NICKEL CHLORIDE (NKEL KLORR)
NICKEL CHLORIDE (NKEL KLORÜR)
CAS No.: 7718-54-9
EC No.: 231-743-0
Synonyms:
NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel dichloride; Nickel(2+) chloride; Nickelous chloride; NICKEL CHLORIDE; Nickel chloride; Nickel dichloride; 7718-54-9; Nickelous chloride; NiCl2; Nickel(2+) chloride; Nickel chloride (NiCl2); Nickelchloride; Nickel chloride anhydrous; Nickel chloride (1:2); Nichel(II) chloride; Nickel (II) chloride; Nickel dichloride (nicl2); Nickel chloride, 98%; CCRIS 1788; HSDB 860; EINECS 231-743-0; EINECS 253-399-0; NSC 254532; Nickel chloride [Nickel and nickel compounds]; 37211-05-5; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; dichloro nickel; Nickel chloride, 99.99%, (trace metal basis), anhydrous, powder; dichloronickel(II); NI(II) chloride; dichloronickel (II); MFCD00011142; nickel-(II)-chloride;NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; nickel (11) chloride; [NiCl2]; ACMC-1BP6A; DSSTox_CID_20316; DSSTox_RID_79476; WLN: NI G2; DSSTox_GSID_40316; CHEBI:34887; CTK1B5822; KS-00000WAF; Tox21_302175; NSC254532; NSC-254532; NCGC00255504-01; LS-96306; CAS-7718-54-9; FT-0689065; FT-0689074; EC 231-743-0; Q29397; Nickel chloride, LR, 44.6-46% Ni basis; Nickel chloride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis; NiCl; NiCl2; Hexahydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nichel chloride; NICKEL DICHLORIDE; NICKEL(+2)CHLORIDE; Dichloronickel(II); Nickel(II)-chlorid; Nickel chloride; nickel chloride; nickel chloride dihydrate; nickel chloride hemihydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; nickel chloride heptahydrate; nickel chloride hexahydrate; nickel chloride hydrate; nickel chloride monohydrate; nickel chloride monohydroxide; nickel chloride tetrahydrate; nickel chloride trihydroxide; Nickel chloride hexahydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate; dichloronickel hexahydrate; Nickel chloridehexahydrate; ACMC-1BD9Q; Nickel chloride,hexahydrate; Nickel Chloride-hexahydrate; Nickel(II)chloridehexahydrate; KSC925I8L; nickel(II)chloride hexahydrate; nickel(II)chloride-hexahydrate; Nickle(II)chloride hexahydrate; DTXSID7041170; CTK8C5485; KS-00000UKT; Nickel(11) chloride hexahydrate; nickel(II) dichloride hexahydrate; AKOS015855220; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, p.a., 97.0%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, ReagentPlus(R); Q27124087; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, puriss. p.a., >=98%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, 99.9% trace metals basis; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, 99.999% trace metals basis; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, JIS special grade, >=98.0%; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, purum p.a., >=98.0% (KT); Nickel chloride hexahydrate, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture; Nickel chloride anhydrous; Nickel dichloride; Nickelous chloride; Dichloronickel; Nickel(2+) chloride; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel dichloride; Nickel(2+) chloride; Nickelous chloride; NICKEL CHLORIDE; Nickel chloride; Nickel dichloride; 7718-54-9; Nickelous chloride; NiCl2; Nickel(2+) chloride; Nickel chloride (NiCl2); Nickelchloride; Nickel chloride anhydrous; Nickel chloride (1:2); Nichel(II) chloride; Nickel (II) chloride; Nickel dichloride (nicl2); Nickel chloride, 98%; CCRIS 1788; HSDB 860; EINECS 231-743-0; EINECS 253-399-0; NSC 254532; Nickel chloride [Nickel and nickel compounds]; 37211-05-5; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; dichloro nickel; Nickel chloride, 99.99%, (trace metal basis), anhydrous, powder; dichloronickel(II); NI(II) chloride; dichloronickel (II); MFCD00011142; nickel-(II)-chloride;NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; nickel (11) chloride; [NiCl2]; ACMC-1BP6A; DSSTox_CID_20316; DSSTox_RID_79476; WLN: NI G2; DSSTox_GSID_40316; CHEBI:34887; CTK1B5822; KS-00000WAF; Tox21_302175; NSC254532; NSC-254532; NCGC00255504-01; LS-96306; CAS-7718-54-9; FT-0689065; FT-0689074; EC 231-743-0; Q29397; Nickel chloride, LR, 44.6-46% Ni basis; Nickel chloride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis; NiCl; NiCl2; Hexahydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nichel chloride; NICKEL DICHLORIDE; NICKEL(+2)CHLORIDE; Dichloronickel(II); Nickel(II)-chlorid; Nickel chloride; nickel chloride; nickel chloride dihydrate; nickel chloride hemihydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; nickel chloride heptahydrate; nickel chloride hexahydrate; nickel chloride hydrate; nickel chloride monohydrate; nickel chloride monohydroxide; nickel chloride tetrahydrate; nickel chloride trihydroxide; Nickel chloride hexahydrate; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate; dichloronickel hexahydrate; Nickel chloridehexahydrate; ACMC-1BD9Q; Nickel chloride,hexahydrate; Nickel Chloride-hexahydrate; Nickel(II)chloridehexahydrate; KSC925I8L; nickel(II)chloride hexahydrate; nickel(II)chloride-hexahydrate; Nickle(II)chloride hexahydrate; DTXSID7041170; CTK8C5485; KS-00000UKT; Nickel(11) chloride hexahydrate; nickel(II) dichloride hexahydrate; AKOS015855220; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, p.a., 97.0%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, ReagentPlus(R); Q27124087; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, puriss. p.a., >=98%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, 99.9% trace metals basis; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, 99.999% trace metals basis; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, JIS special grade, >=98.0%; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, purum p.a., >=98.0% (KT); Nickel chloride hexahydrate, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%; Nickel chloride hexahydrate, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture; Nickel chloride anhydrous; Nickel dichloride; Nickelous chloride; Dichloronickel; Nickel(2+) chloride; NICKEL CHLORIDE; NKEL KLORÜR; nickel chloride; nikel klorür
NICKEL CHLORIDE
Nickel chloride
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Nickel chloride
Nickel chloride hexahydrate
IUPAC name
Nickel chloride
Other names
Infobox references
Nickel chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.[4]
Contents
1 Production and syntheses
2 Structure of NiCl2 and its hydrates
3 Reactions
3.1 Coordination complexes
3.2 Applications in organic synthesis
3.3 Other uses
4 Safety
5 References
6 External links
Production and syntheses
The largest scale production of nickel chloride involves the extraction with hydrochloric acid of nickel matte and residues obtained from roasting refining nickel-containing ores.
Nickel chloride is not usually prepared in the laboratory because it is inexpensive and has a long shelf-life. Heating the hexahydrate in the range 66-133.°C gives the yellowish dihydrate, NiCl2·2H2O.[5] The hydrates convert to the anhydrous form upon heating in thionyl chloride or by heating under a stream of HCl gas. Simply heating the hydrates does not afford the anhydrous dichloride.
The dehydration is accompanied by a color change from green to yellow.[6]
In case one needs a pure compound without presence of cobalt, nickel chloride can be obtained cautiously heating hexaamminenickel chloride:[7]
Reactions
Nickel chloride solutions are acidic, with a pH of around 4 due to the hydrolysis of the Ni2+ ion.
Coordination complexes
Color of various Ni(II) complexes in aqueous solution. From left to right, [Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(en)3]2+, [NiCl4]2−, [Ni(H2O)6]2+
Most of the reactions ascribed to “nickel chloride” involve the hexahydrate, although specialized reactions require the anhydrous form.
