene glycol; DSSTox_CID_1206; DSSTox_RID_76010; DSSTox_GSID_21206; General lube; 1,2-Propanediol, 99%, extra pure; Propylene Glycol (Propane-1,2-diol); 1,2-Propanediol, 99+%, for analysis; CAS-57-55-6; 1,2 Propanediol; S(+)-Propylene glycol; All purpose lubricant; Polypropylene glycol 1,000; Propylene glycol [USP:JAN]; Propylene glycol [USAN:JAN]; propylene-glycol; Aliphatic alcohol; Centella Asiatica; Chilisa FE; 1.2-propanediol; a-Propylene glycol; 1,2 -propanediol; 1,2-propyleneglycol; Propylene glycol, USP; Average MW 1000; Propylene glycol (TN); racemic propylene glycol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; ACMC-1AMKJ; Propylene glycol dl-form; racemic 1,2-propanediol; JEFFCOOL P150; Propylene Glycol 50/50; ACMC-209jq5; ACMC-209jq6; bmse000302; Epitope ID:161748; EC 200-338-0; propylene glycol cefatrizine; DSSTox_RID_78594; H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH; Propylene glycol, FCC, FG; DSSTox_GSID_27863; 3-01-00-02142 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC269I3T; MLS001055394; WLN: QY1&1Q; Propylene Glycol Reagent Grade; CHEMBL286398; Propylene glycol (JP17/USP); Glycol, polypropylene (P400); Glycol, polypropylene (P750); Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol; DTXSID0021206; (.+/-.)-1,2-Propanediol; CTK1G9439; KS-00000GZH; 1,2-PDO; Glycol, polypropylene (P1200); HMS3039O11; Propylene Glycol (Fragrance Grade); Propylene Glycol, Industrial Grade; 1,2-Propanediol, LR, >=99%; BCP23677; HY-Y0921; NSC35747; NSC35748; NSC35749; NSC69860; Tox21_111003; Tox21_201812; Tox21_300006; Tox21_301441; 1,2-Propanediol, USP, 99.5%; ANW-49390; BBL011472; NSC-35747; NSC-35748; NSC-35749; STL146584; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss., 99.5%; AKOS000121049; AKOS016355793; DB01839; MCULE-5574440784; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 400; NCGC00090739-01; NCGC00090739-03; NCGC00090739-04; NCGC00254159-01; NCGC00255183-01; NCGC00259361-01; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 1000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 2000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 3000; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%; 4254-16-4; AK-46689; AK111153; AK158454; BP-21014; E490; SC-16372; SMR000677948; SY003769; SY003770; CAS-25322-69-4; DB-013280; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%; 432-EP2269978A2; 432-EP2269985A2; 432-EP2269991A2; CS-0015917; E1520; FT-0605030; FT-0605236; FT-0606483; P0485; S6258; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical reference material; 1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph.Eur.; C00583; D00078; 1,2-Propanediol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%; 15490-EP2295399A2; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%; 1,2-Propanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; 135584-EP2287158A1; 135584-EP2292608A1; Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications; Q161495; J-502273; F1908-0071; Z1939437503; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (GC); Propylene glycol, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene glycol; Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)], .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-; Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5%; Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Soybean oil,polymer with benzoic acid,pentaerythritol,phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol; Caswell No. 867F; Tributyltin monopropyleneglycol maleate; Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083110; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; LS-47017; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; Stannyloxy,1,1,1-tributyl-; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Tributylstannanol; Tri-n-butyl tin hydroxide; SCHEMBL932356; CTK5E8291; EBD2217012; Tributyltin hydroxide;tributyltin hydroxide;Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol; SCHEMBL141960; Propylene glycol caprylic acid capric acid mixed diesters; Propylene glycol dicaprylate-caprate; EINECS 271-516-3; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate; Propylene glycol, caprylate caprate diester; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate [NF]; Caprylic, capric acid, propylene glycol diester; EC 271-516-3; Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; 57-55-6; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP; Solargard P; alpha-Propyleneglycol; Solar Winter BAN; dl-Propylene glycol; DL-1,2-Propanediol; Ucar 35; Sentry Propylene Glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; (RS)-1,2-Propanediol; (+-)-1,2-Propanediol; PG 12; (+-)-Propylene glycol; FEMA No. 2940; propylenglycol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Caswell No. 713; (+/-)-1,2-propanediol; 1,2-Propylenglykol [German]; CCRIS 5929; HSDB 174; Prolugen; .alpha.-Propylene glycol; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; Ilexan P; AI3-01898; 1,2-propandiol; NSC 69860; SDM No. 27; 1,2-propane diol; 1,2-propane-diol; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068603; Propan-1,2-Diol; L-1,2-propanediol; CHEBI:16997; HOCH2CH(OH)Me; MeCH(OH)CH2OH; EINECS 200-338-0; S-(+)-Propylene glycol; 1000PG; CH3CH(OH)CH2OH; HOCH2CH(OH)CH3; MFCD00064272; BRN 1340498; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent; 1,2-Propanediol (8CI,9CI); 1, 2-propanediol; NSC-69860; LS-1391; NCGC00090739-02; (+/-)-Propylene glycol; DSSTox_CID_1206; DSSTox_RID_76010; DSSTox_GSID_21206; General lube; 1,2-Propanediol, 99%, extra pure; Propylene Glycol (Propane-1,2-diol); 1,2-Propanediol, 99+%, for analysis; CAS-57-55-6; 1,2 Propanediol; S(+)-Propylene glycol; All purpose lubricant; Polypropylene glycol 1,000; Propylene glycol [USP:JAN]; Propylene glycol [USAN:JAN]; propylene-glycol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Aliphatic alcohol; Centella Asiatica; Chilisa FE; 1.2-propanediol; a-Propylene glycol; 1,2 -propanediol; 1,2-propyleneglycol; Propylene glycol, USP; Average MW 1000; Propylene glycol (TN); racemic propylene glycol; ACMC-1AMKJ; Propylene glycol dl-form; racemic 1,2-propanediol; JEFFCOOL P150; Propylene Glycol 50/50; ACMC-209jq5; ACMC-209jq6; bmse000302; Epitope ID:161748; EC 200-338-0; propylene glycol cefatrizine; DSSTox_RID_78594; H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH; Propylene glycol, FCC, FG; DSSTox_GSID_27863; 3-01-00-02142 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC269I3T; MLS001055394; WLN: QY1&1Q; Propylene Glycol Reagent Grade; CHEMBL286398; Propylene glycol (JP17/USP); mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Glycol, polypropylene (P400); Glycol, polypropylene (P750); Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol; DTXSID0021206; (.+/-.)-1,2-Propanediol; CTK1G9439; KS-00000GZH; 1,2-PDO; Glycol, polypropylene (P1200); HMS3039O11; Propylene Glycol (Fragrance Grade); Propylene Glycol, Industrial Grade; 1,2-Propanediol, LR, >=99%; BCP23677; HY-Y0921; NSC35747; NSC35748; NSC35749; NSC69860; Tox21_111003; Tox21_201812; Tox21_300006; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Tox21_301441; 1,2-Propanediol, USP, 99.5%; ANW-49390; BBL011472; NSC-35747; NSC-35748; NSC-35749; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; STL146584; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss., 99.5%; AKOS000121049; AKOS016355793; DB01839; MCULE-5574440784; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 400; NCGC00090739-01; NCGC00090739-03; NCGC00090739-04; NCGC00254159-01; NCGC00255183-01; NCGC00259361-01; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 1000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 2000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 3000; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%; 4254-16-4; AK-46689; AK111153; AK158454; BP-21014; E490; SC-16372; SMR000677948; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; SY003769; SY003770; CAS-25322-69-4; DB-013280; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%; 432-EP2269978A2; 432-EP2269985A2; 432-EP2269991A2; CS-0015917; E1520; FT-0605030; FT-0605236; FT-0606483; P0485; S6258; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical reference material; 1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph.Eur.; C00583; D00078; 1,2-Propanediol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%; 15490-EP2295399A2; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%; 1,2-Propanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; 135584-EP2287158A1; 135584-EP2292608A1; Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications; Q161495; J-502273; F1908-0071; Z1939437503; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (GC); Propylene glycol, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene glycol; Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)], .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-; Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5%; Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Soybean oil,polymer with benzoic acid,pentaerythritol,phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol; Caswell No. 867F; Tributyltin monopropyleneglycol maleate; Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083110; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; LS-47017; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; Stannyloxy,1,1,1-tributyl-; Tributylstannanol; Tri-n-butyl tin hydroxide; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; SCHEMBL932356; CTK5E8291; EBD2217012; Tributyltin hydroxide;tributyltin hydroxide;Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol; SCHEMBL141960; Propylene glycol caprylic acid capric acid mixed diesters; Propylene glycol dicaprylate-caprate; EINECS 271-516-3; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate; Propylene glycol, caprylate caprate diester; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate [NF]; Caprylic, capric acid, propylene glycol diester; EC 271-516-3; Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; 57-55-6; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol), according to the National Library of Medicine and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water.[4] It is labeled an organic compound in chemistry due to its carbon attributes. Its chemical formula is CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility.[5]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is produced on a large scale primarily for the production of polymers. In the European Union, it has the E-number E1520 for food applications. For cosmetics and pharmacology, the number is E490. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is also present in Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) alginate, which is known as E405. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a compound which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR x184.1666 and is also approved by FDA for certain uses as an indirect food additive. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is approved and used as a vehicle for topical, oral and some intravenous pharmaceutical preparations in U.S. and in Europe.

Structure of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

The compound is sometimes called (alpha) α-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol, known as (beta) β-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is chiral. Commercial processes typically use the racemate. The S-isomer is produced by biotechnological routes.

Production of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Industrial

Industrially, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is mainly produced from propylene oxide (for food-grade use). According to a 2018 source, 2.16 M tonnes are produced annually.[5] Manufacturers use either non-catalytic high-temperature process at 200 °C (392 °F) to 220 °C (428 °F), or a catalytic method, which proceeds at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali.[6]

1,2-Propandiol Synthesis V1.svg

Final products contain 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), 1.5% of diMonopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), and small amounts of other polyMonopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)s.[7] Further purification produces finished industrial grade or USP/JP/EP/BP grade Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) that is typically 99.5% or greater. Use of USP (US Pharmacopoeia) Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) can reduce the risk of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) rejection.[8]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) can also be obtained from glycerol, a byproduct from the production of biodiesel.[5] This starting material is usually reserved for industrial use because of the noticeable odor and taste that accompanies the final product.

Laboratory

S-Propanediol is synthesized from via fermentation methods. Lactic acid and lactaldehyde are common intermediates. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, one of the two products of breakdown (glycolysis) of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, is a precursor to methylglyoxal. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol. Three-carbon deoxysugars are also precursor to the 1,2-diol.[5]

A small-scale, nonbiological route from D-mannitol is illustrated in the following scheme:[9]

(s)-Propanediol from D-Mannitol.png

Applications of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Polymers

Forty-five percent of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) produced is used as chemical feedstock for the production of unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics. Related to this application, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reacts with propylene oxide to give oligomers and polymers that are used to produce polyurethanes.[5] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used in waterbased acrylic architectural paints to extend dry time which it accomplishes by preventing the surface from drying due to its slower evaporation rate compared to water.

Food

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is also used in various edible items such as coffee-based drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice cream, whipped dairy products and soda.[10][11] Vaporizers used for delivery of pharmaceuticals or personal-care products often include Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) among the ingredients.[5] In alcohol-based hand sanitizers, it is used as a humectant to prevent the skin from drying.[12] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used as a solvent in many pharmaceuticals, including oral, injectable, and topical formulations. Many pharmaceutical drugs which are insoluble in water utilize PG as a solvent and carrier; benzodiazepine tablets are one example.[13] PG is also used as a solvent and carrier for many pharmaceutical capsule preparations. Additionally, certain formulations of artificial tears use proplyene glycol as an ingredient.[14]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is commonly used to de-ice aircraft

Antifreeze

The freezing point of water is depressed when mixed with Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). It is used as aircraft de-icing fluid.[5][15] Water-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) mixtures dyed pink to indicate the mixture is relatively nontoxic are sold under the name of RV or marine antifreeze. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is frequently used as a substitute for ethylene glycol in low toxicity, environmentally friendly automotive antifreeze. It is also used to winterize the plumbing systems in vacant structures.[16] The eutectic composition/temperature is 60:40 Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG):water/-60 °C.[17][18] The -50 °F/-45 °C commercial product is, however, water rich; a typical formulation is 40:60.[19]

Electronic cigarettes liquid

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is often used in electronic cigarettes.

