Polypropylene Fiber 6mm (Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm)
Polypropylene Fiber 6mm (Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm)
CAS No. : 9003-07-0
EC No. : 618-352-4
Synonyms:
Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber; Polypropylene; 9003-07-0; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, cis-; POLYPROPYLENE; 2-Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; 3420-36-8; 12-[(2s,3r)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; Oxiranedodecanoic acid, 3-octyl-, (2R,3S)-rel-; CTK5F2058; ZINC111391968; 3beta-Octyloxirane-2beta-dodecanoic acid; SC-75428; 12-(3-Octyl-2-oxiranyl)dodecanoic acid #; Special for nanometer polypropylene pipe material; 1-Propene, homopolymer; Pre-Registration process; Polypropylene; polypropylene wax; 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid; propylene; ethylene; plastic; polypropene; polypropylene based; polymer; ethylene propylene; propylene derived; polypropylene film; polypropylene sheet; polypropylene fibers; propene; polypropylene fibres; polypropylene oxide; polypropylene resin composition; acrylic; polycarbonate; polypropylene strip; double directional oriented polypropylene; polyethylene; homopolymers; pp; neoprene; credit; polypropene resin; glycerine; naphthalene; silicone; propylene based; ethylene propylene diene; propylene copolymer; propylene random copolymer; propylene polymer; polypropen; Polypropylene Fiber 6mm; Polipropilen Elyaf 6mm; PP FIBER; PP ELYAF; PP FBER; pp fiber; pp fiber 6mm; pp elyaf 6mm; Polipropilen Fiber; polipropilen fiber; fiber; elyaf; fber;
EN
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) IUPAC Name 12-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]dodecanoic acid
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) InChI InChI=1S/C22H42O3/c1-2-3-4-5-11-14-17-20-21(25-20)18-15-12-9-7-6-8-10-13-16-19-22(23)24/h20-21H,2-19H2,1H3,(H,23,24)/t20-,21+/m1/s1
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) InChI Key NSYDMBURIUSUDH-RTWAWAEBSA-N
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Canonical SMILES CCCCCCCCC1C(O1)CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Isomeric SMILES CCCCCCCC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O1)CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Molecular Formula C22H42O3
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) CAS 9003-07-0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID00872805
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) MeSH Entry Terms celgard
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Physical Description Polypropylene is a tan to white odorless solid. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water.
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Color/Form TRANSLUCENT WHITE SOLID
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Odor ODORLESS
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Density 0.9 at 68 °F
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Stability/Shelf Life POOR RESISTANCE TO SUNLIGHT WHEN UNSTABILIZED /ISOTACTIC FORM/
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Molecular Weight 354.6 g/mol
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) XLogP3-AA 8.3
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 3
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Rotatable Bond Count 19
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Exact Mass 354.313395 g/mol
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Monoisotopic Mass 354.313395 g/mol
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Topological Polar Surface Area 49.8 Ų
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Heavy Atom Count 25
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Formal Charge 0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Complexity 316
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Isotope Atom Count 0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 2
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene.Polypropylene belongs to the group of polyolefins and is partially crystalline and non-polar. Its properties are similar to polyethylene, but it is slightly harder and more heat resistant. It is a white, mechanically rugged material and has a high chemical resistance.[1]Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene). In 2019, the global market for polypropylene was worth $126.03 billion.[2] Revenues are expected to exceed US$145 billion by 2019. The sales of this material are forecast to grow at a rate of 5.8% per year until 2021.[3]Phillips Petroleum chemists J. Paul Hogan and Robert Banks first demonstrated the polymerization of propylene in 1951.[4] The stereoselective polymerization to the isotactic was discovered by Giulio Natta and Karl Rehn in March 1954.[5] This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of isotactic polypropylene by the Italian firm Montecatini from 1957 onwards.[6] Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Natta.Polypropylene is in many aspects similar to polyethylene, especially in solution behaviour and electrical properties. The methyl group improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases.[7]:19 The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of comonomer (if used) and the isotacticity.[7] In isotactic polypropylene, for example, the methyl groups are oriented on one side of the carbon backbone. This arrangement creates a greater degree of crystallinity and results in a stiffer material that is more resistant to creep than both atactic polypropylene and polyethylene.[8]The density of (PP) is between 0.895 and 0.92 g/cm³. Therefore, PP is the commodity plastic with the lowest density. With lower density, moldings parts with lower weight and more parts of a certain mass of plastic can be produced. Unlike polyethylene, crystalline and amorphous regions differ only slightly in their density. However, the density of polyethylene can significantly change with fillers.The Young’s modulus of PP is between 1300 and 1800 N/mm².Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, especially when copolymerized with ethylene. This allows polypropylene to be used as an engineering plastic, competing with materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polypropylene is reasonably economical.[citation needed]Polypropylene has good resistance to fatigue.The melting point of polypropylene occurs in a range, so the melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a differential scanning calorimetry chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from 160 to 166 °C (320 to 331 °F), depending on atactic material and crystallinity. Syndiotactic PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F).[9] Below 0 °C, PP becomes brittle.The thermal expansion of PP is very large, but somewhat less than that of polyethylene.Polypropylene at room temperature is resistant to fats and almost all organic solvents, apart from strong oxidants. Non-oxidizing acids and bases can be stored in containers made of PP. At elevated temperature, PP can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as xylene, tetralin and decalin. Due to the tertiary carbon atom PP is chemically less resistant than PE (see Markovnikov rule).Most commercial polypropylene is isotactic and has an intermediate level of crystallinity between that of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Isotactic & atactic polypropylene is soluble in p-xylene at 140 °C. Isotactic precipitates when the solution is cooled to 25 °C and atactic portion remains soluble in p-xylene.The melt flow rate (MFR) or melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease.There are three general types of polypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, and block copolymer. The comonomer is typically used with ethylene. Ethylene-propylene rubber or EPDM added to polypropylene homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to polypropylene homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity, lowers the melting point and makes the polymer more transparent. It is theoretically possible to add an agent that strengthens the fibers before they degrade too far to enable the removal of the mesh. This idea has not been tested or verified. The concept is not dissimilar to adding super glue to a spiderweb so that it doesn’t fall apart when removed from its place of creation. If this concept is approved it could help many who have had their lives change with the degradation of vaginal pelvic meshes.The term tacticity describes for polypropylene how the methyl group is oriented in the polymer chain. Commercial polypropylene is usually isotactic. This article therefore always refers to isotactic polypropylene, unless stated otherwise. The tacticity is usually indicated in percent, using the isotactic index (according to DIN 16774). The index is measured by determining the fraction of the polymer insoluble in boiling heptane. Commercially available polypropylenes usually have an isotactic index between 85 and 95%. The tacticity effects the polymers physical properties. As the methyl group is in isotactic propylene consistently located at the same side, it forces the macromolecule in a helical shape, as also found in starch. An isotactic structure leads to a semi-crystalline polymer. The higher the isotacticity (the isotactic fraction), the greater the crystallinity, and thus also the softening point, rigidity, e-modulus and hardness.Atactic polypropylene, on the other hand, lacks any regularity which makes it unable to crystallize and amorphous.Crystal structure of polypropylene.Isotactic polypropylene has a high degree of crystallinity, in industrial products 30–60%. Syndiothactic polypropylene is slightly less crystalline, atactic PP is amorphous (not crystalline).