Crystals of hexammine nickel chloride
Some nickel chloride complexes exist as an equilibrium mixture of two geometries; these examples are some of the most dramatic illustrations of structural isomerism for a given coordination number. For example, NiCl2(PPh3)2, containing four-coordinate Ni(II), exists in solution as a mixture of both the diamagnetic square planar and the paramagnetic tetrahedral isomers. Square planar complexes of nickel can often form five-coordinate adducts.
NiCl2 is the precursor to acetylacetonate complexes Ni(acac)2(H2O)2 and the benzene-soluble (Ni(acac)2)3, which is a precursor to Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2, an important reagent in organonickel chemistry.
In the presence of water scavengers, hydrated Nickel chloride reacts with dimethoxyethane (dme) to form the molecular complex NiCl2(dme)2.[5] The dme ligands in this complex are labile. For example, this complex reacts with sodium cyclopentadienide to give the sandwich compound nickelocene.
Hexammine nickel chloride complex is soluble when respective cobalt complex is not, which allows for easy separating of these close-related metals in laboratory conditions.
Application of NiCl2 precatalyst.
Other uses
Nickel chloride solutions are used for electroplating nickel onto other metal items.
Safety
Nickel chloride is irritating upon ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. Prolonged inhalation exposure to nickel and its compounds has been linked to increased cancer risk to the lungs and nasal passages.[4]
About Nickel chloride
High purity Nickel chlorideChloride IonNickel Chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Nickel source for uses compatible with chlorides. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds. Nickel Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Nickel chloride Synonyms
Nickel chloride anhydrous, Nickel dichloride, Nickelous chloride, Dichloronickel, Nickel(2+) chloride
Nickel chloride (Ni) and water
Nickel chloride and water: reaction mechanisms, environmental impact and health effects
Seawater contains approximately 0.5-2 ppb of Nickel chloride, and rivers contain approximately 0.3 ppb. Phytoplankton contains 1-10 ppm Nickel chloride (dry mass), resulting in a 103-104 bioconcentration factor compared to seawater. Bentic algae can be found both in freshwater and salt water, and may contain between 0.2 and 84 ppm Nickel chloride. Lobsters contain 0.14-60 ppm Nickel chloride, molluscs 0.1-850 ppm, and fishes between 0.1 and 11 ppm (all values based on a dry mass). Nickel chloride occurs in water as Ni2+ (aq) and sometimes as NiCO3. It may be either dissolved, or complexed with inorganic ligands. Nickel chloride may also be bound to particles.
In what way and in what form does Nickel chloride react with water?
Under normal conditions Nickel chloride does not react with water.
Solubility of Nickel chloride and Nickel chloride compounds
Elementary Nickel chloride is water insoluble at T=20oC pressure = 1 bar. However, Nickel chloride compounds may be water soluble. Nickel chloride chloride is most water soluble; 553 g/L at 20oC, to 880 g/L at 99.9oC. Nickel chloride carbonate has a water solubility of 90 mg/L, whereas other Nickel chloride compounds, such as Nickel chloride oxide, Nickel chloride sulphide and Nickel chloride tetra carbonyl are water insoluble.
Why is Nickel chloride present in water?
Nickel chloride may be found in slate, sandstone, clay minerals and basalt. The main Nickel chloride source is pentlandite. The element accumulates in sediments and is a part of various biological cycles.
Nickel chloride may end up in water from both point and non-point sources. Diffuse Nickel chloride emissions may stem from power plants, waste incinerators and metal industries. Nickel chloride is directly emitted from various industries through discharge on surface waters. It is applied in alloys for treatment of heavy metal polluted surface water, in Nickel chloride-cadmium batteries, as a catalyzer and as a pigment. Pure Nickel chloride is often applied as a protective coating on steel and copper objects. Nickel chloride-copper alloys have been applied in coins for a very long time. Other alloys are applied for kitchen ware, jewelry and turbine production. Nickel chloride may be applied as an anti-corrosive. Nickel chloride acetate is applied as a mordant in textile printing, and Nickel chloride carbonate is applied as a catalyzer for fat hardening and for ceramic paint production, as is Nickel chloride chloride. Nickel chloride tetra carbonyl is a by-product of Nickel chloride cleansing and is applied in various production processes.