Along with vegetable glycerin as the main ingredient (<1-92%) in e-liquid used in electronic cigarettes, where it is aerosolized to resemble smoke. It serves as both the carrier for substances like nicotine and cannabinoids, as well as for creating a vapor which resembles smoke.[20]

Miscellaneous applications of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

A bottle of flavored e-liquid for vaping shows Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) as one of the main ingredients along with vegetable glycerin.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (often abbreviated ‘PG’) has many applications. Some common applications see PG used:

As a solvent for many substances, both natural and synthetic.[21]

As a humectant (E1520).

In veterinary medicine as an oral treatment for hyperketonaemia in ruminants.[22]

In the cosmetics industry, where PG is very commonly used as a carrier or base for various types of makeup.[23]

For trapping and preserving insects (including as a DNA preservative).[24]

For the creation of theatrical smoke and fog in special effects for film and live entertainment. So-called ‘smoke machines’ or ‘hazers’ vaporize a mixture of PG and water to create the illusion of smoke. While many of these machines use a PG-based fuel, some use oil. Those which use PG do so in a process which is identical to how electronic cigarettes work; utilizing a heating element to produce a dense vapor. The vapor produced by these machines has the aesthetic look and appeal of smoke, but without exposing performers and stage crew to the harms and odors associated with actual smoke.[25][26]

As an additive in PCR to reduce the melting temperature of nucleic acids for targeting of GC rich sequences.

Safety in humans

When used in average quantities, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction.[27] The safety of electronic cigarettes-which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids-is the subject of much controversy.[28][29][30]

Oral administration

The acute oral toxicity of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is very low, and large quantities are required to cause perceptible health effects in humans; in fact, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is three times less toxic than ethanol.[31] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is metabolized in the human body into pyruvic acid (a normal part of the glucose-metabolism process, readily converted to energy), acetic acid (handled by ethanol-metabolism), lactic acid (a normal acid generally abundant during digestion),[32] and propionaldehyde (a potentially hazardous substance).[33][34][35] According to the Dow Chemical Company, The LD50 (Lethal Dose that kills in 50% of tests) for rats is 20 g/kg (rat/oral).[36][37]

Toxicity generally occurs at plasma concentrations over 4 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time, or when used as a vehicle for drugs or vitamins given intravenously or orally in large bolus doses.[38] It would be nearly impossible to reach toxic levels by consuming foods or supplements, which contain at most 1 g/kg of PG, except for alcoholic beverages in the US which are allowed 5 percent = 50g/kg.[39] Cases of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.[40]

The potential for long-term oral toxicity is also low. In an NTP continuous breeding study, no effects on fertility were observed in male or female mice that received Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in drinking water at doses up to 10,100 mg/kg bw/day. No effects on fertility were seen in either the first or second generation of treated mice.[27] In a 2-year study, 12 rats were provided with feed containing as much as 5% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), and showed no apparent ill effects.[41] Because of its low chronic oral toxicity, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for use as a direct food additive, including frozen foods such as ice cream and frozen desserts.[39][42] The GRAS designation is specific to its use in food, and does not apply to other uses.[43]

Inhalation

The carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and glycerol vapor degradation,[44] these ingredients may also cause lung inflammation.[citation needed]

Skin, eye and inhalation contact

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is essentially non-irritating to the skin.[45] Undiluted Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is minimally irritating to the eye, producing slight transient conjunctivitis; the eye recovers after the exposure is removed. A 2018 human volunteer study found that 10 male and female subjects undergoing 4 hours exposures to concentrations of up to 442 mg/m3 and 30 minutes exposures to concentrations of up to 871 mg/m3 in combination with moderate exercise did not show pulmonary function deficits, or signs of ocular irritation, with only slight symptoms of respiratory irritation reported.[46] Inhalation of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) vapors appears to present no significant hazard in ordinary applications.[47] Due to the lack of chronic inhalation data, it is recommended that Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) not be used in inhalation applications such as theatrical productions, or antifreeze solutions for emergency eye wash stations.[48] Recently, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (commonly alongside glycerol) has been included as a carrier for nicotine and other additives in e-cigarette liquids, the use of which presents a novel form of exposure. The potential hazards of chronic inhalation of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) or the latter substance as a whole are as-yet unknown.

According to a 2010 study, the concentrations of PGEs (counted as the sum of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and glycol ethers) in indoor air, particularly bedroom air, has been linked to increased risk of developing numerous respiratory and immune disorders in children, including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergies, with increased risk ranging from 50% to 180%. This concentration has been linked to use of water-based paints and water-based system cleansers. However, the study authors write that glycol ethers and not Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) are the likely culprit.[49][50][51]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) has not caused sensitization or carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies, nor has it demonstrated genotoxic potential.[52][53]

Intravenous administration

Studies with intravenously administered Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) have resulted in LD50 values in rats and rabbits of 7 mL/kg BW.[54] Ruddick (1972) also summarized intramuscular LD50 data for rat as 13-20 mL/kg BW, and 6 mL/kg BW for the rabbit. Adverse effects to intravenous administration of drugs that use Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) as an excipient have been seen in a number of people, particularly with large bolus dosages. Responses may include CNS depression, “hypotension, bradycardia, QRS and T abnormalities on the ECG, arrhythmia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, agitation, serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and haemolysis”.[55] A high percentage (12% to 42%) of directly-injected Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is eliminated or secreted in urine unaltered depending on dosage, with the remainder appearing in its glucuronide-form. The speed of renal filtration decreases as dosage increases,[56] which may be due to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)’s mild anesthetic / CNS-depressant -properties as an alcohol.[57] In one case, intravenous administration of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)-suspended nitroglycerin to an elderly man may have induced coma and acidosis.[58] However, no confirmed lethality from Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was reported.

Animals

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is an approved food additive for dog and sugar glider food under the category of animal feed and is generally recognized as safe for dogs,[59] with an LD50 of 9 mL/kg. The LD50 is higher for most laboratory animals (20 mL/kg).[60] However, it is prohibited for use in food for cats due to links to Heinz body formation and a reduced lifespan of red blood cells.[61] Heinz body formation from MPG has not been observed in dogs, cattle, or humans.

Allergic reaction

Estimates on the prevalence of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) allergy range from 0.8% (10% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in aqueous solution) to 3.5% (30% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in aqueous solution).[62][63][64] The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from 1996 to 2006 showed that the most common site for Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) contact dermatitis was the face (25.9%), followed by a generalized or scattered pattern (23.7%).[62] Investigators believe that the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) may be greater than 2% in patients with eczema or fungal infections, which are very common in countries with lesser sun exposure and lower-than-normal vitamin D balances. Therefore, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) allergy is more common in those countries.[65]

Because of its potential for allergic reactions and frequent use across a variety of topical and systemic products, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was named the American Contact Dermatitis Society’s Allergen of the Year for 2018.[66][67] Recent publication from The Mayo Clinic reported 0.85% incidence of positive patch tests to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (100/11,738 patients) with an overall irritant rate of 0.35% (41/11,738 patients) during a 20-year period of 1997-2016.[68] 87% of the reactions were classified as weak and 9% as strong. The positive reaction rates were 0%, 0.26%, and 1.86% for 5%, 10%, and 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) respectively, increasing with each concentration increase. The irritant reaction rates were 0.95%, 0.24%, and 0.5% for 5%, 10%, and 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), respectively. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) skin sensitization occurred in patients sensitive to a number of other concomitant positive allergens, most common of which were: Myroxylon pereirae resin, benzalkonium chloride, carba mix, potassium dichromate, neomycin sulfate; for positive Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reactions, the overall median of 5 and mean of 5.6 concomitant positive allergens was reported.

Environmental

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) occurs naturally, probably as the result of anaerobic catabolism of sugars in the human gut. It is degraded by vitamin B12-dependent enzymes, which convert it to propionaldehyde.[69]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is expected to degrade rapidly in water from biological processes, but is not expected to be significantly influenced by hydrolysis, oxidation, volatilization, bioconcentration, or adsorption to sediment.[70] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in freshwater, in seawater and in soil. Therefore, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is considered as not persistent in the environment.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) exhibits a low degree of toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Several guideline studies available for freshwater fish with the lowest observed effect concentration of 96-h LC50 value of 40,613 mg/l in a study with Oncorhynchus mykiss. Similarly, the effect concentration determined in marine fish is a 96-h LC50 of >10,000 mg/l in Scophthalmus maximus.

Chemical Formula for Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG)

C3H8O2

What is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG)?

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) is a derivative of Propylene Oxide (PO) and is produced in a twostep process. The first step is the reaction of PO with water into a mixture of MPG and Dipropylene Glycol (DPG) and the second step is the distillation and purification of the mixture into its two separate components (MPG and DPG) with MPG being the main component. Shell Chemical companies supply MPG in two different qualities: the industrial grade and the Unites States Pharmacopoeia (USP) grade, which is produced applying Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as described for pharmaceutical excipients. MPG is a colourless, viscous and odourless liquid. It is highly hygroscopic and miscible in all ratios with water, alcohols, esters, ketones and amines. It has limited miscibility with halogenated hydrocarbons and is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons.

How is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) Used?

The most important end use of MPG industrial grade is in the production of unsaturated polyester resins, which, in turn, are used to make everyday items such as bath tubs, small boats and water/chemical tanks and pipes. Other end use application areas are paints and coatings; airplane de-icers/anti-icers; antifreeze and industrial coolants; detergents; hydraulic fluids. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP grade is used in food, beverage and animal feed, in pharmaceuticals as an excipient (inactive ingredient or carrier in a pharmaceutical product), in cosmetics and personal care products. The application of MPG USP for direct injections into the blood system is not allowed. Likewise, it is not for use in cat food because of a species-specific effect on blood cells of cats. Use of MPG USP in tobacco applications and electronic cigarettes is not supported. For both MPG industrial and MPG USP grades, the use in theatrical fogs and artificial smoke generation is also not supported.

Health, Safety and Environmental Considerations

MPG has low acute toxicity by oral, dermal or inhalation routes. It is non-irritating to skin and eyes from animal studies. Some mild irritation effects were observed with human volunteers, but will not trigger classification. There is low concern for skin sensitisation and there are no reports of respiratory sensitisation although there is extensive exposure to this substance given the wide spectrum of professional and consumer uses. MPG is not considered to be carcinogenic or genotoxic, nor does it have effects on fertility or reproduction. The US Food and Drug Administration designates MPG as GRAS, ‘generally regarded as safe’. As such, MPG made to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards may be used in food, food packaging, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the European Union (EU), MPG USP is not cleared as a foodstuff or general-purpose food additive. The maximum allowed content in the final foodstuff is 1g/kg. More information about the regulatory status in the EU is available through the Propylene Glycol webpage.

MPG is readily biodegradable, does not bio-accumulate and is of very low toxicity to aquatic organisms. It not classified as flammable, but will burn at temperatures over 200 to 244°F/90 to 120°C. Storing and Transporting Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) MPG is transported by tank truck and vessel as bulk and packaged (drums, intermediate bulk containers (IBC) products. The MPG USP grade needs specific attention regarding product quality and purity. Therefore, dedicated equipment and specific cleaning procedures as well as stringent controls throughout the whole supply chain are necessary. MPG is hygroscopic and requires storage equipped with drying devices to protect the product from humidity. Nitrogen blanketing compatible to USP requirements is the preferred means of keeping the product dry and ensuring its shelf life. Storage temperature should not exceed 104°F /40°C and the product should not be stored in direct sunlight. In cold climates, tank heating devices and insulation must be installed.

Risk Characterization Summary

Risks associated with exposure to these products have been evaluated for the following “chain-ofcommerce” activities: manufacture, storage, product transfer, transportation, and customers/markets. They are manufactured, stored and transported to customers in closed systems. Depending on the customer, end uses may vary from use as an intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, commercial products, or certain formulated consumer products. Proper equipment design and handling procedures maintain low risk from exposure where used as an intermediate. Exposures may be higher in commercial and consumer applications. To minimize risk, additional controls such as, special handling procedures and protective packaging are implemented.

This month we shine the spotlight on Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG); a hugely versatile chemical used in a broad mix of industries from cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to agriculture, food and e-cigarettes.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (with or without the space), is a viscous, colourless and odourless liquid. It carries hygroscopic properties (readily attracts moisture from the air) and is miscible in all rations with water, alcohols, esters, ketones and amines.

Derived from Propylene Oxide, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) also goes by the chemical synonyms, MPG, Propane-1,2-Diol, PG and carries the chemical formula C3H8O2. It is listed under CAS No: 57-55-6 and has no classification under CLP, is not dangerous to health and is not classified as dangerous to transport.

Is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) the same as Propylene glycol?

Yes, PG (Propylene Glycol) is just another name for MPG (Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)) so it is exactly the same chemical.

What grades of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) are there?