[13]:251Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) Isotactic polypropylene can exist in various crystalline modifications which differ by the molecular arrangement of the polymer chains. The crystalline modifications are categorized into the α-, β- and γ-modification as well as mesomorphic (smectic) forms.[14] The α-modification is predominant in iPP. Such crystals are built from lamellae in the form of folded chains. A characteristic anomaly is that the lamellae are arranged in the so-called “cross-hatched” structure.[15] The melting point of α-crystalline regions is given as 185[16][17] to 220 °C,[16][18] the density as 0.936 to 0.946 g·cm−3.[19][20] The β-modification is in comparison somewhat less ordered, as a result of which it forms faster[21][22] and has a lower melting point of 170 to 200 °C.[16][23][24][18] The formation of the β-modification can be promoted by nucleating agents, suitable temperatures and shear stress.[21][25] The γ-modification is hardly formed under the conditions used in industry and is poorly understood. The mesomorphic modification, however, occurs often in industrial processing, since the plastic is usually cooled quickly. The degree of order of the mesomorphic phase ranges between the crystalline and the amorphous phase, its density is with 0.916 g·cm−3 comparatively. The mesomorphic phase is considered as cause for the transparency in rapidly cooled films (due to low order and small crystallites).[13]Syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) Syndiotactic polypropylene was discovered much later than isotactic PP and could only be prepared by using metallocene catalysts. Syndiotactic PP has a lower melting point, with 161 to 186 °C, depending on the degree of tacticity.[26][27][28]Atactic polypropylene (aPP) Atactic polypropylene is amorphous and has therefore no crystal structure. Due to its lack of crystallinity, it is readily soluble even at moderate temperatures, which allows to separate it as by-product from isotactic polypropylene by extraction. However, the aPP obtained this way is not completely amorphous but can still contain 15% crystalline parts. Atactic polypropylene can also be produced selectively using metallocene catalysts, atactic polypropylene produced this way has a considerably higher molecular weight.[13]Atactic polypropylene has lower density, melting point and softening temperature than the crystalline types and is tacky and rubber-like at room temperature. It is a colorless, cloudy material and can be used between −15 and +120 °C. Atactic polypropylene is used as a sealant, as an insulating material for automobiles and as an additive to bitumen.[29]Copolymers Polypropylene copolymers are in use as well. A particularly important one is polypropylene random copolymer (PPR or PP-R), a random copolymer with polyethylene used for plastic pipework.PP-RCT Polypropylene random cristallinity temperature (PP-RCT), also used for plastic pipework, is a new form of this plastic. It achieves higher strength at high temperature by β-crystallization.[30]Degradation Effect of UV exposure on polypropylene rope Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to temperatures above 100 °C. Oxidation usually occurs at the tertiary carbon centers leading to chain breaking via reaction with oxygen. In external applications, degradation is evidenced by cracks and crazing. It may be protected by the use of various polymer stabilizers, including UV-absorbing additives and anti-oxidants such as phosphites (e.g. tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite) and hindered phenols, which prevent polymer degradation.[1]Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.[31] Polypropylene has been reported to degrade while in human body as implantable mesh devices. The degraded material forms a tree bark-like layer at the surface of mesh fibers.[32]Optical properties PP can be made translucent when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as polystyrene, acrylic, or certain other plastics. It is often opaque or colored using pigments.The properties of PP are strongly affected by its tacticity, the orientation of the methyl groups (CH3 in the figure) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units. A Ziegler–Natta catalyst is able to restrict linking of monomer molecules to a specific orientation, either isotactic, when all methyl groups are positioned at the same side with respect to the backbone of the polymer chain, or syndiotactic, when the positions of the methyl groups alternate. Commercially available isotactic polypropylene is made with two types of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The first group of the catalysts encompasses solid (mostly supported) catalysts and certain types of soluble metallocene catalysts. Such isotactic macromolecules coil into a helical shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial isotactic polypropylene many of its desirable properties.A ball-and-stick model of syndiotactic polypropylene.Another type of metallocene catalysts produce syndiotactic polypropylene.[26] These macromolecules also coil into helices (of a different type) and crystallize. Atactic polypropylene is an amorphous rubbery material. It can be produced commercially either with a special type of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst or with some metallocene catalysts.Modern supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts developed for the polymerization of propylene and other 1-alkenes to isotactic polymers usually use TiCl4 as an active ingredient and MgCl2 as a support.The catalysts also contain organic modifiers, either aromatic acid esters and diesters or ethers. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalysts containing an organoaluminum compound such as Al(C2H5)3 and the second type of a modifier. The catalysts are differentiated depending on the procedure used for fashioning catalyst particles from MgCl2 and depending on the type of organic modifiers employed during catalyst preparation and use in polymerization reactions. Two most important technological characteristics of all the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions. Commercial synthesis of isotactic polypropylene is usually carried out either in the medium of liquid propylene or in gas-phase reactors.Commercial synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene is carried out with the use of a special class of metallocene catalysts. They employ bridged bis-metallocene complexes of the type bridge-(Cp1)(Cp2)ZrCl2 where the first Cp ligand is the cyclopentadienyl group, the second Cp ligand is the fluorenyl group, and the bridge between the two Cp ligands is -CH2-CH2-, >SiMe2, or >SiPh2.[37] These complexes are converted to polymerization catalysts by activating them with a special organoaluminum cocatalyst, methylaluminoxane (MAO).[38]Traditionally, three manufacturing processes are the most representative ways to produce polypropylene.Hydrocarbon slurry or suspension: Uses a liquid inert hydrocarbon diluent in the reactor to facilitate transfer of propylene to the catalyst, the removal of heat from the system, the deactivation/removal of the catalyst as well as dissolving the atactic polymer. The range of grades that could be produced was very limited. (The technology has fallen into disuse).Bulk slurry (or bulk): Uses liquid propylene instead of liquid inert hydrocarbon diluent. The polymer does not dissolve into a diluent, but rather rides on the liquid propylene. The formed polymer is withdrawn and any unreacted monomer is flashed off.Gas phase: Uses gaseous propylene in contact with the solid catalyst, resulting in a fluidized-bed medium.Melting process of polypropylene can be achieved via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks, filters, diapers and wipes.The most common shaping technique is injection molding, which is used for parts such as cups, cutlery, vials, caps, containers, housewares, and automotive parts such as batteries. The related techniques of blow molding and injection-stretch blow molding are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.The large number of end-use applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example, antistatic additives can be added to help polypropylene surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on polypropylene, such as machining. Surface treatments can be applied to polypropylene parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) has been produced through both solid and melt state processing. EPP is manufactured using melt processing with either chemical or physical blowing agents. Expansion of PP in solid state, due to its highly crystalline structure, has not been successful. In this regard, two novel strategies were developed for expansion of PP. It was observed that PP can be expanded to make EPP through controlling its crystalline structure or through blending with other polymers.