Nickel chloride compounds are also applied in agriculture. Phosphate fertilizers contain traces of Nickel chloride. Nickel chloride is often present in agricultural soils situated near fossil fuel industries. Organic matter often adsorbs Nickel chloride, causing coal and oil to contain traces of the element. Nickel chloride compounds may also be found in sludge, and in slags and fly ashes from waste incinerators. Better waste separation would prove useful, because Nickel chloride is up to 60% recyclable.
What are the environmental effects of Nickel chloride in water?
Nickel chloride is a dietary requirement for many organisms, but may be toxic in larger doses. Metallic Nickel chloride and some other Nickel chloride compounds are teratogenic and carcinogenic to mammals. Nickel chloride concentrations in plants are usually 1 μg/g, and concentrations above 50 μg/g are toxic. Tea has an extraordinary Nickel chloride content of 7.6 mg/kg dried leaves. Nickel chloride causes growth restraints in algae at concentrations of between 0.5 and 10 ppm. Fishes apparently are less susceptible to Nickel chloride, but this differs between species. For Daphnia hyaline the LD50 for 48 hours is 1.9 ppm. Chronic Nickel chloride toxicity for Daphnia magna lies between 30-150 ppb. The LD50 for marine lobsters lies between 150 and 300 ppm. In the organs of birds mainly living off water organisms Nickel chloride concentrations of 0.6-36 ppm (dry mass) were found. Nickel chloride accumulation in rats mainly occurs in lungs, where concentrations exceed those in other organs by 4-40 times.
There are approximately 70 species of plants that accumulate extraordinarily high Nickel chloride concentrations. This may be up to 10,000 ppm (dry mass). For regular plant seed 0.5-2 ppm Nickel chloride in liquid substrates is considered toxic. Most plants have a relatively high Nickel chloride tolerance, but many species of grain are generally more susceptible. When water with a 40 ppm Nickel chloride concentration is added these grains may die. Liming of the soil may rapidly decrease Nickel chloride uptake. On the other hand, high Nickel chloride concentrations may throng other heavy metals. Sludge containing more than 200 ppm Nickel chloride (dry mass) may not be applied to agricultural soils.
The five naturally occurring Nickel chloride isotopes are all stable. Eight other isotopes are considered instable.
What are the health effects of Nickel chloride in water?
The human body contains approximately 10 mg Nickel chloride. Nickel chloride is a dietary requirement for a number of organisms, therefore it might be of significance to humans. The human dietary need is estimated at only 5 μg, which is the result of a 150 μg intake. Nickel chloride probably has a function in urea to ammonia conversion by the urease enzyme. Nickel chloride cannot be resorbed in the digestive gland, unless it is complexed.
Nickel chloride inhalation poses a greater risk than Nickel chloride in water. This may cause lung cancer, or nasal tumors. Nickel chloride carcinogenity is probably caused by Nickel chloride replacing zinc and magnesium ions on DNA-polymerase. These observations were mainly made in Nickel chloride working employees. Usually only smoking may cause this problem.
Many people develop dermatitis upon skin contact with Nickel chloride. The same goes for Nickel chloride solutions. Nickel chloride allergies are more common among women than among men. Nickel chloride compounds may be toxic in high concentrations, but these are often water insoluble, limiting potential harm. For example, Nickel chloride tetra carbonyl is water insoluble, but is toxic and carcinogenic nevertheless.
Upon intake of higher doses of Nickel chloride one usually vomits, resulting in rapid removal from the body.