Monarch Chemicals are a leading UK supplier of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and offer three different grades suitable for a whole range of applications.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP: With an extremely high purity, this grade of MPG has uses across food, flavourings, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and e-cigarette industries.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Technical Grade: The grade of MPG is commonly used in anti-freeze, coolant, de-icing products and as a chiller glycol.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Feed Grade: This grade of MPG is European produced and registered under FEMAS (Feed Materials Assurance Scheme) for use in livestock feed applications.

What is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) used for?

There are a wide range of uses for MPG across a variety of different industries including use in agriculture, cosmetics, coolants, de-icers, e-cigarette and vape products, pharmaceutical, personal care and in the production of a number of end products including paints and inks.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in animal feed: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) works to assist in the formulation of glucose to rebalance negative energy experienced in dairy carrel, particularly during periods of calving. It can be administered to dairy cows orally via drencher, in conjunction with a robotic system or mixed with feed. MPG serves as a readily available energy source in ketosis treatment and prevention and has an energy value of 23.6 Mj/Kg

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in vape juice: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP is used in vape juice as a carrier, effectively transporting more flavour in your vape than vegetable glycerine (VG). It also provides that ‘throat hit’ a lot of ex-smokers look for.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in cosmetics and personal care products: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP is widely used in most cosmetic and personal care products including moisturisers, shampoos, shower gels, fragrances and soaps. Because of its hygroscopic properties it retains moisture therefore enhancing the appearance of skin. In perfumes it carries fragrance and, as an odourless and colourless chemical it is used as a diluent.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in food and drink: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is found in many prepared and long-life foods to maintain moisture and preserve quality.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in de-icers: Propylene Glycol based de-icing fluids, particularly in airplane de-icer, are often a mix of water, corrosion inhibitors and propylene glycol which work to remove ice and snow whilst also acting as a freezing point depressant (The freezing point of MPG lowers once mixed with water). Variants of this product contain thickening agents to help it adhere to surfaces to help reduce the amount of ice that forms between take-off and landing.

Glycols in heat transfer fluid: In heat transfer liquids Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is added for its freeze protection and, as a non-toxic glycol compared to other glycols (ethylene glycol) can be safely used in applications where there may be incidental food contact (for example in immersion wort chillers in brewing where a cooling coil runs through conditioning tanks to control temperature during fermentation). Glycols also maintain consistent water-flow at the chosen operating temperature; however, it is important to use a glycol with added inhibitors (such as Monarch’s MonCool range of inhibited glycols) in order to reduce the formation of scale and risk of corrosion to protect the metal.

Other uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) include use in the production of polyester resins, as an ingredient in special effect fog machine liquids and in the manufacture of paints, inks, surface coatings and lubricants.

If you would like further information on Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) from Monarch Chemicals including technical specifications, safety data sheets or to obtain a quote on your next order of bulk glycols (25Ltr, 200Ltr drum, 1000Ltr IBC or bulk tank) please visit our dedicated Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) page or contact us directly.

What Is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)?

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (also known as propylene glycol, PG, propan1, 2diol and MPG) is a clear, colourless and viscous liquid with a characteristic odour and has the formula C3H8O2. This solvent is soluble in water and holds hygroscopic properties, meaning it can attract hard water molecules.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used across a wide range of industries as it has low toxicity, coupled with a freezing point which is depressed upon mixing with water.

Technical Properties

Chemical and physical properties of mono propylene glycol:

Molecular Formula: C3H8O2 / CH3CH(OH)CH2OH

Synonyms: MPG, Propylene Glycol, PG, Propan1, 2diol, Propane-1,2-Diol, 1,2-Dihydroxypropane 1,2Propandiol

How is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) produced?

Mono propylene glycol is produced from propylene oxide. The most common process is by the non-catalytic hydrolysis of propylene oxide in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The second method is the catalytic one, which can proceed at 150 °C, in the presence of ion exchange resin, or a small amount of sulphuric acid or alkali. It can also be produced from glycerol which is a bio-diesel by-product.

The demand for, and consumption of, mono propylene glycol is high with an estimated 1.2 million tonnes produced yearly by plants situated around the world.

How is it handled, stored distributed?

Mono propylene glycol is stored and moved in stainless steel or mild steel tanks and can be transported by tank trucks. It is not classified as dangerous for any mode of transport and is not hazardous to health. It has a flash point of 103 °C (closed cup) and a specific gravity of 1.04.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Uses

There are many uses for mono propylene glycol across many different industries and some chemical manufacturers produce two grades of MPG to meet these varied needs.

Consumer uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

The first grade is used in the food industry for food colourings and flavourings and is also a classified humectant food additive (E1520). There are also many applications in the cosmetics industry that use this solvent, specifically personal care products including shampoos, bubble baths, baby wipes and as a moisturiser in make-up.

Industry uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

The second is industrial grade MPG which has a variety of uses but the main application is as an antifreeze and aircraft wing and runway de-icer which is because its freezing point lowers upon mixing with water. It is also used in heat transfer liquids such as engine coolants.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is additionally used in the pharmaceutical industry, examples include as a chemical intermediate in the production of high-performance unsaturated polyester resins used in paints and varnishes and as an excellent solvent utilised in printing inks. It is also used in the manufacturing of non-ionic detergents which are used in the petroleum, sugar-refining, and papermaking industries, the cryonics industry and as an additive in pipe tobacco, preventing dehydration.

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) also known as propylene glycol, PG, propan1, 2diol, MPG is a clear, colourless, and viscous liquid with a characteristic odour and the molecular formula C3H8O2, CAS: 57-55-6. It is soluble in water, and has hygroscopic properties.

Monopropylene Glycol

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Chemical Structure Composition.

Production

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is produced from propylene oxide. The most common process is by the non-catalytic hydrolysis of propylene oxide in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The second method is the catalytic one, which can proceed at 150 °C, in the presence of ion exchange resin, or a small amount of sulphuric acid or alkali. It can also be produced from glycerol which is a bio-diesel by-product.

The demand for, and consumption of, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is high with an estimated 1.2 million tonnes produced yearly by plants situated around the world.

It has a flash point of 103 °C and a specific gravity of 1.04.

Uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is utilized across many different industries and some chemical manufacturers produce two grades of MPG to meet these varied needs.

The first grade is used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. MPG is used as a solvent for food colourings and flavourings. In the personal care industry it is used as a moisturiser in make-up, shampoo, bubble bath and baby wipes, to name but a few examples. The pharmaceutical industry uses MPG as a solvent in oral, injectable, and topical formulations.

The main application for industrial grade MPG is as an antifreeze and aircraft wing and runway de-icer because the freezing point of MPG lowers upon mixing with water. It is also used in heat transfer liquids such as engine coolants.

It can also be used as a chemical intermediate in the production of high performance unsaturated polyester resins used in paints and varnishes. It is also an excellent solvent that is utilised in printing inks and it is also used in the manufacture of detergents which are used in the petroleum, sugar-refining, and paper making industries.

Arpadis is one of the largest chemical distributor in Europe.

Arpadis is handling the storage, transport, export & import formalities of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) globally.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Görünümü : Berrak, Renksiz Ve Higroskopik Bir Sv

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kimyasal Ad : 1,2,-propanediol

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kimyasal Formülü : C3H8O2

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Ambalaj ekli : 215 Kg. Varillerde IBClerde Tankerli

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)Tanm ve Kullanm Alanlar :

Propan-1,2-diol olarak da adlandrlan Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), C3H8O2 kimyasal formülü olan bir sentetik organik bileiktir. Kokusuz fakat hafifçe tatl bir tada sahip olan viskoz bir renksiz svdr. Kimyasal olarak bir diol olarak snflandrlr ve su, aseton ve kloroform gibi geni bir solvent yelpazesiyle karabilir.

Büyük çapta üretilir ve öncelikli olarak polimer üretiminde kullanlr, ayn zamanda gda ilemede ve düük scaklkta s alverii uygulamalarnda bir proses svs olarak kullanlmasn görür. Avrupa Birlii’nde, gda uygulamalar için E-numaras E1520 vardr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) berrak, renksiz ve higroskopik bir svdr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) asimetrik bir karbon atomu içerir, bu nedenle iki enantiyomerde bulunur. Ticari ürün rasemik bir karmdr. Saf optik izomerler, optik olarak saf propilen oksidin hidrasyonu ile elde edilebilir.

Düük uçuculuklu, suyla, alkolle ve eterle karabilir, yüksek saflkta berrak renksiz solventtir. Özellikle kozmetik uygulamalar için uygundur. Nötral ve higroskopiktir. Suyla bütün oranlarda karr, alkoller, esterler ve ketonlarla daha az karr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), etanolle aa yukar eit güçte bir mikrop öldürücüdür. Solüsyonlarda mikroorganizmalarn çoalmasn durdurur. Genellikle % 15-30 aralndaki konsantrasyonuyla istenen etki elde edilir. Kozmetik endüstrisinin ihtiyaçlarn karlamak amacyla, özellikle yüksek saflkta ve kokusuz özellikte üretilmektedir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kullanm Alanlar

Unlu mamullerdeki formülasyonlarda yaygn kullanm vardr. Aroma ve esans sanayinde, ilaç ve kozmetikte kullanlmaktadr.

Teknik kalitede olan formu; poliüretan plastikler ve polyester reçineler için önemli bir maddedir. Tütün sanayinde, gda sanayindeki dondurucu makinelerin yalanmasnda da kullanlmaktadr.

Az ykayc (gargara), di macunlar, merhemler, cilt kremleri, ampuanlar ve parfümler(suyla çok fazla seyreltildiklerinde bile Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) içeren çözeltiler genellikle berrak kalr)

Emülsiyon oluumunda kozmetik ürünlerinde bir koruyucu olarak,

Kokular (esanslar) için bir solvent olarak,

Doal özlerden aktif özlerini elde etmek için bir ekstrakte edici olarak,

Yalayc olarak (örn; kozmetik endüstrisinde kullanlan makineler için) kullanlr.

Kozmetik ve deterjanda cilt üzerinde yumuatma özellii vardr, yüzey aktiflerden gelen cilt üzerindeki iritasyonu azaltmak için kullanlr. Jölede % 1-5, ampuanda % 0,5-5, kremlerde % 5-10, güne sütünde % 5-10 orannda kullanlmaktadr.

Üretilen Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)ün yüzde krk be doymam polyester reçinelerininüretimi için kimyasal besleme stou olarak kullanlr .

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), düük toksisiteli, çevre dostu otomotiv antifrizlerde etilen glikol yerine geçer . Bo yaplardaki shhi tesisat sistemlerini klamak için de kullanlr.

Ulusal Tp Kütüphanesi ve Toksik Maddeler ve Hastalklar Sicili Ajans’na göre Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (IUPAC ad: propan-1,2-diol), suyu emen sentetik bir sv maddedir. [4] Karbon özelliklerinden dolay kimyada organik bir bileik olarak etiketlenir. Kimyasal formülü CH3CH (OH) CH2OH’dir. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) viskoz, renksiz bir svdr, neredeyse kokusuzdur, ancak hafif tatl bir tada sahiptir. ki alkol grubu içeren, diol olarak snflandrlr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) su, aseton ve kloroform dahil olmak üzere çok çeitli çözücülerle karabilir. Genel olarak glikoller tahri edici deildir ve uçuculuu çok düüktür. [5]

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), esas olarak polimer üretimi için büyük ölçekte üretilir. Avrupa Birlii’nde, gda uygulamalar için E-numaras E1520’ye sahiptir. Kozmetik ve farmakoloji için say E490’dr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), E405 olarak bilinen Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) aljinatta da mevcuttur. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), 21 CFR x184.1666 kapsamnda ABD Gda ve laç Dairesi (FDA) tarafndan genel olarak güvenli (GRAS) olarak tannan ve ayrca dolayl gda katk maddesi olarak belirli kullanmlar için FDA tarafndan onaylanan bir bileiktir. . Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ABD’de ve Avrupa’da topikal, oral ve baz intravenöz farmasötik preparatlar için bir araç olarak onaylanm ve kullanlmaktadr.

Monopropilen Glikolün Yaps (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)

Bileik bazen (beta) β-Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) olarak bilinen izomer propan-1,3-diolden ayrmak için (alfa) α-Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) olarak adlandrlr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) iraldir. Ticari süreçler tipik olarak rasemat kullanr. S-izomeri, biyoteknolojik yollarla üretilir.