[40][41]Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) When polypropylene film is extruded and stretched in both the machine direction and across machine direction it is called biaxially oriented polypropylene. Biaxial orientation increases strength and clarity.[42] BOPP is widely used as a packaging material for packaging products such as snack foods, fresh produce and confectionery. It is easy to coat, print and laminate to give the required appearance and properties for use as a packaging material. This process is normally called converting. It is normally produced in large rolls which are slit on slitting machines into smaller rolls for use on packaging machines.As polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic living hinges, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximise strength.Polypropylene is used in the manufacturing of piping systems, both ones concerned with high purity and ones designed for strength and rigidity (e.g., those intended for use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and reclaimed water).[43] This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, its environmental benefits, and its ability to be joined by heat fusion rather than gluing.[44][45][46]A polypropylene chair. Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an autoclave. Its heat resistance also enables it to be used as the manufacturing material of consumer-grade kettles[citation needed]. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often given lids made of a less heat-resistant material, such as LDPE or polystyrene. Such containers provide a good hands-on example of the difference in modulus, since the rubbery (softer, more flexible) feeling of LDPE with respect to polypropylene of the same thickness is readily apparent. Rugged, translucent, reusable plastic containers made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for consumers from various companies such as Rubbermaid and Sterilite are commonly made of polypropylene, although the lids are often made of somewhat more flexible LDPE so they can snap onto the container to close it. Polypropylene can also be made into disposable bottles to contain liquid, powdered, or similar consumer products, although HDPE and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly also used to make bottles. Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, pharmacy prescription bottles, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers are often made of polypropylene or HDPE, both of which commonly have rather similar appearance, feel, and properties at ambient temperature. A diversity of medical devices are made from PP.[47]Polypropylene items for laboratory use, blue and orange closures are not made of polypropylene.A common application for polypropylene is as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). These BOPP sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear bags. When polypropylene is biaxially oriented, it becomes crystal clear and serves as an excellent packaging material for artistic and retail products.Polypropylene, highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing carpets, rugs and mats to be used at home.Polypropylene is widely used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water.[49] For equal mass and construction, polypropylene rope is similar in strength to polyester rope. Polypropylene costs less than most other synthetic fibers.Polypropylene is also used as an alternative to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as insulation for electrical cables for LSZH cable in low-ventilation environments, primarily tunnels. This is because it emits less smoke and no toxic halogens, which may lead to production of acid in high-temperature conditions.Polypropylene is also used in particular roofing membranes as the waterproofing top layer of single-ply systems as opposed to modified-bit systems.Polypropylene is most commonly used for plastic moldings, wherein it is injected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.It can also be produced in sheet form, widely used for the production of stationery folders, packaging, and storage boxes. The wide color range, durability, low cost, and resistance to dirt make it ideal as a protective cover for papers and other materials. It is used in Rubik’s Cube stickers because of these characteristics.The availability of sheet polypropylene has provided an opportunity for the use of the material by designers. The light-weight, durable, and colorful plastic makes an ideal medium for the creation of light shades, and a number of designs have been developed using interlocking sections to create elaborate designs.Polypropylene sheets are a popular choice for trading card collectors; these come with pockets (nine for standard-size cards) for the cards to be inserted and are used to protect their condition and are meant to be stored in a binder.Expanded polypropylene (EPP) is a foam form of polypropylene. EPP has very good impact characteristics due to its low stiffness; this allows EPP to resume its shape after impacts. EPP is extensively used in model aircraft and other radio controlled vehicles by hobbyists. This is mainly due to its ability to absorb impacts, making this an ideal material for RC aircraft for beginners and amateurs.Polypropylene is used in the manufacture of loudspeaker drive units. Its use was pioneered by engineers at the BBC and the patent rights subsequently purchased by Mission Electronics for use in their Mission Freedom Loudspeaker and Mission 737 Renaissance loudspeaker.Polypropylene fibres are used as a concrete additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and spalling.[50] In some areas susceptible to earthquakes (e.g., California), PP fibers are added with soils to improve the soil’s strength and damping when constructing the foundation of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc.[51]Polypropylene fibres are also used in drywall joint compound for reinforcement. It can increase the flexibility and dimensional stability of the joint compound and reduce shrinkage and cracking when it dries.Polypropylene is used in polypropylene drums.In June 2016, a study showed that a mixture of polypropylene and durable superoleophobic surfaces created by two engineers from Ohio State University can repel liquids such as shampoo and oil. This technology could make it easier to remove all of the liquid contents from polypropylene bottles, particularly those that have high surface tension such as shampoo or oil.[52]Clothing Various polypropylene yarns and textiles Polypropylene is a major polymer used in nonwovens, with over 50% used[citation needed] for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 micrometre range. Such applications occur in houses as water filters or in air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface-area and naturally oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar[citation needed] floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.Polypropylene, or ‘polypro’, has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear. Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather clothing, in which it transports sweat away from the skin. Polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in the U.S. military, such as in the ECWCS.[53] Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the wearer is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind.[54] Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage.[55]Some fashion designers have adapted polypropylene to construct jewelry and other wearable items.Medical Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable suture Prolene.Polypropylene has been used in hernia and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode the tissue surrounding it over the uncertain period from days to years.A notable application was as a transvaginal mesh, used to treat vaginal prolapse and concurrent urinary incontinence.[56] Due to the above-mentioned propensity for polypropylene mesh to erode the tissue surrounding it, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh-driven tissue erosions reported by patients over the past few years.[57] On 3 January 2012, the FDA ordered 35 manufacturers of these mesh products to study the side effects of these devices. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the demand for PP has increased significantly because it’s a vital raw material for producing meltblown fabric, which is in turn the raw material for producing facial masks.FKP 1 polypropylene (PP) film capacitor for pulse applications with metal foil manufactured by WIMA.Very thin sheets (≈2–20 µm) of polypropylene are used as a dielectric within certain high-performance pulse and low-loss RF capacitors.Expanded polypropylene (EPP) foam is a structural material in hobbyist radio control model aircraft. Unlike expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) which is friable and breaks easily on impact, EPP foam is able to absorb kinetic impacts very well without breaking, retains its original shape, and exhibits memory form characteristics which allow it to return to its original shape in a short amount of time.When the cathedral on Tenerife, La Laguna Cathedral, was repaired in 2002–2014, it turned out that the vaults and dome were in a rather bad condition. Therefore, these parts of the building were demolished, and replaced by constructions in polypropylene. This was reported as the first time this material was used in this scale in buildings.