Which water purification technologies can be applied to remove Nickel chloride from water?
Nickel chloride may be removed from water by means of active carbon adsorption. Coagulation is another feasible option. Nickel chloride only fully precipitates under certain conditions, namely a pH value of at least 9.5, under which it is fully converted to Nickel chloride hydroxide.
NKEL KLORÜR
Nikel klorür
Gezintiye atlaArama yapmak için atla
Nikel klorür
Nikel klorür hekzahidrat
IUPAC ad
Nikel klorür
Dier isimler
Bilgi kutusu referanslar
Nikel klorür (veya sadece nikel klorür), NiCl2 kimyasal bileiidir. Susuz tuz sardr, ancak daha bilinen hidrat NiCl2 · 6H2O yeildir. Nikel klorür, çeitli formlarda, kimyasal sentez için en önemli nikel kaynadr. Nikel klorürler, havadaki nemi emerek bir çözelti olutururlar. Uzun süreli inhalasyon maruziyetlerinde nikel tuzlarnn akcierler ve nazal geçiler için kanserojen olduu gösterilmitir. [4]
çindekiler
1 Üretim ve sentezler
2 NiCl2’nin yaps ve hidratlar
3 Reaksiyonlar
3.1 Koordinasyon kompleksleri
3.2 Organik sentezdeki uygulamalar
3.3 Dier kullanmlar
4 Güvenlik
5 Kaynaklar
6 D balantlar
Üretim ve sentezler
Nikel klorürün en büyük ölçekli üretimi, nikel matnn hidroklorik asidiyle ekstraksiyonu ve nikel içeren cevherlerin rafinasyonundan elde edilen kalntlar içerir.
Nikel klorür, ucuz olduu ve uzun bir raf ömrüne sahip olduu için genellikle laboratuvarda hazrlanmamaktadr. Hekzahidrat 66-133 ° C aralnda stmak sarms dihidrat NiCl2 · 2H2O verir. [5] Hidratlar, tiyonil klorür içinde stldklarnda veya bir HC1 gaz akm altnda stldklarnda susuz forma dönüürler. Hidratlar basitçe stmak susuz diklorürü salamaz.
Dehidrasyona yeilden sarya bir renk deiimi elik eder. [6]
Kobalt bulunmayan saf bir bileie ihtiyaç duyulmas halinde, heksaamminenikel klorür stlarak dikkatlice nikel klorür elde edilebilir: [7]
Tepkiler
Nikel klorür solüsyonlar, Ni2 + iyonunun hidrolizi nedeniyle yaklak 4 pH ile asidiktir.
Koordinasyon kompleksleri
Sulu çözelti içindeki çeitli Ni (II) komplekslerinin rengi. Soldan saa, [Ni (NH3) 6] 2+, [Ni (en) 3] 2+, [NiCl4] 2−, [Ni (H2O) 6] 2+
“Nikel klorüre” atfedilen reaksiyonlarn çou hekzahidrat içerir, ancak özel reaksiyonlar susuz formu gerektirir.
Heksammin nikel klorür kristalleri
Baz nikel klorür kompleksleri, iki geometrinin bir denge karm olarak mevcuttur; bu örnekler, belirli bir koordinasyon numaras için yapsal izomerizmin en çarpc örneklerinden bazlardr. Örnein, dört koordinatl Ni (II) içeren NiCl2 (PPh3) 2, çözelti içinde hem diyamanyetik kare düzlemin hem de paramanyetik tetrahedral izomerlerin bir karm olarak bulunur. Nikelin kare düzlemsel kompleksleri genellikle be koordinatl eklentiler oluturabilir.
NiCl2, organonikelde önemli bir reaktif olan Ni (1,5-siklooktadien) 2’nin öncüsü olan asetilasetonat kompleksleri Ni (acac) 2 (H2O) 2 ve benzende çözünür (Ni (acac) 2) 3’ün öncüsüdür. kimya.