Monopropilen Glikol Üretimi (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)

Sanayi

Endüstriyel olarak, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) esas olarak propilen oksitten (gda snf kullanm için) üretilir. 2018 kaynana göre ylda 2,16 milyon ton üretiliyor. [5] Üreticiler ya 200 ° C (392 ° F) ile 220 ° C (428 ° F) arasnda katalitik olmayan yüksek scaklk ilemi ya da 150 ° C (302 ° F) ile 180 ° C arasnda ilerleyen bir katalitik yöntem kullanr 356 ° F) iyon deiim reçinesi veya az miktarda sülfürik asit veya alkali varlnda. [6]

1,2-Propandiol Sentezi V1.svg

Nihai ürünler% 20 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG),% 1.5 diMonopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ve küçük miktarlarda dier poliMonopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) içerir. [7] Daha fazla saflatrma, tipik olarak% 99,5 veya daha fazla olan bitmi endüstriyel snf veya USP / JP / EP / BP snf Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) üretir. USP (US Pharmacopoeia) Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) kullanm, Ksaltlm Yeni laç Uygulamas (ANDA) reddi riskini azaltabilir. [8]

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), biyodizel üretiminden elde edilen bir yan ürün olan gliserolden de elde edilebilir. [5] Bu balangç malzemesi, nihai ürüne elik eden fark edilebilir koku ve tat nedeniyle genellikle endüstriyel kullanm için ayrlmtr.

Laboratuvar

S-Propanediol, fermantasyon yöntemleriyle sentezlenir. Laktik asit ve laktaldehit yaygn ara maddelerdir. Fruktoz 1,6-bifosfatn parçalanmasnn (glikoliz) iki ürününden biri olan dihidroksiaseton fosfat, metilglioksaln öncüsüdür. Bu dönüüm, ticari 1,2-propandiol kimyasalna potansiyel bir biyoteknolojik yolun temelidir. Üç karbonlu deoksisugarlar da 1,2-diolün öncüsüdür. [5]

D-mannitolden küçük ölçekli, biyolojik olmayan bir yol aadaki emada gösterilmektedir: [9]

(s) -Propanediol, D-Mannitol.png’den

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Uygulamalar

Polimerler

Üretilen Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) yüzde krk bei, doymam polyester reçinelerin üretiminde kimyasal hammadde olarak kullanlmaktadr. Bu balamda, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) doymam maleik anhidrit ve izoftalik asit karm ile reaksiyona girerek bir kopolimer verir. Bu ksmen doymam polimer, termoset plastikler elde etmek için ayrca çapraz balanmaya maruz kalr. Bu uygulama ile ilgili olarak, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) propilen oksit ile reaksiyona girerek poliüretan üretiminde kullanlan oligomer ve polimerleri verir. [5] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) su bazl akrilik mimari boyalarda suya göre daha yava buharlama hz nedeniyle yüzeyin kurumasn engelleyerek kuruma süresini uzatmak için kullanlr.

Gda

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ayrca kahve bazl içecekler, sv tatlandrclar, dondurma, çrplm süt ürünleri ve soda gibi çeitli yenilebilir ürünlerde kullanlr. [10] [11] laçlarn veya kiisel bakm ürünlerinin tesliminde kullanlan buharlatrclar genellikle bileenler arasnda Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) içerir. [5] Alkol bazl el dezenfektanlarnda cildin kurumasn önlemek için nemlendirici olarak kullanlr. [12] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), oral, enjekte edilebilir ve topikal formülasyonlar dahil olmak üzere birçok farmasötik üründe çözücü olarak kullanlr. Suda çözünmeyen birçok farmasötik ilaç, çözücü ve tayc olarak PG’yi kullanr; benzodiazepin tabletleri buna bir örnektir. [13] PG ayrca birçok farmasötik kapsül preparat için bir çözücü ve tayc olarak kullanlr. Ek olarak, baz yapay gözya formülasyonlar bir bileen olarak propilen glikol kullanr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), uçaklarn buzunu çözmek için yaygn olarak kullanlr.

Antifriz

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ile kartrldnda suyun donma noktas azalr. Uçak buz çözme svs olarak kullanlr. [5] [15] Karmn nispeten toksik olmadn belirtmek için pembe boyal Su-Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) karmlar, RV veya marine antifriz ad altnda satlmaktadr. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), düük toksisiteli, çevre dostu otomotiv antifrizinde sklkla etilen glikol yerine kullanlr. Bo yaplarda shhi tesisat sistemlerini ka hazrlamak için de kullanlr. [16] Ötektik bileim / scaklk 60:40 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): su / -60 ° C’dir. [17] [18] Ancak -50 ° F / -45 ° C ticari ürün su bakmndan zengindir; tipik bir formülasyon 40:60. [19]

Elektronik sigara likiti

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) genellikle elektronik sigaralarda kullanlmaktadr.

Elektronik sigaralarda kullanlan ve dumana benzemek için aerosol haline getirildii e-likitte ana bileen (<% 1-92) olan bitkisel gliserin ile birlikte. Hem nikotin ve kanabinoidler gibi maddeler için tayc görevi görür, hem de dumana benzeyen bir buhar oluturur. [20]

Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) çeitli uygulamalar

Vaping için bir ie aromal e-likit, bitkisel gliserin ile birlikte ana bileenlerden biri olarak Monopropilen Glikol’ü (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) gösterir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (genellikle ‘PG’ olarak ksaltlr) birçok uygulamaya sahiptir. Baz yaygn uygulamalar, kullanlan PG’ye bakn:

Hem doal hem de sentetik birçok madde için çözücü olarak. [21]

Nemlendirici olarak (E1520).

Veteriner hekimlikte ruminantlarda hiperketoneminin oral tedavisi olarak. [22]

PG’nin çeitli makyaj türleri için tayc veya baz olarak çok yaygn olarak kullanld kozmetik endüstrisinde. [23]

Böcekleri yakalamak ve korumak için (DNA koruyucu olarak dahil). [24]

Film ve canl elence için özel efektlerde teatral duman ve sis oluturmak için. Sözde ‘duman makineleri’ veya ‘tehlikeler’, duman yanlsamas yaratmak için PG ve su karmn buharlatrr. Bu makinelerin çou PG bazl yakt kullanrken bazlar ya kullanr. PG kullananlar, bunu elektronik sigaralarn çalma ekline benzer bir süreçte yaparlar; youn bir buhar üretmek için bir stma eleman kullanmak. Bu makinelerin ürettii buhar, dumann estetik görüntüsüne ve çekiciliine sahiptir, ancak oyuncular ve sahne ekibini gerçek dumanla ilikili zararlara ve kokulara maruz brakmaz. [25] [26]

GC açsndan zengin dizilerin hedeflenmesi için nükleik asitlerin erime scakln düürmek için PCR’de katk maddesi olarak.

nsanlarda güvenlik

Ortalama miktarlarda kullanldnda, Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) hayvanlar üzerinde gelime ve / veya üreme üzerinde ölçülebilir bir etkisi yoktur ve muhtemelen insan geliimini veya üremesini olumsuz etkilemez. [27] Nikotin veya THC ve dier kannabinoidlerin PG bazl preparatlarn kullanan elektronik sigaralarn güvenlii, birçok tartmann konusudur.

Oral uygulama

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) akut oral toksisitesi çok düüktür ve insanlarda alglanabilir salk etkilerine neden olmak için büyük miktarlar gereklidir; Gerçekte, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) etanolden üç kat daha az toksiktir. [31] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) insan vücudunda piruvik asit (glikoz metabolizmas sürecinin normal bir parças, kolayca enerjiye dönütürülür), asetik asit (etanol metabolizmas ile ilenir), laktik asit (normal bir asit) olarak metabolize edilir. genellikle sindirim srasnda bol miktarda bulunur), [32] ve propiyonaldehit (potansiyel olarak tehlikeli bir madde). [33] [34] [35] Dow Chemical Company’ye göre, sçanlar için LD50 (testlerin% 50’sinde öldüren Öldürücü Doz) 20 g / kg’dr (sçan / oral). [36] [37]

Toksisite genellikle 4 g / L’nin üzerindeki plazma konsantrasyonlarnda, nispeten ksa bir süre içinde ar yüksek alm gerektirir veya büyük bolus dozlarnda intravenöz veya oral yoldan verilen ilaçlar veya vitaminler için bir araç olarak kullanldnda ortaya çkar. [38] ABD’de yüzde 5 = 50g / kg izin verilen alkollü içecekler dnda en fazla 1 g / kg PG içeren gda veya takviyeleri tüketerek toksik seviyelere ulamak neredeyse imkanszdr. [39] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) zehirlenmesi vakalar genellikle ya uygunsuz intravenöz uygulama ya da çocuklar tarafndan büyük miktarlarda kazara yutulmas ile ilikilidir. [40]

Uzun süreli oral toksisite potansiyeli de düüktür. Bir NTP sürekli üreme çalmasnda, içme suyunda 10,100 mg / kg canl arlk / güne kadar dozlarda Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) alan erkek veya dii farelerde dourganlk üzerinde hiçbir etki gözlenmemitir. Tedavi edilen farelerin birinci veya ikinci neslinde dourganlk üzerinde hiçbir etki görülmedi. [27] 2 yllk bir çalmada, 12 sçana% 5’e kadar Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) içeren yem saland ve hiçbir belirgin hastalk etkisi görülmedi. [41] Düük kronik oral toksisitesi nedeniyle, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), ABD Gda ve laç Dairesi tarafndan dondurma gibi dondurulmu gdalar da dahil olmak üzere dorudan gda katk maddesi olarak kullanlmak üzere “genel olarak güvenli olarak tannan” (GRAS) olarak snflandrlmtr. ve donmu tatllar. [39] [42] GRAS tanm, gdalardaki kullanmna özeldir ve dier kullanmlar için geçerli deildir. [43]

Soluma

Karsinojen formaldehit, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ve gliserol buhar bozunmasnn bir ürünü olarak bilinir, [44] bu bileenler ayrca akcier iltihabna da neden olabilir. [Kaynak belirtilmeli]

Deri, göz ve soluma temas

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) esasen cildi tahri etmez. [45] Seyreltilmemi Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), hafif geçici konjunktivit oluturarak, göz için minimum düzeyde tahri edicidir; maruziyet kaldrldktan sonra göz iyileir. Bir 2018 insan gönüllü çalmas, 4 saat boyunca 442 mg / m3’e kadar konsantrasyonlara maruz kalan 10 erkek ve kadn denein, orta derecede egzersizle kombinasyon halinde 871 mg / m3’e kadar konsantrasyonlara 30 dakika maruz kaldn göstermitir. veya oküler tahri belirtileri, yalnzca hafif solunum yolu tahrii semptomlar bildirilmitir. [46] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) buharlarnn solunmasnn sradan uygulamalarda önemli bir tehlike oluturmad görülmektedir. [47] Kronik inhalasyon verilerinin olmamas nedeniyle, Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) tiyatro prodüksiyonlar gibi inhalasyon uygulamalarnda veya acil göz ykama istasyonlar için antifriz solüsyonlarnda kullanlmamas önerilmektedir. [48] Son zamanlarda, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (genellikle gliserolün yannda), e-sigara likitlerinde nikotin ve dier katk maddeleri için bir tayc olarak dahil edildi ve kullanm yeni bir maruz kalma ekli sunuyor. Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) veya ikinci maddenin bir bütün olarak kronik solunmasnn potansiyel tehlikeleri henüz bilinmemektedir.

2010 ylnda yaplan bir aratrmaya göre, özellikle yatak odas havas olmak üzere iç mekan havasndaki PGE konsantrasyonlar (Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ve glikol eterlerin toplam olarak saylr), çok sayda solunum ve baklk bozukluu gelitirme riskiyle ilikilendirilmitir. astm, saman nezlesi, egzama ve alerjiler dahil olmak üzere,% 50 ila% 180 arasnda artan riskli çocuklar. Bu konsantrasyon, su bazl boyalarn ve su bazl sistem temizleyicilerin kullanmna balanmtr. Bununla birlikte, çalma yazarlar olas suçlularn Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) deil glikol eterleri olduunu yazmaktadr. [49] [50] [51]

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), laboratuar hayvanlar çalmalarnda duyarlla veya karsinojeniteye neden olmamtr ve genotoksik potansiyeli göstermemitir. [52] [53]

ntravenöz uygulama

ntravenöz olarak uygulanan Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ile yaplan çalmalar, sçanlarda ve tavanlarda 7 mL / kg BW LD50 deerleri ile sonuçlanmtr. [54] Ruddick (1972) ayrca sçan için intramüsküler LD50 verilerini 13-20 mL / kg BW ve tavan için 6 mL / kg BW olarak özetledi. Bir yardmc madde olarak Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) kullanan ilaçlarn intravenöz uygulamasna ters etkiler, özellikle büyük bolus dozlarnda, birçok kiide görülmütür. Yantlar arasnda CNS depresyonu, “hipotansiyon, bradikardi, QRS ve EKG’de QRS ve T anormallikleri, aritmi, kardiyak aritmiler, nöbetler, ajitasyon, serum hiperosmolalitesi, laktik asidoz ve hemoliz” yer alabilir. [55] Dorudan enjekte edilen Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) yüksek bir yüzdesi (% 12 ila% 42), doza bal olarak deitirilmeden elimine edilir veya idrarda salglanr; geri kalan glukuronid formunda görünür. Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) alkol olarak hafif anestezik / CNS depresan özelliklerinden [56] dolay, doz arttkça renal filtrasyonun hz azalmaktadr. [57] Bir vakada, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) – süspansiyon halindeki nitrogliserin yal bir erkee intravenöz olarak verilmesi koma ve asidoza neden olmu olabilir. [58] Bununla birlikte, Monopropilen Glikolden (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) hiçbir dorulanm letalite bildirilmemitir.