[citation needed]Under the trade name Ulstron polypropylene rope is used to manufacture scoop nets for whitebait. It has also been used for sheets of yacht sails.[60][61]Polymer banknotes are made from BOPP, where it provides a durable base and allows for the use of transparent security features by omitting opaque inks in the desired areas.Recycling Repairing Many objects are made with polypropylene precisely because it is resilient and resistant to most solvents and glues. Also, there are very few glues available specifically for gluing PP. However, solid PP objects not subject to undue flexing can be satisfactorily joined with a two-part epoxy glue or using hot-glue guns. Preparation is important and it is often helpful to roughen the surface with a file, emery paper or other abrasive material to provide better anchorage for the glue. Also it is recommended to clean with mineral spirits or similar alcohol prior to gluing to remove any oils or other contamination. Some experimentation may be required. There are also some industrial glues available for PP, but these can be difficult to find, especially in a retail store.PP can be melted using a speed welding technique. With speed welding, the plastic welder, similar to a soldering iron in appearance and wattage, is fitted with a feed tube for the plastic weld rod. The speed tip heats the rod and the substrate, while at the same time it presses the molten weld rod into position. A bead of softened plastic is laid into the joint, and the parts and weld rod fuse. With polypropylene, the melted welding rod must be “mixed” with the semi-melted base material being fabricated or repaired. A speed tip “gun” is essentially a soldering iron with a broad, flat tip that can be used to melt the weld joint and filler material to create a bond.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf), also known as polypropene or PP, is a synthetic fiber, transformed from 85% propylene, and used in a variety of applications. It is used in many different industries, but one of the most popular is the manufacturing of carpet yarns. For example, most of the economical carpets for light domestic use are made from this fiber. The fiber is thermoplastic, resilient, light weight and resistant to mildew and many different chemicals.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) displays good heat insulating properties and is highly resistant to acids, alkalies, and organic solvents. The fiber is sensitive to heat and light, but the resistance to these agents can be influenced by added stabilizers. Filaments and monofilaments are used in the manufacture of cables, nets, filter fabrics and upholstery. In staple form, the fiber is used in carpeting, blankets, outerwear fabrics, knitwear, and filter fabrics. Textured Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) is mostly used for carpet manufacturing.The degree of crystallinity of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) is between 50-65% in general, depending on the processing conditions. Crystallization occurs between glass transition temperature and the equilibrium melting point of PP. The crystallization rate is faster at low temperatures.In general, Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) has excellent chemical resistance to acids and alkalis, high abrasion resistance and resistance to insects and pests. PP fiber is also easy to process and inexpensive compared to other synthetic fibers. It also has low moisture absorption.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s are produced in a variety of types with different tenacities in order to suit varying market requirements. Fibers for general textile uses have tenacities in the range of 4.5-6.0 g/den. High tenacity yarns up to 9.0 g/den are produced for the use in ropes, nets and other similar products. High performance PP fibers have been made with high strength and high modulus.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s have the lowest thermal conductivity of any natural or synthetic fibre (6.0 compared to 7.3 for wool, 11.2 for viscose and 17.5 for cotton). PP fibres retain more heat for a longer period of time, have excellent insulative properties in apparel, and, combined with its hydrophobic nature, keep wearer dry and warm.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s have a softening point around 150°C and a melting point at 160-170°C. At low temperatures of -70°C or lower, PP fibers keep their excellent flexibility. At high temperature (but below 120°C), PP fibers nearly keep all of their normal mechanical properties. PP fibers have the lowest thermal conductivity of all commercial fibers, and in this respect they are the warmest fibers of all, even warmer than wool.Although Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s have some drawbacks, mainly the low melting temperature which prevents PP from being ironed like cotton, wool or nylons, limited texturizability, poor adhesion to glues and latex etc., there are many benefits of PP fibers.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) and Its Manufacturing Process, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf).Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s are composed of crystalline and non-crystalline regions. The spherulites developed from a nucleus can range in size from fractions of a micrometer to centimeters in diameter. The a-axis of the crystal unit cell is aligned radially and the chain axis is homogeneously distributed in planes perpendicular to this radial direction. Each crystal is surrounded by non-crystalline material. Fiber spinning and drawing may cause the orientation of both crystalline and amorphous regions. If the extension is less than 0.5%, the spherulite deformation is elastic and no disruption of the structure occurs, otherwise spherulites are highly oriented in the direction of the force and finally are converted to microfibrils. These highly anisotropic microfibrillar structures lead to anisotropic fiber properties.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) is generally superior to polyamide fibers in elasticity and resiliency, but it has lower wear resistance. It displays good heat-insulating properties and is highly resistant to acids, alkalies, and organic solvents. The fiber is sensitive to heat and light; its resistance to these agents is largely determined by the effectiveness of added stabilizers. Filaments and monofilaments are used in the manufacture of floating cables, nets, filter fabrics, and upholstery. In staple form the fiber is used in carpeting, blankets, outerwear fabrics, knitwear, and filter fabrics. Textured Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) is chiefly used in carpet manufacture.Cracks play an important role as they change concrete structures into permeable elements and consequently with a high risk of corrosion. Cracks not only reduce the quality of concrete and make it aesthetically unacceptable but also make structures out of service. If these cracks do not exceed a certain width, they are neither harmful to a structure nor to its serviceability. Therefore, it is important to reduce the crack width and this can be achieved by adding Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s to concrete [13]. The bridging of cracks by the addition of PP fibers has been shown in Fig 3.Small addition of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s in concrete reduces the flow of water through the concrete matrix by preventing the transmission of water through the normal modes of ingress, e.g. capillaries, pore structure, etc. The implications of these qualities in concrete with Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) additions are that cement hydration will be improved, separation of aggregate will be reduced and the flow of water through concrete that causes deterioration from freeze/ thaw action and rebar corrosion will be reduced, creating an environment in which enhanced durability may take place.Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s are used in two different ways to reinforce cementitious matrices. One application is in thin sheet components in which polypropylene provides the primary reinforcement. Its volume content is relatively high exceeding 5%, in order to obtain both strengthening and toughening. In other application the volume content of the polypropylene is low, less than 0.3% by volume, and it is intended to act mainly as secondary reinforcement for crack control, but not for structural load bearing applications [11]. The performance and influence of the Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s in the fresh and hardened concrete is different and therefore these two topics are treated separately.The slump values decrease significantly with the addition of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s as shown in Table 3. The concrete mixture becomes rather clingy resulting in increasing of the adhesion and cohesiveness of fresh concrete. During mixing the movement of aggregates shears the fibrillated fibers apart, so that they open into a network of linked fiber filaments and individual fibers. These fibers anchor mechanically to the cement paste because of their large specific surface area. The concrete mixture with Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s results in the fewer rate of bleeding and segregation as compared to plain concrete. This is because the fibers hold the concrete together and thus slow down the settlement of aggregates. Due to its high tensile and pull-out strength, the PP fibers even reduce the early plastic shrinkage cracking by enhancing the tensile capacity of fresh concrete to resist the tensile stresses caused by the typical volume changes. The fibers also distribute these tensile stresses more evenly throughout the concrete. As the plastic shrinkage cracking decreases, the number of cracks in the concrete under loading is reduced, due to decrease in cracks from the existing shrinkage cracks. If shrinkage cracks are still formed, the fibers bridge these cracks, reducing at the same time their length and width. Moreover, as the rate of bleeding decreases, the use of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s may accelerate the time to initial and final set of the concrete as this led to a slower rate of drying in the concrete [14].The compression strength of concrete is a vital parameter as it decides the other parameters like tension, flexure etc. The effect of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) on the compressive strength of concrete has been discussed in many literatures and observed that Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) either decreases or increases the compressive strength of concrete, but overall effect is negligible in many cases. In fact, the effect of a low volume of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) on the compressive strength of concrete may be concealed by the experimental error.A comprehensive set of experimental data were generated regarding the effects of collated fibrillated Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s at relatively low volume fractions (below 0.3%) on the compressive, flexural and impact properties of concrete materials with different binder compositions. Statistical analysis of results produced reliable conclusions on the mechanical properties of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) reinforced, concrete and also on the interaction of fibers and pozzolanic admixtures in deciding these properties. Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s were observed to have no statistically significant effects on compressive or flexural strength of concrete, while flexural toughness and impact resistance showed an increase in the presence of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s. Positive interactions were also detected between fibers and pozzolans.This research aims to explore the effects of using Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s to produce concrete with certain strength characteristics. The study concerns the compressive and flexural strength of concrete with Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) (PF). The experimental phase of the research has included testing fifteen groups of concrete with different characteristics. The main variables considered in the experimental program are the percentage of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf), type of concrete mix and presence of steel reinforcement in a prism. The effect of these variables on the compressive and flexure strength of concrete was investigated. The results of this study indicated that the variation in the compressive and flexure strength of concrete depends mainly on the Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) percentage. It was found that the compressive strength of concrete increases by increasing the percentage of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) from 0to 0.2%, while the increasing in the strength started to vanish when approached to 0.3% of PF. Similarly, the flexural strength of concrete has also increased by increasing the percentage of PF from 0 to 0.3%. By further increasing PF up to 0.5%, it was determined that the compressive and flexural strength of concrete started to decrease significantly as compared to the control mix. This research studies the effects of micro synthetic Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) in improving concrete strength with the main focus of identifying the optimal quantity for improved compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. Destructive and non-destructive compressive strength tests and destructive flexural strength tests were carried out on the samples built with 0.25%, 0.5% 0.75% and 1% contents of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf)s alongside a control samples after 7, 14, 21 28 days of curing. The optimal percentage of Polypropylene Fiber(Polipropilen Elyaf) that produced improved compressive and flexural strengths were found to lie within 0.25% and 0.5%.
TR
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) IUPAC Ad 12 – [(2S, 3R) -3-octyloxiran-2-yl] dodekanoik asit
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) InChI InChI = 1S / C22H42O3 / c1-2-3-4-5-11-14-17-20-21 (25-20) 18-15-12-9-7-6-8-10-13 -16-19-22 (23) 24 / h20-21H, 2-19H2,1H3, (H, 23,24) / t20-, 21 + / m1 / s1
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) InChI Anahtar NSYDMBURIUSUDH-RTWAWAEBSA-N
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Kanonik SMILES CCCCCCCCC1C (O1) CCCCCCCCCCCC (= O) O
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) zomerik SMILES CCCCCCCC [C@ H] 1 [C@ H] (O1) CCCCCCCCCCCC (= O) O
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Moleküler Formül C22H42O3
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) CAS 9003-07-0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) DSSTox Madde Kimlii DTXSID00872805
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) MeSH Giri Koullar celgard
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Fiziksel Tanm Polipropilen ten rengi ila beyaz kokusuz bir katdr. Sudan daha az youn ve suda çözünmez. Dolaysyla su üzerinde yüzer.
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Renk / Form EFFAF BEYAZ KATI
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Koku KOKUSUZ
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Younluu 0.9, 68 ° F’de
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Stabilitesi / Raf Ömrü STABLZE OLMADIINDA GÜNE IIINA ZAYIF DRENÇ / ZOTAKTK FORM /
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Moleküler Arlk 354,6 g / mol
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) XLogP3-AA 8.3
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Hidrojen Ba Donör Says 1
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Hidrojen Ba Alc Says 3
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Dönebilen Ba Says 19
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Tam Kütle 354.313395 g / mol
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Monoizotopik Kütle 354.313395 g / mol
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Topolojik Polar Yüzey Alan 49,8 Ų
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Ar Atom Says 25
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Resmi arj 0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Karmakl 316
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) zotop Atom Says 0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Tanml Atom Stereocenter Says 2
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Tanmsz Atom Stereo Merkez Says 0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Tanml Bond Stereocenter Says 0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Tanmsz Ba Stereo Merkez Says 0
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Kovalent Bal Birim Says 1
Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) Bileii Kanonikletirilmitir Evet