Su tutucular varlnda hidratlanm Nikel klorür dimetoksietanla (dme) reaksiyona girerek moleküler kompleks NiCl2 (dme) 2’yi oluturur. [5] Bu kompleksteki dme ligandlar deikendir. Örnein, bu kompleks sodyum siklopentadienid ile reaksiyona girerek sandviç bileii nikelosen verir.
Hekzammin nikel klorür kompleksi, ilgili kobalt kompleksi olmadnda çözünürdür, bu da bu yakn ilikili metallerin laboratuvar koullarnda kolayca ayrlmasna izin verir.
NiCl2 ön katalizörünün uygulanmas.
Dier kullanmlar
Nikel klorür çözeltileri, nikeli dier metal parçalar üzerine elektrokaplamak için kullanlr.
Emniyet
Nikel klorür yutulduunda, solunduunda, cilt temasnda ve gözle temasnda tahri edicidir. Nikel ve bileiklerine uzun süre solunarak maruz kalma, akcierler ve nazal geçiler için artan kanser riskiyle ilikilendirilmitir. [4]
Nikel klorür hakknda
Yüksek saflkta Nikel klorür Klorür yon Nikel Klorür, klorürlerle uyumlu kullanmlar için mükemmel bir suda çözünür kristalin Nikel kaynadr. Klorür bileikleri, suda kaynatnda veya çözündüünde elektrik iletebilir. Klorid malzemeleri elektroliz yoluyla klor gazna ve metale ayrtrlabilir. En az bir klor anyonunun (Cl-) ilgili metale veya katyona kovalent olarak baland çeitli klorlama ilemleriyle oluturulurlar. Ultra yüksek saflkta ve tescilli formülasyonlar hazrlanabilir. Klorür iyonu, metabolik sistemlerde sv dengesini ve pH seviyelerini kontrol eder. norganik veya organik bileikler oluturabilirler. Nikel Klorür çou ciltte genellikle hemen bulunur. Yüksek saflk, mikron alt ve nano toz formlar düünülebilir. American Elements, uygulanabilir olduunda, Mil Spec (askeri snf) dahil olmak üzere birçok standart snfta üretim yapar; ACS, Reaktif ve Teknik Snf; Gda, Tarm ve laç Derecesi; Optik Snf, USP ve EP / BP (Avrupa Farmakopesi / ngiliz Farmakopesi) ve ilgili ASTM test standartlarn takip eder. Tipik ve özel paketleme mevcuttur. lgili ölçüm birimlerini dönütürmek için bir Referans Hesaplayc olduu gibi ek teknik, aratrma ve güvenlik (MSDS) bilgileri mevcuttur.
Nikel klorür
Nikel klorür susuz, Nikel diklorür, Nikel klorür, Dikloronikel, Nikel (2+) klorür
Nikel klorür (Ni) ve su
Nikel klorür ve su: reaksiyon mekanizmalar, çevresel etki ve salk etkileri
Deniz suyu yaklak olarak 0,5-2 ppb Nikel klorür içerir ve nehirler yaklak 0,3 ppb içerir. Fitoplankton, 1-10 ppm Nikel klorür (kuru kütle) içerir, bu da deniz suyuna kyasla 103-104 biyokonsantrasyon faktörüne neden olur. Bentik algler hem tatl suda hem de tuzlu suda bulunabilir ve 0,2 ile 84 ppm arasnda Nikel klorür içerebilir. Istakozlar 0.14-60 ppm Nikel klorür, yumuakçalar 0.1-850 ppm ve 0.1 ile 11 ppm arasnda balklar içerir (tüm deerler kuru kütleye dayanr). Nikel klorür suda Ni2 + (aq) ve bazen NiCO3 olarak oluur. Çözülebilir veya inorganik ligandlarla kompleks hale getirilebilir. Nikel klorür ayrca parçacklara da balanabilir.