Hayvanlar

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), hayvan yemi kategorisi altnda köpek ve eker planörlü yiyecekler için onaylanm bir gda katk maddesidir ve 9 mL / kg LD50 ile köpekler için genellikle güvenli olarak kabul edilmektedir [59]. LD50 çou laboratuvar hayvan için daha yüksektir (20 mL / kg). [60] Bununla birlikte, Heinz vücut oluumuyla balantl olmas ve krmz kan hücrelerinin ömrünün ksalmas nedeniyle kedilerin mamasnda kullanlmas yasaktr. [61] MPG’den Heinz vücut oluumu köpeklerde, srlarda veya insanlarda gözlenmemitir.

Alerjik reaksiyon

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) alerjisinin yaygnlna ilikin tahminler, sulu çözelti içinde% 0,8 (sulu çözelti içinde% 10 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ile% 3,5 (% 30 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)) arasnda deiir. [62] [63] [64] 1996’dan 2006’ya kadar Kuzey Amerika Kontakt Dermatit Grubu (NACDG) verileri, Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) kontakt dermatit için en yaygn bölgenin yüz (% 25.9) olduunu ve ardndan genelletirilmi veya dank bir patern (% 23.7) olduunu göstermitir. . [62] Aratrmaclar, Monopropilen Glikole (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) kar alerjik kontakt dermatit insidansnn, egzama veya mantar enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda% 2’den fazla olabileceine inanmaktadr; bu, daha az günee maruz kalan ve normalden daha düük D vitamini olan ülkelerde çok yaygndr. dengeler. Bu nedenle Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) alerjisi bu ülkelerde daha yaygndr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), alerjik reaksiyon potansiyeli ve çeitli topikal ve sistemik ürünlerde sk kullanm nedeniyle Amerikan Kontakt Dermatit Dernei’nin 2018 Yl Alerjeni seçildi. [66] [67] Mayo Clinic’in son yayn, 20 yllk bir süre boyunca% 0,35 (41 / 11,738 hasta) genel tahri oranyla Monopropilen Glikol’e (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (100 / 11,738 hasta) pozitif yama testlerinin% 0,85 insidansn bildirdi. 1997-2016. [68] Reaksiyonlarn% 87’si zayf,% 9’u güçlü olarak snflandrld. Pozitif reaksiyon oranlar% 5,% 10 ve% 20 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) için srasyla% 0,% 0.26 ve% 1.86 idi ve her konsantrasyon artyla artt. Tahri edici reaksiyon oranlar,% 5,% 10 ve% 20 Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) için srasyla% 0.95,% 0.24 ve% 0.5 idi. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) cilt hassaslamas, en yaygn olanlar olan bir dizi dier ezamanl pozitif alerjenlere duyarl hastalarda meydana geldi: Myroxylon pereirae reçinesi, benzalkonyum klorür, karba karm, potasyum dikromat, neomisin sülfat; pozitif Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) reaksiyonlar için, genel medyan 5 ve ezamanl pozitif alerjenlerin ortalamas 5,6 rapor edilmitir.

Çevresel

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), muhtemelen insan barsandaki ekerlerin anaerobik katabolizmasnn bir sonucu olarak doal olarak oluur. B12 vitaminine baml enzimler tarafndan parçalanarak propiyonaldehite dönütürülür. [69]

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) biyolojik süreçlerden suda hzla bozunmas beklenir, ancak hidroliz, oksidasyon, buharlama, biyokonsantrasyon veya tortuya adsorpsiyondan önemli ölçüde etkilenmesi beklenmemektedir. [70] Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), tatl suda, deniz suyunda ve toprakta aerobik koullar altnda biyolojik olarak kolayca parçalanabilir. Bu nedenle, Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) çevrede kalc olmad kabul edilir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) suda yaayan organizmalara kar düük derecede toksisite gösterir. Oncorhynchus mykiss ile yaplan bir çalmada, gözlenen en düük etki konsantrasyonu olan 96 saatlik LC50 deeri 40.613 mg / l olan tatl su balklar için çeitli klavuz çalmalar mevcuttur. Benzer ekilde, deniz balklarnda belirlenen etki konsantrasyonu, Scophthalmus maximus’ta> 10.000 mg / l olan 96 saatlik bir LC50’dir.

Monopropilen Glikol için Kimyasal Formül (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (MPG)

C3H8O2

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (MPG) nedir?

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (MPG), bir Propilen Oksit (PO) türevidir ve iki aamal bir ilemle üretilir. lk adm, PO’nun su ile bir MPG ve Dipropilen Glikol (DPG) karmna reaksiyonudur ve ikinci adm, karmn iki ayr bileenine (MPG ve DPG) damtlmas ve saflatrlmasdr ve MPG ana bileen olur. Shell Chemical irketleri, MPG’yi iki farkl kalitede tedarik eder: endüstriyel snf ve farmasötik yardmc maddeler için açklanan yi Üretim Uygulamalar (GMP) uygulanarak üretilen Birleik Devletler Farmakopesi (USP) snf. MPG, renksiz, viskoz ve kokusuz bir svdr. Su, alkoller, esterler, ketonlar ve aminlerle tüm oranlarda yüksek derecede higroskopiktir ve karabilir. Halojenli hidrokarbonlarla snrl karabilirlie sahiptir ve alifatik hidrokarbonlarla karmaz.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (MPG) Nasl Kullanlr?

MPG endüstriyel snfn en önemli nihai kullanm, banyo küvetleri, küçük tekneler ve su / kimyasal tanklar ve borular gibi günlük eyalarn yapmnda kullanlan doymam polyester reçinelerin üretimidir. Dier son kullanm uygulama alanlar boyalar ve kaplamalardr; uçak buz çözücüler / buzlanma önleyiciler; antifriz ve endüstriyel soutucular; deterjanlar; hidrolik svlar. Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) USP snf, gda, içecek ve hayvan yemlerinde, ilaçlarda yardmc madde (aktif olmayan bileen veya farmasötik bir üründe tayc), kozmetik ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde kullanlr. MPG USP’nin kan sistemine dorudan enjeksiyon için uygulanmasna izin verilmez. Ayn ekilde, kedilerin kan hücreleri üzerindeki türe özgü etkisi nedeniyle kedi mamasnda kullanlmaz. MPG USP’nin tütün uygulamalarnda ve elektronik sigaralarda kullanm desteklenmemektedir. Hem MPG endüstriyel hem de MPG USP snflar için, teatral sislerde kullanm ve yapay duman üretimi de desteklenmez.

Salk, Güvenlik ve Çevresel Hususlar

MPG, oral, dermal veya inhalasyon yoluyla düük akut toksisiteye sahiptir. Hayvan çalmalarndan deriyi ve gözleri tahri etmez. Gönüllü insanlarda baz hafif tahri etkileri gözlemlendi, ancak snflandrmay tetiklemeyecek. Profesyonel ve tüketici kullanmlarnn geni spektrumu göz önüne alndnda, bu maddeye kapsaml bir maruziyet olmasna ramen, cilt hassaslamas için düük endie vardr ve solunum yolu hassasiyeti bildirimi yoktur. MPG kanserojen veya genotoksik olarak kabul edilmez ve dourganlk veya üreme üzerinde etkisi yoktur. ABD Gda ve laç Dairesi, MPG’yi “genellikle güvenli olarak kabul edilen” GRAS olarak belirler. Bu nedenle, Gda ve laç daresi (FDA) standartlarna göre yaplan MPG, gda, gda ambalajlama, ilaç ve kozmetikte kullanlabilir. Avrupa Birlii’nde (AB), MPG USP bir gda maddesi veya genel amaçl gda katk maddesi olarak tasdik edilmemitir. Nihai gda maddesinde izin verilen maksimum içerik 1g / kg’dr. AB’deki yasal düzenleme durumu hakknda daha fazla bilgi, Propilen Glikol web sayfasnda mevcuttur.

MPG kolayca biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir, biyolojik olarak birikmez ve suda yaayan organizmalar için çok düük toksisiteye sahiptir. Yanc olarak snflandrlmaz, ancak 200 ila 244 ° F / 90 ila 120 ° C’nin üzerindeki scaklklarda yanacaktr. Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (MPG) Depolanmas ve Tanmas MPG, dökme ve paketlenmi (variller, ara hacimli konteynerler (IBC) ürünler olarak tanker ve gemi ile tanr.MPG USP snf, ürün kalitesi ve safl açsndan özel dikkat gerektirir. Bu nedenle, özel ekipman ve özel temizleme prosedürlerinin yan sra tüm tedarik zinciri boyunca sk kontroller gereklidir. MPG higroskopiktir ve ürünü nemden korumak için kurutma cihazlaryla donatlm depolama gerektirir. Ürün kuru ve raf ömrünün salanmas Depolama scakl 104 ° F / 40 ° C’yi geçmemeli ve ürün direkt güne altnda depolanmamaldr.Souk iklimlerde tank stma cihazlar ve izolasyon taklmaldr.

Risk Karakterizasyon Özeti

Bu ürünlere maruz kalma ile ilgili riskler, u “ticaret zinciri” faaliyetleri için deerlendirilmitir: üretim, depolama, ürün transferi, nakliye ve müteriler / pazarlar. Kapal sistemlerde üretilir, depolanr ve müterilere ulatrlr. Müteriye bal olarak, son kullanmlar dier kimyasallarn, ticari ürünlerin veya belirli formüle edilmi tüketici ürünlerinin üretimi için bir ara ürün olarak kullanmdan farkllk gösterebilir. Uygun ekipman tasarm ve kullanm prosedürleri, ara ürün olarak kullanldnda maruz kalma riskinin düük olmasn salar. Ticari ve tüketici uygulamalarnda riskler daha yüksek olabilir. Riski en aza indirmek için, özel kullanm prosedürleri ve koruyucu ambalajlama gibi ek kontroller uygulanr.

Bu ay dikkatimizi Monopropilen Glikol’e (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) veriyoruz; kozmetik ve eczaclktan tarma, gdaya ve e-sigaraya kadar geni bir endüstri karmnda kullanlan çok yönlü bir kimyasal.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (boluklu veya boluksuz) viskoz, renksiz ve kokusuz bir svdr. Higroskopik özellikler tar (havadan nemi kolayca çeker) ve su, alkoller, esterler, ketonlar ve aminlerle tüm rasyonlarda karabilir.

Propilen Oksitten türetilen Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ayrca kimyasal eanlamllar olan MPG, Propan-1,2-Diol, PG ile gider ve C3H8O2 kimyasal formülünü tar. CAS No: 57-55-6 altnda listelenmitir ve CLP kapsamnda bir snflandrmas yoktur, salk için tehlikeli deildir ve nakliye için tehlikeli olarak snflandrlmamtr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), Propilen glikol ile ayn mdr?

Evet, PG (Propilen Glikol), MPG (Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)) için baka bir isimdir, bu nedenle tamamen ayn kimyasaldr.

Hangi derecelerde Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) var?

Monarch Chemicals, ngiltere’nin önde gelen Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) tedarikçisidir ve çok çeitli uygulamalar için uygun üç farkl snf sunar.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) USP: Son derece yüksek bir safla sahip olan bu MPG snf, gda, tatlandrclar, farmasötik, kozmetik ve e-sigara endüstrilerinde kullanlmaktadr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Teknik Snf: MPG snf, genellikle antifriz, soutucu, buz çözücü ürünlerde ve soutucu glikol olarak kullanlr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Yem Snf: Bu MPG snf, hayvanclk yemi uygulamalarnda kullanlmak üzere FEMAS (Yem Malzemeleri Güvence emas) kapsamnda Avrupa’da üretilir ve tescil edilir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ne için kullanlr?

Tarm, kozmetik, soutucular, buz çözücüler, e-sigara ve vape ürünleri, farmasötik, kiisel bakm ve aadakiler dahil olmak üzere bir dizi son ürünün üretimi dahil olmak üzere çeitli farkl endüstrilerde MPG için geni bir kullanm yelpazesi vardr. boyalar ve mürekkepler.