Polipropen olarak da bilinen Polipropilen (PP), çok çeitli uygulamalarda kullanlan termoplastik bir polimerdir. Monomer propilenden zincir büyümesi polimerizasyonu ile üretilir.Polipropilen, poliolefin grubuna aittir ve ksmen kristaldir ve polar deildir. Özellikleri polietilene benzer, ancak biraz daha sert ve sya daha dayankldr. Beyaz, mekanik olarak salam bir malzemedir ve kimyasal direnci yüksektir. [1] Polipropilen, en çok üretilen ikinci emtia plastiktir (polietilenden sonra). 2019’da küresel polipropilen pazar 126,03 milyar dolar deerindeydi. [2] Gelirlerin 2019 ylna kadar 145 milyar ABD Dolarn amas bekleniyor. Bu malzemenin satlarnn 2021 ylna kadar yllk% 5,8 orannda artmas bekleniyor. [3] Phillips Petroleum kimyagerleri J. Paul Hogan ve Robert Banks propilenin polimerizasyonunu ilk kez gösterdiler 1951’de [4] zotaktik için stereoselektif polimerizasyon Giulio Natta ve Karl Rehn tarafndan Mart 1954’te kefedildi. [5] Bu öncü keif, 1957’den itibaren talyan Montecatini firmas tarafndan büyük ölçekli ticari izotaktik polipropilen üretimine yol açt. [6] Sindiyotaktik polipropilen de ilk olarak Natta tarafndan sentezlendi.Polipropilen, özellikle çözelti davran ve elektriksel özellikler açsndan birçok yönden polietilene benzer. Metil grubu, kimyasal direnç azalmasna ramen mekanik özellikleri ve termal direnci gelitirir. [7]: 19 Polipropilenin özellikleri, moleküler arlk ve moleküler arlk dalm, kristallik, komonomerin türü ve oran (kullanlyorsa) ve izotaktisitesine baldr. [7] Örnein izotaktik polipropilende metil gruplar karbon omurgasnn bir tarafna yönlendirilir. Bu düzenleme daha büyük bir kristallik derecesi yaratr ve hem ataktik polipropilen hem de polietilenden daha sert bir malzemeye neden olur. [8] (PP) younluu 0,895 ile 0,92 g / cm³ arasndadr. Bu nedenle PP, en düük younlua sahip emtia plastiktir. Daha düük younlukta, daha düük arlkl kalp parçalar ve belirli bir plastik kütlesinden daha fazla parça üretilebilir. Polietilenden farkl olarak, kristal ve amorf bölgeler younluklar bakmndan çok az farkllk gösterir. Bununla birlikte, polietilenin younluu dolgu maddeleri ile önemli ölçüde deiebilir. Young’n PP modülü 1300 ile 1800 N / mm² arasndadr. Polipropilen, özellikle etilen ile kopolimerize edildiinde normalde sert ve esnektir. Bu, polipropilenin, akrilonitril bütadien stiren (ABS) gibi malzemelerle rekabet eden bir mühendislik plastii olarak kullanlmasna izin verir. Polipropilen makul ölçüde ekonomiktir. [Kaynak belirtilmeli] Polipropilen yorgunlua kar iyi bir dirence sahiptir. Polipropilenin erime noktas bir aralkta meydana gelir, bu nedenle erime noktas bir diferansiyel taramal kalorimetre çizelgesinin en yüksek scakln bularak belirlenir. Mükemmel izotaktik PP’nin erime noktas 171 ° C’dir (340 ° F). Ticari izotaktik PP, ataktik malzeme ve kristallie bal olarak 160 ila 166 ° C (320 ila 331 ° F) arasnda deien bir erime noktasna sahiptir. % 30 kristallie sahip sindiotaktik PP’nin erime noktas 130 ° C (266 ° F) ‘dir. [9] 0 ° C’nin altnda, PP krlgan hale gelir. PP’nin termal genlemesi çok büyüktür, ancak polietilenden biraz daha azdr. Oda scaklnda polipropilen, güçlü oksidanlar dnda yalara ve neredeyse tüm organik çözücülere kar dirençlidir. Oksitleyici olmayan asitler ve bazlar, PP’den yaplm kaplarda saklanabilir. Yüksek scaklkta PP, ksilen, tetralin ve dekalin gibi polar olmayan çözücüler içinde çözülebilir. Üçüncül karbon atomu nedeniyle PP kimyasal olarak PE’den daha az dirençlidir (Markovnikov kuralna baknz). Çou ticari polipropilen izotaktiktir ve düük younluklu polietilen (LDPE) ile yüksek younluklu polietilen (HDPE) arasnda orta düzeyde bir kristallie sahiptir. zotaktik ve ataktik polipropilen, 140 ° C’de p-ksilen içinde çözünür. Çözelti 25 ° C’ye soutulduunda izotaktik çökelir ve ataktik ksm p-ksilen içinde çözünür kalr. Eriyik ak hz (MFR) veya eriyik ak indeksi (MFI), polipropilenin moleküler arlnn bir ölçüsüdür. Ölçü, ilem srasnda erimi ham maddenin ne kadar kolay akacan belirlemeye yardmc olur. Daha yüksek MFR deerine sahip polipropilen, enjeksiyon veya iirme üretim sürecinde plastik kalb daha kolay dolduracaktr. Bununla birlikte, eriyik ak arttkça, darbe dayanm gibi baz fiziksel özellikler azalacaktr. Üç genel polipropilen türü vardr: homopolimer, rastgele kopolimer ve blok kopolimer. Komonomer tipik olarak etilen ile kullanlr. Polipropilen homopolimere eklenen etilen-propilen kauçuk veya EPDM, düük scaklkta darbe dayanmn arttrr. Polipropilen homopolimerine eklenen rastgele polimerize etilen monomeri, polimer kristalliini düürür, erime noktasn düürür ve polimeri daha effaf hale getirir. Rem salamak için çok fazla bozulmadan önce lifleri güçlendiren bir ajan eklemek teorik olarak mümkündür.an oval. Bu fikir test edilmedi veya dorulanmad. Konsept, yaratl yerinden çkarldnda dalmamas için örümcek ana süper yaptrc eklemekten farkl deildir. Bu kavram onaylanrsa, vajinal pelvik alarn bozulmasyla yaamlarn deitiren birçok kiiye yardmc olabilir. Taktiklik terimi, polipropilen için metil grubunun polimer zincirinde nasl yönlendirildiini açklar. Ticari polipropilen genellikle izotaktiktir. Bu nedenle bu makale, aksi belirtilmedikçe her zaman izotaktik polipropileni ifade eder. Taktiklik genellikle izotaktik indeks (DIN 16774’e göre) kullanlarak yüzde olarak belirtilir. ndeks, polimerin kaynayan heptan içinde çözünmeyen fraksiyonu belirlenerek ölçülür. Ticari olarak temin edilebilen polipropilenler genellikle% 85 ile% 95 arasnda bir izotaktik indekse sahiptir. Taktiklik, polimerlerin fiziksel özelliklerini etkiler. Metil grubu, sürekli olarak ayn tarafta bulunan izotaktik propilen içinde olduundan, makromolekülü, niastada da bulunduu gibi sarmal bir ekilde zorlar. zotaktik bir yap, yar kristal bir polimere yol açar. zotaktisite (izotaktik fraksiyon) ne kadar yüksek olursa, kristallik o kadar büyük olur ve dolaysyla yumuama noktas, sertlik, e-modülü ve sertlik de o kadar büyük olur. Öte yandan, ataktik polipropilen, kristallemesini ve amorf hale gelmesini engelleyen herhangi bir düzenlilikten yoksundur. Polipropilenin kristal yaps. zotaktik polipropilen, endüstriyel ürünlerde% 30-60 yüksek derecede kristallie sahiptir. Sindiyotaktik polipropilen biraz daha az kristaldir, ataktik PP amorftur (kristalin deildir). [13]: 251 zotaktik polipropilen (iPP) zotaktik polipropilen, polimer zincirlerinin moleküler düzenine göre farkllk gösteren çeitli kristal modifikasyonlarda bulunabilir. Kristal modifikasyonlar, α-, β- ve γ modifikasyonunun yan sra mezomorfik (smektik) formlar olarak kategorize edilir. [14] Α-modifikasyonu iPP’de baskndr. Bu tür kristaller, katlanm zincirler eklinde lamellerden yaplmtr. Karakteristik bir anormallik, lamellerin sözde “çapraz çizgili” yapda düzenlenmesidir. [15] Α-kristal bölgelerin erime noktas 185 [16] [17] ila 220 ° C, [16] [18] younluk 0.936 ila 0.946 g · cm − 3 olarak verilmitir. [19] [20] Β-modifikasyonu nispeten daha az sraldr, bunun sonucu olarak daha hzl oluur [21] [22] ve 170 ila 200 ° C daha düük bir erime noktasna sahiptir. [16] [23] [24] [18] Β-modifikasyonunun oluumu çekirdekletirici maddeler, uygun scaklklar ve kayma gerilmesi ile desteklenebilir. [21] [25] Γ-modifikasyonu, endüstride kullanlan koullar altnda pek olumaz ve çok az anlalr. Bununla birlikte, mezomorfik modifikasyon, plastik genellikle hzl bir ekilde soutulduundan, endüstriyel ilemede sklkla meydana gelir. Mezomorfik fazn düzen derecesi, kristal ve amorf faz arasnda deiir, younluu karlatrmal olarak 0.916 g · cm-3’tür. Mezomorfik faz, hzla souyan filmlerde effafln nedeni olarak kabul edilir (düük düzen ve küçük kristalitlerden dolay). [13] Sindiyotaktik polipropilen (sPP) Sindiyotaktik polipropilen, izotaktik PP’den çok daha sonra kefedildi ve sadece metalosen katalizörleri kullanlarak hazrlanabilirdi. . Sindiyotaktik PP, taktiklik derecesine bal olarak 161 ila 186 ° C arasnda daha düük bir erime noktasna sahiptir. [26] [27] [28] Ataktik polipropilen (aPP) Ataktik polipropilen amorftur ve bu nedenle kristal yaps yoktur. Kristallik eksikliinden dolay, orta scaklklarda bile kolaylkla çözünür, bu da yan ürün olarak izotaktik polipropilenden ekstraksiyon yoluyla ayrlmasna izin verir. Bununla birlikte, bu ekilde elde edilen aPP tamamen amorf deildir, ancak yine de% 15 kristalli ksm içerebilir. Ataktik polipropilen, metalosen katalizörleri kullanlarak seçici olarak da üretilebilir, bu ekilde üretilen ataktik polipropilen önemli ölçüde daha yüksek bir moleküler arla sahiptir. [13] Ataktik polipropilen, kristal tiplere göre daha düük younlua, erime noktasna ve yumuama scaklna sahiptir ve odada yapkan ve kauçua benzer scaklk. Renksiz, bulank bir malzemedir ve −15 ile +120 ° C arasnda kullanlabilir. Ataktik polipropilen, otomobiller için yaltm malzemesi ve bitüm katk maddesi olarak dolgu macunu olarak kullanlr. [29] Kopolimerler Polipropilen kopolimerler de kullanlmaktadr. Özellikle önemli olan, plastik borular için kullanlan polietilenli rastgele bir kopolimer olan polipropilen rastgele kopolimerdir (PPR veya PP-R). Plastik borular için de kullanlan PP-RCT Polipropilen rastgele kristallik scakl (PP-RCT), yeni bir bu plastik. Β-kristalizasyon ile yüksek scaklkta daha yüksek mukavemet elde eder. [30] Degradasyon UV maruziyetinin polipropilen halat üzerindeki etkisi Polipropilen, 100 ° C’nin üzerindeki scaklklara maruz kalma durumunda zincir bozulmasna yatkndr. Oksidasyon genellikle üçüncül karbon merkezlerinde meydana gelir ve oksijenle reaksiyon yoluyla zincir krlmasna yol açar. D uygulamalarda bozulma, çatlaklar ve çizilmelerle kantlanr. Kullanmyla korunabilir.UV emici katk maddeleri ve fosfitler (örn. tris (2,4-di-tert-butilfenil) fosfit) ve engellenmi fenoller gibi antioksidanlar dahil olmak üzere çeitli polimer stabilizatörleri ve polimer bozunmasn önleyen mikrobiyal topluluklar. [1] Toprak örneklerinden izole edilen mikrobiyal topluluklar niasta ile kartrlmasnn polipropileni parçalayabildii gösterilmitir. [31] Polipropilenin insan vücudundayken implante edilebilir a cihazlar olarak bozunduu bildirilmitir. Bozulmu malzeme, a liflerinin yüzeyinde aaç kabuu benzeri bir katman oluturur. [32] Optik özellikler PP, renksiz olduunda yar saydam yaplabilir ancak polistiren, akrilik veya dier baz plastikler kadar kolayca saydam yaplmaz. Genellikle opaktr veya pigmentler kullanlarak renklendirilir. PP’nin özellikleri, taktiklii, komu monomer