Nikel klorür su ile ne ekilde ve hangi biçimde reaksiyona girer?
Normal koullar altnda Nikel klorür su ile reaksiyona girmez.
Nikel klorür ve Nikel klorür bileiklerinin çözünürlüü
Temel Nikel klorür, T = 20oC basnç = 1 bar’da suda çözünmez. Bununla birlikte, Nikel klorür bileikleri suda çözünür olabilir. Nikel klorür klorür suda en çok çözünür olandr; 20oC’de 553 g / L, 99,9oC’de 880 g / L. Nikel klorür karbonatn suda çözünürlüü 90 mg / L iken Nikel klorür oksit, Nikel klorür sülfür ve Nikel klorür tetra karbonil gibi dier Nikel klorür bileikleri suda çözünmez.
Nikel klorür suda neden bulunur?
Nikel klorür, kayrak, kumta, kil mineralleri ve bazaltta bulunabilir. Ana Nikel klorür kayna pentlandittir. Element çökeltilerde birikir ve çeitli biyolojik döngülerin bir parçasdr.
Nikel klorür hem noktasal hem de noktasal olmayan kaynaklardan suya karabilir. Yaygn Nikel klorür emisyonlar enerji santrallerinden, atk yakma tesislerinden ve metal endüstrilerinden kaynaklanabilir. Nikel klorür, yüzey sularnda dearj yoluyla çeitli endüstrilerden dorudan salnr. Alamlarda ar metalle kirlenmi yüzey sularnn artlmas için, Nikel klorür-kadmiyum pillerde katalizör ve pigment olarak uygulanr. Saf Nikel klorür, genellikle çelik ve bakr nesneler üzerinde koruyucu bir kaplama olarak uygulanr. Nikel klorür-bakr alamlar çok uzun süredir madeni paralarda uygulanmaktadr. Dier alamlar mutfak gereçleri, mücevherat ve türbin üretimi için uygulanmaktadr. Nikel klorür, korozyon önleyici olarak uygulanabilir. Nikel klorür asetat, tekstil basksnda mordan olarak uygulanr ve Nikel klorür klorür gibi ya sertletirme ve seramik boya üretiminde katalizör olarak Nikel klorür karbonat uygulanr. Nikel klorür tetra karbonil, Nikel klorür temizliinin bir yan ürünüdür ve çeitli üretim süreçlerinde uygulanr.
Nikel klorür bileikleri ayrca tarmda da kullanlmaktadr. Fosfatl gübreler eser miktarda Nikel klorür içerir. Nikel klorür, genellikle fosil yakt endüstrilerinin yaknnda bulunan tarmsal topraklarda bulunur. Organik madde genellikle Nikel klorürü adsorbe ederek kömür ve yan elementin izlerini içermesine neden olur. Nikel klorür bileikleri ayrca çamurda ve cüruflarda ve atk yakma frnlarndan çkan uçucu küllerde bulunabilir. Daha iyi atk ayrma yararl olacaktr çünkü Nikel klorür% 60’a kadar geri dönütürülebilir.
Nikel klorürün sudaki çevresel etkileri nelerdir?
Nikel klorür, birçok organizma için diyetle ilgili bir gerekliliktir, ancak daha büyük dozlarda toksik olabilir. Metalik Nikel klorür ve dier baz Nikel klorür bileikleri teratojeniktir ve memeliler için kanserojendir. Bitkilerdeki nikel klorür konsantrasyonlar genellikle 1 μg / g’dr ve 50 μg / g’nin üzerindeki konsantrasyonlar toksiktir. Çay, 7,6 mg / kg kurutulmu yaprak gibi olaanüstü bir Nikel klorür içeriine sahiptir. Nikel klorür, 0.5 ile 10 ppm arasndaki konsantrasyonlarda alglerde büyüme kstlamalarna neden olur. Görünüe göre balklar Nikel klorüre daha az duyarldr, ancak bu türler arasnda farkllk gösterir. Daphnia hyalin için 48 saatlik LD50 1.9 ppm’dir. Daphnia magna için kronik Nikel klorür toksisitesi 30-150 ppb arasndadr. Deniz stakozlar için LD50, 150 ile 300 ppm arasndadr. Esas olarak su organizmalarnda yaayan kularn organlarnda 0,6-36 ppm (kuru kütle) nikel klorür konsantrasyonlar bulunmutur. Sçanlarda nikel klorür birikimi esas olarak, konsantrasyonlarn dier organlardakileri 4-40 kat at akcierlerde meydana gelir.