Hayvan yeminde Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), özellikle buzalama dönemlerinde, süt karpuzunda yaanan negatif enerjiyi yeniden dengelemek için glikoz formülasyonuna yardmc olmak için çalr. Süt ineklerine, bir robotik sistemle balantl olarak veya yemle kartrlarak, yamurlama sistemi ile azdan verilebilir. MPG, ketozis tedavisi ve önlenmesinde hazr bir enerji kayna olarak hizmet eder ve 23,6 Mj / Kg enerji deerine sahiptir.

Vape suyunda Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) USP, vape suyunda bir tayc olarak kullanlr ve vape’nizde bitkisel gliserinden (VG) daha fazla aroma etkili bir ekilde tar. Ayrca eski sigara içenlerin arad “boaz vuruu” nu da salar.

Kozmetik ve kiisel bakm ürünlerinde Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) USP, nemlendiriciler, ampuanlar, du jelleri, kokular ve sabunlar dahil olmak üzere çou kozmetik ve kiisel bakm ürününde yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Higroskopik özelliklerinden dolay nemi muhafaza ederek cildin görünümünü iyiletirir. Parfümlerde koku tar ve kokusuz ve renksiz bir kimyasal olarak seyreltici olarak kullanlr.

Yiyecek ve içecekte Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), nemi korumak ve kaliteyi korumak için birçok hazr ve uzun ömürlü gdada bulunur.

Buz çözücülerdeki Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG): Propilen Glikol bazl buz çözücü svlar, özellikle uçak buz çözücülerinde, genellikle su, korozyon önleyiciler ve propilen glikol karmdr ve ayn zamanda etki gösterirken buzu ve kar çkarmaya çalr. donma noktas düürücü olarak (MPG’nin donma noktas suyla kartrldnda düer). Bu ürünün çeitleri, kalk ve ini arasnda oluan buz miktarn azaltmaya yardmc olmak için yüzeylere yapmasna yardmc olmak için koyulatrc maddeler içerir.

Is transfer svsndaki glikoller: Is transfer svlarnda Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) donma korumas için ilave edilir ve dier glikollere (etilen glikol) göre toksik olmayan bir glikol olarak bulunabilecek uygulamalarda güvenle kullanlabilir. tesadüfi gda temas (örnein, fermantasyon srasnda scakl kontrol etmek için bir soutma bobininin artlandrma tanklarndan geçtii demleme daldrma ral soutucularnda). Glikoller ayrca seçilen çalma scaklnda tutarl su ak salar; ancak, metali korumak için kireç oluumunu ve korozyon riskini azaltmak için eklenmi inhibitörler içeren bir glikol (Monarch’n MonCool inhibe glikol serisi gibi) kullanlmas önemlidir.

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) dier kullanmlar arasnda polyester reçinelerin üretiminde, özel efektli sis makinesi svlarnda bir bileen olarak ve boya, mürekkep, yüzey kaplamalar ve yalayclarn imalatnda kullanm yer alr.

Teknik özellikler, güvenlik veri sayfalar dahil Monarch Chemicals’tan Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) hakknda daha fazla bilgi veya bir sonraki dökme glikol sipariiniz (25Ltr, 200Ltr varil, 1000Ltr IBC veya dökme tank) hakknda bir fiyat teklifi almak isterseniz lütfen özel Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) sayfamz ziyaret edin veya dorudan bizimle iletiime geçin.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Nedir?

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) (ayrca propilen glikol, PG, propan1, 2diol ve MPG olarak da bilinir), karakteristik bir kokusu olan berrak, renksiz ve viskoz bir svdr ve C3H8O2 formülüne sahiptir. Bu çözücü suda çözünür ve higroskopik özelliklere sahiptir, yani sert su moleküllerini çekebilir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), suyla kartrldnda düük bir donma noktasyla birlikte düük toksisiteye sahip olduu için çok çeitli endüstrilerde kullanlmaktadr.

Teknik Özellikler

Mono propilen glikolün kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri:

Moleküler Formül: C3H8O2 / CH3CH (OH) CH2OH

E anlamllar: MPG, Propilen Glikol, PG, Propan1, 2diol, Propan-1,2-Diol, 1,2-Dihidroksipropan 1,2Propandiol

Cas Numaras: 57-55-6

Moleküler Kütle: 76.095 g · mol – 1

Tam Kütle: 76.052429 g / mol

Parlama noktas: 210 ° F / 98.9 ° C

Kaynama Noktas: 370,8 ° F / 188,2 ° C

Erime Noktas: -74 ° F / -59 ° C

Buhar Basnc: 25 ° C’de 0,13 mm Hg

Suda Çözünürlük: Karabilir

Younluk: 20 ° C’de 1.0361 g / cu cm

Günlük P: -1,34

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) nasl üretilir?

Mono propilen glikol, propilen oksitten üretilir. En yaygn ilem, propilen oksidin yüksek scaklk ve yüksek basnçl bir ortamda katalitik olmayan hidrolizidir. kinci yöntem, iyon deiim reçinesi veya az miktarda sülfürik asit veya alkali varlnda 150 ° C’de ilerleyebilen katalitik yöntemdir. Biyo-dizel yan ürünü olan gliserolden de üretilebilir.

Mono propilen glikol talebi ve tüketimi, dünya çapnda bulunan tesisler tarafndan yllk olarak üretilen tahmini 1,2 milyon ton ile yüksektir.

Nasl ilenir, saklanr, datlr?

Mono propilen glikol, paslanmaz çelik veya yumuak çelik tanklarda depolanr ve tanr ve tankerlerle tanabilir. Herhangi bir tama ekli için tehlikeli olarak snflandrlmaz ve sala zararl deildir. Parlama noktas 103 ° C (kapal kap) ve özgül arl 1.04’tür

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kullanm Alanlar

Pek çok farkl endüstride mono propilen glikol için birçok kullanm vardr ve baz kimyasal üreticileri bu çeitli ihtiyaçlar karlamak için iki derece MPG üretir.

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) tüketici kullanmlar

Birinci snf, gda endüstrisinde gda boyalar ve tatlandrclar için kullanlr ve ayn zamanda snflandrlm bir nemlendirici gda katk maddesidir (E1520). Kozmetik endüstrisinde bu çözücüyü, özellikle ampuanlar, köpük banyolar, bebek mendilleri ve makyajda nemlendirici gibi kiisel bakm ürünleri kullanan pek çok uygulama vardr.

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) sanayi kullanmlar

kincisi, çeitli kullanmlara sahip olan endüstriyel snf MPG’dir, ancak ana uygulama, donma noktas suyla kartrldnda dümesi nedeniyle antifriz ve uçak kanad ve pist buz çözücüsüdür. Ayrca motor soutucular gibi s transfer svlarnda da kullanlr.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) ek olarak ilaç endüstrisinde kullanlr, örnekler arasnda boya ve verniklerde kullanlan yüksek performansl doymam polyester reçinelerin üretiminde bir kimyasal ara ürün olarak ve bask mürekkeplerinde kullanlan mükemmel bir çözücü olarak yer alr. Petrol, eker rafineri ve kat yapm endüstrilerinde, kryonik endüstrisinde kullanlan iyonik olmayan deterjanlarn üretiminde ve pipo tütününde su kaybn önleyen katk maddesi olarak da kullanlmaktadr.

Propilen glikol, PG, propan1, 2diol, MPG olarak da bilinen Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG), karakteristik bir kokuya ve C3H8O2, CAS: 57-55-6 moleküler formülüne sahip berrak, renksiz ve viskoz bir svdr. Suda çözünür ve higroskopik özelliklere sahiptir.

Monopropilen Glikol

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kimyasal Yap Bileimi.

Üretim

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) propilen oksitten üretilir. En yaygn ilem, propilen oksidin yüksek scaklk ve yüksek basnçl bir ortamda katalitik olmayan hidrolizidir. kinci yöntem, iyon deiim reçinesi veya az miktarda sülfürik asit veya alkali varlnda 150 ° C’de ilerleyebilen katalitik yöntemdir. Biyo-dizel yan ürünü olan gliserolden de üretilebilir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) talebi ve tüketimi, dünyann çeitli yerlerinde bulunan tesisler tarafndan yllk olarak üretilen tahmini 1,2 milyon ton ile yüksektir.

103 ° C parlama noktasna ve 1,04 özgül arla sahiptir.

Monopropilen Glikolün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kullanm Alanlar

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) birçok farkl endüstride kullanlmaktadr ve baz kimyasal üreticiler bu çeitli ihtiyaçlar karlamak için iki snf MPG üretir.

Birinci snf gda, kozmetik ve ilaç endüstrilerinde kullanlr. MPG, gda boyalar ve tatlandrclar için bir çözücü olarak kullanlr. Kiisel bakm endüstrisinde makyaj, ampuan, köpük banyosu ve bebek mendillerinde nemlendirici olarak birkaç örnek vermek gerekirse kullanlr. laç endüstrisi, MPG’yi oral, enjekte edilebilir ve topikal formülasyonlarda bir çözücü olarak kullanr.

Endüstriyel snf MPG için ana uygulama, bir antifriz ve uçak kanad ve pist buz çözücüsüdür çünkü MPG’nin donma noktas suyla kartrldnda düer. Ayrca motor soutucular gibi s transfer svlarnda da kullanlr.

Boya ve verniklerde kullanlan yüksek performansl doymam polyester reçinelerin üretiminde kimyasal ara ürün olarak da kullanlabilir. Ayn zamanda bask mürekkeplerinde kullanlan mükemmel bir çözücüdür ve petrol, eker artma ve kat yapm endüstrilerinde kullanlan deterjanlarn üretiminde de kullanlmaktadr.

Arpadis, Avrupa’nn en büyük kimyasal distribütörlerinden biridir.

Arpadis, küresel olarak Monopropilen Glikol’ün (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) depolama, nakliye, ihracat ve ithalat formalitelerini gerçekletirmektedir.

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Görünümü : Berrak, Renksiz Ve Higroskopik Bir Sv

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kimyasal Ad : 1,2,-propanediol

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Kimyasal Formülü : C3H8O2

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG) Ambalaj ekli : 215 Kg. Varillerde IBClerde Tankerli

Monopropilen Glikol (Monopropylene Glycol, MPG)Tanm ve Kullanm Alanlar :

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) (PG) ou propane-1,2-diol, appelé aussi 1,2-dihydroxypropane ou méthyl glycol, est un diol de formule chimique CH3-CHOH-CH2OH ayant de nombreux usages industriels ou agropharmaceutiques, à faible dose comme additif alimentaire et depuis peu dans les cigarettes électroniques (liquide à vapoter).

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) est obtenu à partir de la réaction de l’oxyde de propylène avec l’eau pour former du monoMonopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) (MPG), les réactions ultérieures produisant des di-(DPG), tri-(TPG) et autres Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)s.

Sommaire

1 Stéréochimie du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

2 Utilisations du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

3 Production biologique du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

4 Toxicologie du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

4.4 Effets génotoxiques du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

4.5 Effets cancérigènes du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

4.6 Effets sur le système reproducteur

4.7 Toxicité indirecte du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

4.8 Intoxication du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

Stéréochimie du Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol)

L’atome de carbone 2 est chiral. Le propane-1,2-diol se présente donc sous la forme d’une paire d’énantiomères, l’énantiomère R étant lévogyre tandis que le S est dextrogyre. Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) est le plus souvent sous la forme d’un racémique.

Utilisations

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) est utilisé principalement dans la fabrication de résines de polyesters insaturés9

C’est une molécule abondamment utilisée, notamment dans les domaines suivants :

L’industrie alimentaire l’utilise à faibles doses comme émulsifiant (E1520), dans les plats préparés (sauces et assaisonnements) et/ou comme solvant de certains arômes dans certains arômes liquides.

Dans les cigarettes électroniques, en tant que liquide de remplissage dans lequel sont éventuellement ajoutés glycérol, arômes et nicotine, afin de produire un aérosol simulant la fumée du tabac.

L’industrie pharmaceutique et les médecins l’utilisent également : il compte par exemple pour 40 % de la composition d’un médicament à base de phénytoïne (Dilantin).

L’Industrie cosmétique en fait un humectant anti-moisissure dans certains cosmétiques, tout comme l’industrie du tabac. Il remplace souvent la glycérine comme excipient, et parfois abusivement présenté comme hydratant (tout comme la glycérine, qui ne peut que freiner une éventuelle déshydratation par la peau).

L’industrie textile le mobilise pour la fabrication de certaines fibres (polyester).

En élevage, il est donné oralement aux vaches laitières en tant que précurseur du glucose pour éviter l’acétonémie en début de lactation.

L’industrie du spectacle (discothèque, théâtre, cinéma, plateaux de TV) l’utilise pour alimenter les machines à fumées : son évaporation permet de produire un aérosol réputé non toxique10 et permettant des effets spéciaux (fausses vapeurs, brumes artificielles, matérialisation des rayons laser ou lumineux…), a priori sans danger pour les acteurs ou les spectateurs.