birimlerindeki metil gruplarna göre metil gruplarnn (ekilde CH3) oryantasyonundan güçlü bir ekilde etkilenir. Bir Ziegler-Natta katalizörü, tüm metil gruplar polimer zincirinin omurgasna göre ayn tarafta konumlandrldnda monomer moleküllerinin izotaktik veya izotaktik belirli bir yönelimle balanmasn kstlayabilir veya metilin pozisyonlar olduunda sindiyotaktik olabilir. gruplar dönüümlü. Ticari olarak temin edilebilen izotaktik polipropilen, iki tip Ziegler-Natta katalizörü ile yaplr. Katalizörlerin birinci grubu kat (çounlukla desteklenmi) katalizörleri ve belirli tipte çözünür metalosen katalizörleri kapsar. Bu tür izotaktik makromoleküller sarmal bir ekle sarlr; Bu sarmallar daha sonra ticari izotaktik polipropilene arzulanan özelliklerinin çounu veren kristalleri oluturmak için yan yana sralanrlar. Sindiyotaktik polipropilenin top ve çubuk modeli. Baka bir metalosen katalizör tipi sindiyotaktik polipropilen üretir. [26] Bu makromoleküller ayrca helislere (farkl tipte) sarlr ve kristalleir. Ataktik polipropilen, ekilsiz, kauçuksu bir malzemedir. Ticari olarak ya özel tip destekli Ziegler-Natta katalizörü ile ya da baz metalosen katalizörleri ile üretilebilir.Propilen ve dier 1-alkenlerin izotaktik polimerlere polimerizasyonu için gelitirilen modern destekli Ziegler-Natta katalizörlerinde genellikle aktif bileen olarak TiCl4 kullanlr ve Destek olarak MgCl2: Katalizörler ayrca aromatik asit esterler ve diesterler veya eterler gibi organik modifiye ediciler içerir. Bu katalizörler, Al (C2H5) 3 gibi bir organoaluminyum bileii ve ikinci tip bir deitirici içeren özel yardmc katalizörlerle aktive edilir. Katalizörler, katalizör parçacklarn MgCl2’den biçimlendirmek için kullanlan prosedüre bal olarak ve katalizör hazrlama ve polimerizasyon reaksiyonlarnda kullanm srasnda kullanlan organik deitiricilerin tipine bal olarak farkllatrlr. Desteklenen tüm katalizörlerin en önemli iki teknolojik özellii, yüksek verimlilik ve standart polimerizasyon koullar altnda 70-80 ° C’de ürettikleri kristalin izotaktik polimerin yüksek bir fraksiyonudur. zotaktik polipropilenin ticari sentezi genellikle sv propilen ortamnda veya gaz fazl reaktörlerde gerçekletirilir. Sindiyotaktik polipropilenin ticari sentezi, özel bir metalosen katalizör snf kullanlarak gerçekletirilir. Köprü- (Cp1) (Cp2) ZrCl2 tipi köprülü bis-metalosen komplekslerini kullanrlar, burada birinci Cp ligand siklopentadienil gruptur, ikinci Cp ligand florenil grubudur ve iki Cp ligand arasndaki köprü -CH2- dir. CH2-,> SiMe2 veya> SiPh2. [37] Bu kompleksler, özel bir organoalüminyum e katalizörü olan metilalüminoksan (MAO) ile aktive edilerek polimerizasyon katalizörlerine dönütürülür. [38] Geleneksel olarak, polipropilen üretmenin en temsili yolu üç imalat yöntemidir.Hidrokarbon bulamac veya süspansiyon: çinde sv bir inert hidrokarbon seyreltici kullanr. reaktör, propilenin katalizöre transferini, sistemden snn uzaklatrlmasn, katalizörün deaktivasyonunu / uzaklatrlmasn ve ayrca ataktik polimeri çözmeyi kolaylatrmak için. Üretilebilecek kalite aral çok snrlyd. (Teknoloji kullanlmaz hale geldi). Dökme bulamaç (veya dökme): Sv inert hidrokarbon seyreltici yerine sv propilen kullanr. Polimer bir seyreltici içinde çözünmez, bunun yerine sv propilen üzerinde hareket eder. Oluan polimer geri çekilir ve reaksiyona girmemi herhangi bir monomer flala atlr. Gaz faz: Kat katalizör ile temas halinde olan gaz halindeki propileni kullanarak akkan yatakl bir ortam oluturur. Polipropilenin eritme ilemi ekstrüzyon ve kalplama yoluyla elde edilebilir. Yaygn ekstrüzyon yöntemleri, yüz maskeleri, filtreler, çocuk bezleri ve slak mendiller gibi çok çeitli yararl ürünlere gelecekte dönütürmek üzere uzun merdaneler oluturmak için eritilerek iirilmi ve erilerek balanm elyaflarn üretimini içerir. bardak, çatal bçak takm, flakon, kapak, kap, ev eyas gibi parçalar ve pil gibi otomotiv parçalar için kullanlr. Hem ekstrüzyon hem de kalplamay içeren ilgili iirme ve enjeksiyon-germeli iirme kalplama teknikleri de kullanlmaktadr.Polipropilen için bir dizi son kullanm uygulamas, üretimi srasnda belirli moleküler özellikler ve katk maddeleri ile snflar uyarlama yetenei nedeniyle genellikle mümkündür. Örnein, polipropilen yüzeylerin toza ve kire direnmesine yardmc olmak için antistatik katk maddeleri eklenebilir. Polipropilen üzerinde ileme gibi birçok fiziksel bitirme teknii de kullanlabilir. Bask mürekkebi ve boyalarn yapmasn desteklemek için polipropilen parçalara yüzey ilemleri uygulanabilir.Geniletilmi Polipropilen (EPP) hem kat hem de eriyik hal ileme yoluyla üretilmitir. EPP, kimyasal veya fiziksel iirme maddeleriyle eriyik ileme kullanlarak üretilir. Yüksek kristal yapsndan dolay kat haldeki PP’nin genilemesi baarl olmamtr. Bu balamda, PP’nin genilemesi için iki yeni strateji gelitirilmitir. PP’nin kristal yapsn kontrol ederek veya dier polimerlerle harmanlayarak EPP yapmak için geniletilebilecei gözlendi. [40] [41] Çift eksenli yönlendirilmi polipropilen (BOPP) Polipropilen film hem makine yönünde hem de makine boyunca ekstrüde edildiinde ve gerildiinde yön çift eksenli yönlendirilmi polipropilen olarak adlandrlr. Çift eksenli yönelim gücü ve netlii artrr. [42] BOPP, attrmalk yiyecekler, taze ürünler ve ekerlemeler gibi ürünlerin ambalajlanmasnda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Ambalaj malzemesi olarak kullanm için gerekli görünümü ve özellikleri vermek için kaplanmas, baslmas ve laminasyonu kolaydr. Bu ileme normalde dönütürme denir. Normalde, paketleme makinelerinde kullanlmak üzere dilme makinelerinde daha küçük rulolar halinde kesilen büyük rulolar halinde üretilir.Polipropilen yorgunlua kar dirençli olduundan, açlr kapanr ielerdeki gibi çou plastik hareketli mentee bu malzemeden yaplr. Bununla birlikte, zincir moleküllerinin mukavemeti en üst düzeye çkarmak için mentee boyunca yönlendirildiinden emin olmak önemlidir.Polipropilen, hem yüksek saflkla ilgili olanlar hem de mukavemet ve sertlik için tasarlanm olanlar (örn., içme suyu tesisat, hidronik stma ve soutma ve artlm su). [43] Bu malzeme genellikle korozyona ve kimyasal szmaya kar dayankll, darbe ve donma dahil çou fiziksel hasar biçimine kar dayankll, çevresel faydalar ve yaptrma yerine s füzyonu ile birletirme yetenei nedeniyle seçilmektedir. [44] [45 ] [46] Bir polipropilen sandalye. Otoklavda sya dayanabildii için tbbi veya laboratuar kullanm için birçok plastik malzeme polipropilenden yaplabilir. Is direnci, ayn zamanda tüketici snf su stclarnn üretim malzemesi olarak kullanlmasna da olanak tanr [kaynak belirtilmeli]. Ondan yaplan yemek kaplar bulak makinesinde erimez ve endüstriyel scak doldurma ilemleri srasnda erimez. Bu nedenle, süt ürünleri için çou plastik küvet, alüminyum folyo (her ikisi de sya dayankl malzemeler) ile kapatlm polipropilendir. Ürün souduktan sonra, küvetlere genellikle LDPE veya polistiren gibi daha az sya dayankl bir malzemeden yaplm kapaklar verilir. Bu tür kaplar, ayn kalnlktaki polipropilene göre LDPE’nin kauçuksu (daha yumuak, daha esnek) hissi kolayca görüldüünden, modül farkllnn iyi bir uygulamal örneini salar. Rubbermaid ve Sterilite gibi çeitli irketlerin tüketicileri için çok çeitli ekil ve boyutlarda yaplan salam, yar saydam, yeniden kullanlabilir plastik kaplar genellikle polipropilenden yaplr, ancak kapaklar genellikle biraz daha esnek LDPE’den yaplr, böylece kabn üzerine oturabilirler kapatmak için. Polipropilen ayrca sv, toz veya benzeri tüketici ürünlerini içermek için tek kullanmlk ieler haline getirilebilir, bununla birlikte HDPE ve polietilen tereftalat da ielerin yapmnda yaygn olarak kullanlr. Plastik kovalar, araba aküleri, çöp sepetleri, eczane reçeteli ieler, soutucu kaplar, tabaklar ve sürahiler genellikle polipropilen veya HDPE’den yaplr ve her ikisi de genel olarak ortam scaklnda oldukça benzer görünüm, his ve özelliklere sahiptir. PP’den çeitli tbbi cihazlar yaplr. [47] Laboratuvar kullanm için polipropilen ürünler, mavi ve turuncu kapaklar polipropilenden yaplmaz. Polipropilen için yaygn bir uygulama, çift eksenli yönlendirilmi polipropilendir (BOPP). Bu BOPP tabakalar, effaf torbalar dahil olmak üzere çok çeitli malzemeleri yapmak için kullanlr. Polipropilen çift eksenli yönlendirildiinde kristal berraklnda olur ve sanatsal ve perakende ürünler için mükemmel bir ambalaj malzemesi görevi görür. Solmaz polipropilen, evde kullanlmak üzere hal, kilim ve paspas imalatnda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr.Polipropilen, halatlarda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. , suda yüzebilecek kadar hafif olduklar için ayrt edicidir. [49] Eit kütle ve yap için, polipropilen halatn mukavemeti polyester halata benzerdir. Polipropilen, dier sentetik elyaflarn çoundan daha düük maliyetlidir.Polipropilen, düük havalandrmal LSZH kablosu için elektrik kablolar için yaltm olarak polivinil klorüre (PVC) alternatif olarak da kullanlr.ilation ortamlar, öncelikle tüneller. Bunun nedeni, daha az duman yaymas ve toksik halojen içermemesidir, bu da yüksek scaklk koullarnda asit üretimine yol açabilir.Polipropilen, modifiye bit sistemlerin aksine, tek katl sistemlerin su geçirmez üst katman olarak özellikle çat kaplama membranlarnda kullanlr. Polipropilen en çok plastik kalplar için kullanlr, burada bir kalba erimi haldeyken enjekte edilir, nispeten düük maliyet ve yüksek hacimde