Olaanüstü yüksek Nikel klorür konsantrasyonlar biriktiren yaklak 70 bitki türü vardr. Bu 10.000 ppm’ye kadar (kuru kütle) olabilir. Normal bitki tohumlar için 0,5-2 ppm Sv substratlardaki nikel klorür toksik olarak kabul edilir. Çou bitki nispeten yüksek bir Nikel klorür toleransna sahiptir, ancak birçok tahl türü genellikle daha hassastr. 40 ppm Nikel klorür konsantrasyonuna sahip su eklendiinde bu taneler ölebilir. Topran kireçlenmesi, Nikel klorür almn hzla azaltabilir. Öte yandan, yüksek Nikel klorür konsantrasyonlar dier ar metalleri etkileyebilir. 200 ppm’den fazla Nikel klorür (kuru kütle) içeren çamur, tarmsal topraklara uygulanamaz.
Doal olarak oluan be Nikel klorür izotopunun tümü stabildir. Dier sekiz izotop kararsz olarak kabul edilir.
Nikel klorürün sudaki salk etkileri nelerdir?
nsan vücudu yaklak 10 mg Nikel klorür içerir. Nikel klorür, bir dizi organizma için diyetle ilgili bir gerekliliktir, bu nedenle insanlar için önemli olabilir. nsan beslenme ihtiyacnn sadece 5 μg olduu tahmin edilmektedir ki bu, 150 μg almn sonucudur. Nikel klorür muhtemelen üreaz enzimi tarafndan üreden amonyaa dönüümde bir ileve sahiptir. Nikel klorür, kompleks olmad sürece sindirim bezinde yeniden emilemez.
Nikel klorür solunmas, sudaki Nikel klorürden daha büyük bir risk oluturur. Bu akcier kanserine veya burun tümörlerine neden olabilir. Nikel klorür kanserojenlii, muhtemelen Nikel klorürün DNA-polimeraz üzerindeki çinko ve magnezyum iyonlarnn yerini almasndan kaynaklanmaktadr. Bu gözlemler esas olarak Nikel klorür ile çalan çalanlarda yaplmtr. Genellikle sadece sigara içmek bu soruna neden olabilir.
Nikel klorür ile cilt temasnda birçok kii dermatit gelitirir. Ayns Nikel klorür çözeltileri için de geçerlidir. Nikel klorür alerjileri kadnlarda erkeklerden daha yaygndr. Nikel klorür bileikleri yüksek konsantrasyonlarda toksik olabilir, ancak bunlar genellikle suda çözünmez ve potansiyel zarar snrlar. Örnein, Nikel klorür tetra karbonil suda çözünmez, ancak yine de toksik ve kanserojendir.
Daha yüksek dozda Nikel klorür alndnda kii genellikle kusar ve bu da vücuttan hzl bir ekilde uzaklatrlmasna neden olur.
Nikel klorürü sudan çkarmak için hangi su artma teknolojileri uygulanabilir?
Nikel klorür, aktif karbon adsorpsiyonu yoluyla sudan çkarlabilir. Phtlama baka bir uygun seçenektir. Nikel klorür, yalnzca belirli koullar altnda, yani en az 9.5 pH deerinde tamamen çökelir ve bunun altnda tamamen Nikel klorür hidroksite dönütürülür.