L’industrie aéronautique, l’aviation civile ou militaire l’utilisent en aspersion sur les ailes des avions afin d’y réduire la formation de glace : le givre est à l’origine d’environ 10 % des accidents d’avions11). Et l’industrie des systèmes de climatisation/chauffage l’utilise parfois comme antigel non-corrosif et améliorant les transferts de chaleur12 dans les circuits et applications sensibles (ex. : compresseurs de gaz de pompes à chaleur, capteurs solaires, chambres froides alimentaires…) où il remplace l’éthylène glycol, moins coûteux mais toxique pour l’Homme et l’environnement.

Il permet de produire des solutions de nanoparticules sans qu’elles ne s’agglomèrent13 (avec un risque toxicologique et écotoxicologique alors renforcé par une bioassimilabilité plus importante de ces nanoparticules).

Production biologique

En plus des modes de production issus de l’industrie chimique, on note l’existence d’une filière biologique portée en France par l’entreprise Metabolic Explorer basée à Clermont-Ferrand et offrant un avantage économique significatif par rapport aux procédés pétrochimiques classiques.

Elle s’est alliée en Europe avec le géant Finlandais UPM (CA de 10 Milliards € et 20 000 salariés) pour construire une unité de production de MPG biosourcée et écologique présentant une alternative sérieuse aux procédés chimiques14.

Il s’agit d’un marché très important valorisé à plus de 3 milliards € et en forte progression15.

Toxicologie

Voie orale

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) est principalement absorbé par voie digestive. Il est oxydé dans le foie en acide lactique, puis en acide pyruvique, qui est utilisé par le corps humain comme source d’énergie. Chez l’être humain il est éliminé du sang avec une demi-vie de deux heures et de l’organisme avec une demi-vie de quatre heures 8.

Des volontaires ont été exposés à environ 309 mg/m³ pendant une minute. Une légère obstruction significative des voies respiratoires (diminution 2 % VEMS/CVF) a été observée9.

Suite à l’ingestion de très fortes doses de Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) chez l’homme et l’animal, des effets hématologique, hyperosmotique, cardiovasculaire et des effets sur le système nerveux central ont été rapportés. Une forte concentration sanguine de Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) peut amener de l’acidose métabolique et des changements hyperosmotiques dans le sang9.

Les cas d’intoxication au Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) sont plus généralement liés à une administration intraveineuse ou à l’ingestion accidentelle de grandes quantités par des enfants16,17.

L’inhalation de 321 ppm de Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) pendant 90 jours chez le rat cause un épaississement de l’épithélium respiratoire et un grossissement des cellules caliciformes. Une diminution du compte des globules blancs a également été observée chez le rat femelle tandis que l’exposition à 707 ppm cause une diminution de la concentration moyenne d’hémoglobine et du compte des globules blancs. Aucun changement dose-réponse des globules rouges n’a été observé chez le rat mâle9.

Voie cutanée

Le contact prolongé avec la peau n’est pas ou peu irritant18. On constate une irritation modérée en cas de contact cutané occlusif ou de projection de produit non-dilué 8. Il existe toutefois des cas d’allergie19 ou d’eczéma de contact (par exemple lors de l’utilisation de crèmes dermiques utilisées pour traiter l’herpès labial20). Il est fortement irritant pour les yeux. De manière générale, il est recommandé d’éviter le contact du produit avec la peau ou les yeux.

Voie respiratoire

Lors d’une étude par inhalation d’aérosol contenant 10 % de Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) (dans l’eau déionisée) chez l’homme (diamètre moyen en masse de l’aérosol : 4,8 à 5,4 µm, pendant 1 h), il y a eu moins de 5 % du brouillard qui est pénétré dans l’organisme9. Des effets hématologique, hyperosmotique, cardiovasculaire et des effets sur le système nerveux central ont été rapportés. Une forte concentration sanguine de Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) peut amener de l’acidose métabolique et des changements hyperosmotiques dans le sang9.

Effets génotoxiques

Tous les tests réalisés in vitro et in vivo se sont révélés négatifs8,21.

Effets cancérigènes

Les données disponibles ne montrent pas d’effet cancérogène chez le rat et la souris8,21.

Effets sur le système reproducteur

Le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) n’agit ni sur la fertilité ni sur le développement des animaux8.

Toxicité indirecte

Comme tout solvant, le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) peut présenter une toxicité indirecte, étant capable de solubiliser un grand nombre de produits potentiellement toxiques issus de la chimie organique22. En tant que surfactant ou solvant, sa capacité à augmenter la toxicité de certains pesticides tels que le diuron, l’atrazine et l’aminotriazole est discutée23.

Intoxication

Elle peut être due à une ingestion accidentelle, mais aussi par l’injection, à fortes doses, de certains médicaments, dont le Monopropylène glycol (Monopropylene Glycol, Monopropilen Glikol) constitue le diluant24.

A fortes doses, la molécule peut provoquer une insuffisance rénale, une insuffisance hépatique. Au niveau biologique, il existe une acidose lactique, une hyperosmolarité. Le traitement repose sur l’hémodialyse25.

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (nom IUPAC: propane-1,2-diol), selon la National Library of Medicine et Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, est une substance liquide synthétique qui absorbe l’eau. [4] Il est étiqueté comme un composé organique en chimie en raison de ses attributs de carbone. Sa formule chimique est CH3CH (OH) CH2OH. Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est un liquide visqueux et incolore, qui est presque inodore mais possède un goût légèrement sucré. Contenant deux groupes alcooliques, il est classé comme un diol. Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est miscible avec une large gamme de solvants, y compris l’eau, l’acétone et le chloroforme. En général, les glycols ne sont pas irritants et ont une très faible volatilité. [5]

Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est produit à grande échelle principalement pour la production de polymères. Dans l’Union européenne, il porte le numéro E E1520 pour les applications alimentaires. Pour les cosmétiques et la pharmacologie, le numéro est E490. Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est également présent dans l’alginate de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), connu sous le nom d’E405. Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est un composé généralement reconnu comme sûr (GRAS) par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) des États-Unis sous 21 CFR x184.1666 et est également approuvé par la FDA pour certaines utilisations en tant qu’additif alimentaire indirect. . Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est approuvé et utilisé comme véhicule pour les préparations pharmaceutiques topiques, orales et certaines préparations pharmaceutiques intraveineuses aux États-Unis et en Europe.

Structure du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Le composé est parfois appelé (alpha) α-Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) pour le distinguer de l’isomère propane-1,3-diol, connu sous le nom de (bêta) β-Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est chiral. Les procédés commerciaux utilisent généralement le racémate. L’isomère S est produit par des voies biotechnologiques.

Production de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Industriel

Industriellement, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est principalement produit à partir d’oxyde de propylène (à usage alimentaire). Selon une source de 2018, 2,16 millions de tonnes sont produites annuellement. [5] Les fabricants utilisent soit un procédé à haute température non catalytique à 200 ° C (392 ° F) à 220 ° C (428 ° F), soit une méthode catalytique, qui se déroule entre 150 ° C (302 ° F) et 180 ° C ( 356 ° F) en présence d’une résine échangeuse d’ions ou d’une petite quantité d’acide sulfurique ou d’alcali. [6]

Synthèse de 1,2-propandiol V1.svg

Les produits finaux contiennent 20% de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), 1,5% de diMonopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) et de petites quantités d’autres polyMonopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). [7] Une purification supplémentaire produit du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) de qualité industrielle ou USP / JP / EP / BP qui est typiquement de 99,5% ou plus. L’utilisation du monopropylène glycol USP (pharmacopée américaine) (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) peut réduire le risque de rejet de la demande de nouveau médicament abrégé (ANDA). [8]

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) peut également être obtenu à partir du glycérol, un sous-produit de la production de biodiesel. [5] Cette matière première est généralement réservée à un usage industriel en raison de l’odeur et du goût perceptibles qui accompagnent le produit final.

Laboratoire

Le S-Propanediol est synthétisé à partir de méthodes de fermentation. L’acide lactique et le lactaldéhyde sont des intermédiaires courants. Le phosphate de dihydroxyacétone, l’un des deux produits de dégradation (glycolyse) du fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, est un précurseur du méthylglyoxal. Cette conversion est à la base d’une voie biotechnologique potentielle vers le 1,2-propanediol, un produit chimique de base. Les désoxysucres à trois carbones sont également des précurseurs du 1,2-diol. [5]

Une voie non biologique à petite échelle à partir du D-mannitol est illustrée dans le schéma suivant: [9]

(s) -Propanediol de D-Mannitol.png

Applications du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Polymères

Quarante-cinq pour cent du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) produit est utilisé comme matière première chimique pour la production de résines polyester insaturées. A cet égard, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) réagit avec un mélange d’anhydride maléique insaturé et d’acide isophtalique pour donner un copolymère. Ce polymère partiellement insaturé subit une réticulation supplémentaire pour donner des plastiques thermodurcissables. Lié à cette application, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) réagit avec l’oxyde de propylène pour donner des oligomères et des polymères qui sont utilisés pour produire des polyuréthanes. [5] Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est utilisé dans les peintures architecturales acryliques à base d’eau pour prolonger le temps de séchage qu’il accomplit en empêchant la surface de sécher en raison de son taux d’évaporation plus lent que l’eau.

Nourriture

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est également utilisé dans divers produits comestibles tels que les boissons à base de café, les édulcorants liquides, la crème glacée, les produits laitiers fouettés et les sodas. [10] [11] Les vaporisateurs utilisés pour l’administration de produits pharmaceutiques ou de produits de soins personnels incluent souvent du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) parmi les ingrédients. [5] Dans les désinfectants pour les mains à base d’alcool, il est utilisé comme humectant pour empêcher la peau de sécher. [12] Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est utilisé comme solvant dans de nombreux produits pharmaceutiques, y compris les formulations orales, injectables et topiques. De nombreux médicaments pharmaceutiques qui sont insolubles dans l’eau utilisent la PG comme solvant et support; les comprimés de benzodiazépine en sont un exemple. [13] Le PG est également utilisé comme solvant et support pour de nombreuses préparations de capsules pharmaceutiques. De plus, certaines formulations de larmes artificielles utilisent du propylène glycol comme ingrédient.

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est couramment utilisé pour dégivrer les avions

Antigel

Le point de congélation de l’eau est abaissé lorsqu’il est mélangé avec du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). Il est utilisé comme liquide de dégivrage des avions. [5] [15] Les mélanges eau-Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) teints en rose pour indiquer que le mélange est relativement non toxique sont vendus sous le nom de RV ou d’antigel marin. Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est fréquemment utilisé comme substitut de l’éthylène glycol dans un antigel automobile à faible toxicité et respectueux de l’environnement. Il est également utilisé pour hiverner les systèmes de plomberie dans les structures vacantes. [16] La composition / température eutectique est de 60:40 Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG): eau / -60 ° C. [17] [18] Le produit commercial à -50 ° F / -45 ° C est cependant riche en eau; une formulation typique est 40:60. [19]

Liquide de cigarettes électroniques

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est souvent utilisé dans les cigarettes électroniques.

Avec la glycérine végétale comme ingrédient principal (<1 à 92%) dans les e-liquides utilisés dans les cigarettes électroniques, où elle est aérosolisée pour ressembler à de la fumée. Il sert à la fois de support pour des substances comme la nicotine et les cannabinoïdes, ainsi que pour créer une vapeur qui ressemble à de la fumée. [20]

Applications diverses du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)

Une bouteille d’e-liquide aromatisé pour vapotage montre le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) comme l’un des principaux ingrédients avec la glycérine végétale.

Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (souvent abrégé «PG») a de nombreuses applications. Certaines applications courantes voir PG utilisé:

En tant que solvant pour de nombreuses substances, à la fois naturelles et synthétiques. [21]

Comme humectant (E1520).

En médecine vétérinaire comme traitement oral de l’hypercétonémie chez les ruminants. [22]

Dans l’industrie cosmétique, où le PG est très couramment utilisé comme support ou base pour divers types de maquillage. [23]

Pour piéger et préserver les insectes (y compris comme agent de conservation de l’ADN). [24]

Pour la création de fumée et de brouillard théâtraux dans des effets spéciaux pour le cinéma et le divertissement en direct. Les soi-disant «machines à fumée» ou «Hazers» vaporisent un mélange de PG et d’eau pour créer l’illusion de fumée. Alors que bon nombre de ces machines utilisent un carburant à base de PG, certaines utilisent de l’huile. Ceux qui utilisent PG le font selon un processus identique au fonctionnement des cigarettes électroniques; utiliser un élément chauffant pour produire une vapeur dense. La vapeur produite par ces machines a l’aspect esthétique et l’attrait de la fumée, mais sans exposer les artistes et l’équipe de scène aux méfaits et aux odeurs associés à la fumée réelle. [25] [26]

En tant qu’additif dans la PCR pour réduire la température de fusion des acides nucléiques pour le ciblage de séquences riches en GC.

Sécurité chez l’homme

Lorsqu’il est utilisé en quantités moyennes, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) n’a aucun effet mesurable sur le développement et / ou la reproduction des animaux et n’affecte probablement pas négativement le développement humain ou la reproduction. [27] La sécurité des cigarettes électroniques – qui utilisent des préparations à base de PG à base de nicotine ou de THC et d’autres cannabinoïdes – fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses. [28] [29] [30]

Administration par voie orale

La toxicité orale aiguë du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est très faible et de grandes quantités sont nécessaires pour provoquer des effets perceptibles sur la santé chez l’homme; en fait, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est trois fois moins toxique que l’éthanol. [31] Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est métabolisé dans le corps humain en acide pyruvique (une partie normale du processus de métabolisme du glucose, facilement converti en énergie), en acide acétique (manipulé par le métabolisme de l’éthanol), en acide lactique (un acide normal) généralement abondant pendant la digestion), [32] et le propionaldéhyde (une substance potentiellement dangereuse). [33] [34] [35] Selon la Dow Chemical Company, la DL50 (dose létale qui tue dans 50% des tests) pour les rats est de 20 g / kg (rat / oral).

La toxicité survient généralement à des concentrations plasmatiques supérieures à 4 g / L, ce qui nécessite un apport extrêmement élevé sur une période de temps relativement courte, ou lorsqu’elle est utilisée comme véhicule pour des médicaments ou des vitamines administrés par voie intraveineuse ou orale en bolus à fortes doses. [38] Il serait presque impossible d’atteindre des niveaux toxiques en consommant des aliments ou des suppléments contenant au plus 1 g / kg de PG, sauf pour les boissons alcoolisées aux États-Unis qui sont autorisées à 5 pour cent = 50 g / kg. [39] Les cas d’intoxication au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) sont généralement liés à une administration intraveineuse inappropriée ou à une ingestion accidentelle de grandes quantités par des enfants. [40]

Le potentiel de toxicité orale à long terme est également faible. Dans une étude de reproduction continue du NTP, aucun effet sur la fertilité n’a été observé chez des souris mâles ou femelles ayant reçu du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) dans de l’eau potable à des doses allant jusqu’à 10 100 mg / kg pc / jour. Aucun effet sur la fertilité n’a été observé dans la première ou la deuxième génération de souris traitées. [27] Dans une étude de 2 ans, 12 rats ont reçu des aliments contenant jusqu’à 5% de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) et n’ont montré aucun effet indésirable apparent. [41] En raison de sa faible toxicité chronique par voie orale, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) a été classé par la Food and Drug Administration des États-Unis comme “généralement reconnu comme sûr” (GRAS) pour une utilisation comme additif alimentaire direct, y compris les aliments surgelés tels que la crème glacée. et desserts glacés. [39] [42] La désignation GRAS est spécifique à son utilisation dans les denrées alimentaires et ne s’applique pas à d’autres utilisations. [43]

Inhalation

Le formaldéhyde cancérigène est connu comme un produit du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) et de la dégradation de la vapeur de glycérol, [44] ces ingrédients peuvent également provoquer une inflammation des poumons. [Citation nécessaire]

Contact avec la peau, les yeux et l’inhalation

Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est essentiellement non irritant pour la peau. [45] Le Monopropylène Glycol non dilué (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est peu irritant pour les yeux, produisant une légère conjonctivite transitoire; l’œil récupère une fois l’exposition supprimée. Une étude menée en 2018 sur des volontaires humains a révélé que 10 sujets masculins et féminins subissant 4 heures d’exposition à des concentrations allant jusqu’à 442 mg / m3 et 30 minutes d’exposition à des concentrations allant jusqu’à 871 mg / m3 en combinaison avec un exercice modéré ne présentaient pas de déficits de la fonction pulmonaire, ou des signes d’irritation oculaire, avec seulement de légers symptômes d’irritation respiratoire signalés. [46] L’inhalation de vapeurs de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) ne semble présenter aucun danger significatif dans les applications ordinaires. [47] En raison du manque de données sur l’inhalation chronique, il est recommandé de ne pas utiliser le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) dans les applications d’inhalation telles que les productions théâtrales ou les solutions antigel pour les stations de lavage oculaire d’urgence. [48] Récemment, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (couramment aux côtés du glycérol) a été inclus comme support pour la nicotine et d’autres additifs dans les liquides de cigarette électronique, dont l’utilisation présente une nouvelle forme d’exposition. Les dangers potentiels d’une inhalation chronique de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) ou de cette dernière substance dans son ensemble ne sont pas encore connus.

Selon une étude de 2010, les concentrations de PGE (comptées comme la somme du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) et des éthers de glycol) dans l’air intérieur, en particulier dans l’air des chambres, ont été associées à un risque accru de développer de nombreux troubles respiratoires et immunitaires chez enfants, y compris l’asthme, le rhume des foins, l’eczéma et les allergies, avec un risque accru allant de 50% à 180%. Cette concentration a été liée à l’utilisation de peintures à base d’eau et de nettoyants pour systèmes à base d’eau. Cependant, les auteurs de l’étude écrivent que les éthers de glycol et non le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) sont probablement les coupables.

Administration intraveineuse

Des études avec du Monopropylène Glycol administré par voie intraveineuse (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) ont abouti à des DL50 chez le rat et le lapin de 7 mL / kg de poids corporel. [54] Ruddick (1972) a également résumé les données de DL50 intramusculaire pour le rat comme 13-20 mL / kg de poids corporel et 6 ml / kg de poids corporel pour le lapin. Des effets indésirables liés à l’administration intraveineuse de médicaments utilisant le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) comme excipient ont été observés chez un certain nombre de personnes, en particulier avec de fortes doses de bolus. Les réponses peuvent inclure une dépression du SNC, “une hypotension, une bradycardie, des anomalies QRS et T sur l’ECG, une arythmie, des arythmies cardiaques, des convulsions, une agitation, une hyperosmolalité sérique, une acidose lactique et une hémolyse”. [55] Un pourcentage élevé (12% à 42%) de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) injecté directement est éliminé ou sécrété dans l’urine sans modification en fonction du dosage, le reste apparaissant sous sa forme glucuroconjuguée. La vitesse de filtration rénale diminue à mesure que la dose augmente [56], ce qui peut être dû aux propriétés anesthésiques douces / dépresseurs du SNC du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) en tant qu’alcool. [57] Dans un cas, l’administration intraveineuse de nitroglycérine suspendue au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) à un homme âgé peut avoir provoqué un coma et une acidose. [58] Cependant, aucune létalité confirmée du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) n’a été signalée.

Animaux

Le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est un additif alimentaire approuvé pour les aliments pour chiens et les planeurs de sucre dans la catégorie des aliments pour animaux et est généralement reconnu comme sans danger pour les chiens, [59] avec une DL50 de 9 mL / kg. La DL50 est plus élevée pour la plupart des animaux de laboratoire (20 mL / kg). [60] Cependant, son utilisation dans les aliments pour chats est interdite en raison des liens avec la formation corporelle de Heinz et de la réduction de la durée de vie des globules rouges. [61] La formation de corps Heinz à partir du MPG n’a pas été observée chez les chiens, les bovins ou les humains.

Réaction allergique

Les estimations de la prévalence de l’allergie au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilène Glikol, MPG) vont de 0,8% (Monopropylène Glycol 10% (Monopropilène Glikol, MPG) en solution aqueuse) à 3,5% (30% Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilène Glikol, MPG) en solution aqueuse ). [62] [63] [64] Les données du North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) de 1996 à 2006 ont montré que le site le plus courant de dermatite de contact au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) était le visage (25,9%), suivi d’un motif généralisé ou dispersé (23,7%) [62] Les chercheurs pensent que l’incidence de la dermatite de contact allergique au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) peut être supérieure à 2% chez les patients atteints d’eczéma ou d’infections fongiques, qui sont très courantes dans les pays où l’exposition au soleil est moindre et la vitamine D inférieure à la normale soldes. Par conséquent, l’allergie au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilène Glikol, MPG) est plus fréquente dans ces pays. [65]

En raison de son potentiel de réactions allergiques et de son utilisation fréquente dans une variété de produits topiques et systémiques, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) a été nommé Allergène de l’année de l’American Contact Dermatitis Society pour 2018. [66] [67] Une publication récente de la Mayo Clinic a rapporté une incidence de 0,85% de tests épicutanés positifs au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (100/11 738 patients) avec un taux global d’irritation de 0,35% (41/11 738 patients) sur une période de 20 ans de 1997-2016. [68] 87% des réactions ont été classées comme faibles et 9% comme fortes. Les taux de réaction positifs étaient de 0%, 0,26% et 1,86% pour 5%, 10% et 20% de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) respectivement, augmentant à chaque augmentation de concentration. Les taux de réaction irritante étaient respectivement de 0,95%, 0,24% et 0,5% pour 5%, 10% et 20% de Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). Une sensibilisation cutanée au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est survenue chez des patients sensibles à un certain nombre d’autres allergènes positifs concomitants, dont les plus courants étaient: la résine de Myroxylon pereirae, le chlorure de benzalkonium, le mélange de carba, le bichromate de potassium, le sulfate de néomycine; pour les réactions positives au Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), la médiane globale de 5 et la moyenne de 5,6 allergènes positifs concomitants ont été rapportées.

Environnement

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) se produit naturellement, probablement à la suite du catabolisme anaérobie des sucres dans l’intestin humain. Il est dégradé par les enzymes dépendant de la vitamine B12, qui le convertissent en propionaldéhyde. [69]

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) devrait se dégrader rapidement dans l’eau à cause des processus biologiques, mais il ne devrait pas être influencé de manière significative par l’hydrolyse, l’oxydation, la volatilisation, la bioconcentration ou l’adsorption dans les sédiments. [70] Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est facilement biodégradable dans des conditions aérobies en eau douce, en eau de mer et dans le sol. Par conséquent, le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) est considéré comme non persistant dans l’environnement.

Le monopropylèneglycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) présente un faible degré de toxicité envers les organismes aquatiques. Plusieurs études de lignes directrices disponibles pour les poissons d’eau douce avec la plus faible concentration d’effet observé de 96 h CL50 de 40 613 mg / l dans une étude avec Oncorhynchus mykiss. De même, la concentration d’effet déterminée chez les poissons marins est une CL50 à 96 h> 10 000 mg / l chez Scophthalmus maximus.

Formule chimique du Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) C3H8O2

Qu’est-ce que le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG)?

Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) est un dérivé de l’oxyde de propylène (PO) et est produit dans un processus en deux étapes. La première étape est la réaction de PO avec de l’eau dans un mélange de MPG et de dipropylène glycol (DPG) et la deuxième étape est la distillation et la purification du mélange en ses deux composants séparés (MPG et DPG), le MPG étant le composant principal. Les sociétés Shell Chemical fournissent du MPG en deux qualités différentes: la qualité industrielle et la qualité de la pharmacopée des États-Unis (USP), qui est produite en appliquant les bonnes pratiques de fabrication (BPF) telles que décrites pour les excipients pharmaceutiques. MPG est un liquide incolore, visqueux et inodore. Il est hautement hygroscopique et miscible dans tous les rapports avec l’eau, les alcools, les esters, les cétones et les amines. Il a une miscibilité limitée avec les hydrocarbures halogénés et n’est pas miscible avec les hydrocarbures aliphatiques.

Comment le Monopropylène Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) est-il utilisé?

L’utilisation finale la plus importante du MPG de qualité industrielle est la production de résines de polyester insaturé, qui, à leur tour, sont utilisées pour fabriquer des articles de tous les jours tels que des baignoires, des petits bateaux et des réservoirs et des tuyaux d’eau / de produits chimiques. Les autres domaines d’application d’utilisation finale sont les peintures et les revêtements; dégivreurs / antigivreurs d’avion; antigel et liquides de refroidissement industriels; détergents; fluides hydrauliques. Le monopropylène glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) de qualité USP est utilisé dans les aliments, les boissons et l’alimentation animale, dans les produits pharmaceutiques comme excipient (ingrédient inactif ou support dans un produit pharmaceutique), dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels. L’application de MPG USP pour des injections directes dans le système sanguin n’est pas autorisée. De même, il ne doit pas être utilisé dans la nourriture pour chats en raison d’un effet spécifique à l’espèce sur les cellules sanguines des chats. L’utilisation de MPG USP dans les applications de tabac et les cigarettes électroniques n’est pas prise en charge. Pour les grades MPG industriels et MPG USP, l’utilisation dans les brouillards théâtraux et la génération de fumée artificielle n’est pas non plus prise en charge.

MONOPROPYLENE GLYCOL (Monopropilen Glikol)

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