karmak ekiller oluturur; Örnekler arasnda ie kapaklar, ieler ve balant parçalar yer alr.Ayrca, krtasiye klasörleri, ambalajlar ve saklama kutular üretiminde yaygn olarak kullanlan levha eklinde de üretilebilir. Geni renk yelpazesi, dayankll, düük maliyeti ve kire kar direnci, onu katlar ve dier malzemeler için koruyucu bir örtü olarak ideal klar. Bu özelliklerinden dolay Rubik Küp çkartmalarnda kullanlmaktadr. Polipropilen levhalarn bulunmas, malzemenin tasarmclar tarafndan kullanlmasna imkan salamtr. Hafif, dayankl ve renkli plastik, açk tonlarn oluturulmas için ideal bir ortam oluturur ve ayrntl tasarmlar oluturmak için birbirine kenetlenen bölümler kullanlarak bir dizi tasarm gelitirilmitir.Polipropilen levhalar, kart koleksiyoncular için popüler bir seçimdir; bunlar, taklacak kartlar için cepler (standart boyutlu kartlar için dokuz) ile birlikte gelir ve durumlarn korumak için kullanlr ve bir balayc içinde saklanmalar amaçlanr. Geniletilmi polipropilen (EPP), polipropilenin köpük formudur. EPP, düük sertlii nedeniyle çok iyi darbe özelliklerine sahiptir; bu, EPP’nin darbelerden sonra eklini almasn salar. EPP, hobiler tarafndan model uçaklarda ve dier radyo kontrollü araçlarda yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr. Bunun balca nedeni, darbeleri emme kabiliyetinden kaynaklanmaktadr ve bu, bunu yeni balayanlar ve amatörler için RC uçaklar için ideal bir malzeme haline getirmektedir.Polipropilen, hoparlör tahrik ünitelerinin imalatnda kullanlmaktadr. Kullanmna BBC’deki mühendisler tarafndan öncülük edildi ve daha sonra Mission Electronics tarafndan Mission Freedom Hoparlörü ve Mission 737 Rönesans hoparlörlerinde kullanlmak üzere satn alnan patent haklar. Polipropilen lifler, mukavemeti artrmak ve çatlama ve parçalanmay azaltmak için somut bir katk maddesi olarak kullanlr. [50 ] Depreme duyarl baz bölgelerde (örn. California), binalar, köprüler vb. Gibi yaplarn temellerini ina ederken topran mukavemetini ve sönümlemesini iyiletirmek için PP lifleri toprakla birlikte eklenir. [51] Polipropilen lifler ayrca alçpan derzlerinde kullanlr takviye için bileik. Eklem bileiinin esnekliini ve boyutsal stabilitesini artrabilir ve kuruduktan sonra büzülme ve çatlamay azaltabilir.Polipropilen polipropilen tamburlarda kullanlr. 2016 ylnn Haziran aynda yaplan bir aratrma, Ohio’dan iki mühendis tarafndan oluturulan polipropilen ve dayankl süperoleofobik yüzeylerin bir karmn gösterdi. Eyalet Üniversitesi, ampuan ve ya gibi svlar uzaklatrabilir. Bu teknoloji, polipropilen ielerden, özellikle ampuan veya ya gibi yüksek yüzey gerilimi olanlarda, tüm sv içeriklerin çkarlmasn kolaylatrabilir. [52] Giyim Çeitli polipropilen iplikler ve tekstiller Polipropilen, nonwovenlarda kullanlan balca polimerdir. % 50’si, doal olarak suyu iten (hidrofobik) deil, suyu emmek (hidrofilik) için ilendii çocuk bezleri veya hijyen ürünleri için kullanlr [kaynak belirtilmeli]. Dier dokumasz kullanmlar arasnda liflerin, 0.5 ila 30 mikrometre aralnda çeitli verimliliklerde filtre eden kartular veya katmanlar oluturmak için kvrlabilen tabakalar veya alar halinde oluturulabildii hava, gaz ve svlar için filtreler bulunur. Bu tür uygulamalar evlerde su filtresi olarak veya klima tipi filtrelerde gerçekleir. Yüksek yüzey alan ve doal olarak oleofilik polipropilen dokunmam malzemeler, nehirlerdeki petrol dökülmelerinin yaknnda bilinen [kaynak belirtilmesi gereken] yüzer bariyerlere sahip petrol szntlarnn ideal emicileridir. Polipropilen veya ‘polipro’, souk hava taban katmanlarnn imalatnda kullanlmtr. uzun kollu gömlekler veya uzun iç çamarlar gibi. Polipropilen, teri ciltten uzaklatrd scak havalarda kullanlan giysilerde de kullanlr. Polyester, ECWCS gibi ABD ordusunda bu uygulamalarda polipropilenin yerini almtr. [53] Polipropilen giysiler kolay alev almasa da, eriyerek kullancnn herhangi bir patlamaya veya yangna karmas durumunda ciddi yanklara neden olabilir. [54] Polipropilen iç çamarlarnn vücut kokularn tuttuu bilinmekte ve bunlar daha sonra çkarlmas zor olmaktadr. Mevcut polyester neslinin bu dezavantaj yok. [55] Baz moda tasarmclar tak ve dier giyilebilir öeleri oluturmak için polipropileni uyarlad.Medical En yaygn tbbi kullanm sentetik, emilemeyen sütür Prolene’dir.Polipropilen ftklarda kullanlmtr ve Ayn yerde vücudu yeni ftklardan korumak için pelvik organ prolapsusu onarm operasyonlar. Materyalin küçük bir parças ftk noktasnn üzerine, cildin altna yerletirilir ve arszdr ve nadiren vücut tarafndan reddedilir.sh, onu çevreleyen dokuyu günlerden yllara belirsiz bir süre boyunca andracaktr. Dikkate deer bir uygulama, vajinal prolapsusu ve e zamanl idrar kaçrmay tedavi etmek için kullanlan transvajinal me eklindedir. [56] Yukarda belirtilen polipropilen an etrafn saran dokuyu andrma eilimi nedeniyle, FDA, özellikle vajina duvarna çok yakn bir ekilde uygulandnda, pelvik organ prolapsusundaki belirli uygulamalar için polipropilen me tbbi kitlerin kullanmna ilikin birkaç uyar yaynlamtr son birkaç ylda hastalar tarafndan bildirilen me kaynakl doku erozyonlarnn saysnda sürekli bir arta neden oldu. [57] 3 Ocak 2012’de FDA, bu a ürünlerinin 35 üreticisine bu cihazlarn yan etkilerini incelemeleri için sipari verdi. 2020’de COVID-19 salgnnn patlak vermesi nedeniyle, PP’ye olan talep önemli ölçüde artt çünkü yüz maskeleri üretmek için hammadde olan eritilerek iirilmi kuma üretmek için hayati bir hammadde. FKP 1 polipropilen (PP) film WIMA tarafndan üretilen metal folyo ile darbe uygulamalar için kapasitör Çok ince polipropilen tabakalar (≈2–20 µm), belirli yüksek performansl darbeli ve düük kaypl RF kapasitörleri içinde dielektrik olarak kullanlr. Geniletilmi polipropilen (EPP) köpük, yapsal bir hobi radyo kontrol model uçakta malzeme. Çarpma annda ufalanabilen ve kolayca krlan geniletilmi polistiren köpüün (EPS) aksine, EPP köpük kinetik darbeleri krlmadan çok iyi emebilir, orijinal eklini korur ve orijinal ekline geri dönmesini salayan hafza formu özelliklerini sergiler. Tenerife, La Laguna Katedrali’ndeki katedral 2002–2014 yllarnda tamir edildiinde tonozlarn ve kubbenin oldukça kötü durumda olduu ortaya çkt. Bu nedenle binann bu ksmlar yklm ve yerini polipropilen yaplara brakmtr. Bu, bu malzemenin bu ölçekte binalarda ilk kez kullanld bildirildi. [Kaynak belirtilmeli] Ulstron ticari ad altnda beyaz yem için kepçe alar üretmek için kullanlan polipropilen halat kullanlmaktadr. Yat yelken levhalarnda da kullanlmtr. [60] [61] Polimer banknotlar, dayankl bir taban salad ve opak mürekkepleri istenilen alanlarda ihmal ederek effaf güvenlik özelliklerinin kullanlmasna izin verdii BOPP’den yaplmtr. Pek çok nesne, polipropilen ile üretilir çünkü polipropilen, esnek ve çou çözücüye ve yaptrcya dirençlidir. Ayrca, özellikle PP’yi yaptrmak için çok az yaptrc mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte, ar esnemeye maruz kalmayan kat PP nesneler, iki parçal bir epoksi yaptrcyla veya scak tutkal tabancalar kullanlarak tatmin edici bir ekilde birletirilebilir. Hazrlk önemlidir ve tutkal için daha iyi ankraj salamak için yüzeyi bir dosya, zmpara kad veya baka bir andrc malzeme ile pürüzlendirmek genellikle yararldr. Ayrca yalar veya dier kontaminasyonlar gidermek için yaptrmadan önce mineral ispirto veya benzeri alkolle temizlenmesi önerilir. Baz deneyler gerekli olabilir. PP için baz endüstriyel yaptrclar da mevcuttur, ancak bunlar özellikle bir perakende maazasnda bulmak zor olabilir. PP hzl kaynak teknii kullanlarak eritilebilir. Hzl kaynakta, plastik kaynakç, görünüm ve watt olarak bir havyaya benzer ekilde, plastik kaynak çubuu için bir besleme borusu ile donatlmtr. Hz ucu çubuu ve alt tabakay strken, ayn zamanda erimi kaynak çubuunu yerine bastrr. Birleme yerine yumuatlm plastik bir boncuk yerletirilir ve parçalar ve kaynak çubuu sigortas. Polipropilen ile, erimi kaynak çubuu imal edilen veya tamir edilen yar erimi temel malzeme ile “kartrlmaldr”. Bir hz ucu “tabancas”, esasen bir ba oluturmak için kaynak eklemini ve dolgu malzemesini eritmek için kullanlabilen geni, düz uçlu bir lehim havyasdr. Polipropen veya PP olarak da bilinen Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber), dönütürülmü bir sentetik elyaftr % 85 propilendir ve çeitli uygulamalarda kullanlr. Pek çok farkl sektörde kullanlmaktadr, ancak en popüler olanlarndan biri hal iplii imalatdr. Örnein hafif ev içi kullanm için ekonomik hallarn çou bu elyaftan yaplr. Elyaf termoplastik, esnek, hafif ve küf ve birçok farkl kimyasala dayankldr.Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) iyi s yaltm özellikleri sergiler ve asitlere, alkalilere ve organik çözücülere kar oldukça dirençlidir. Lif, sya ve a duyarldr, ancak bu maddelere kar direnç, eklenen stabilizatörlerden etkilenebilir. Filamentler ve monofilamentler kablo, a, filtre kumalar ve döeme imalatnda kullanlmaktadr. Elyaf, tapel formda hal, battaniye, d giyim kumalar, triko ve filtre kumalarda kullanlmaktadr. Tekstüre Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) daha çok hal imalatnda kullanlmaktadr. Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)n kristallik derecesi, ileme koullarna bal olarak genel olarak% 50-65 arasndadr. Kristalleme, cam geçi scakl ile PP’nin denge erime noktas arasnda meydana gelir. Düük scaklkta kristalleme hz daha hzldr.Genel olarak Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber), asitlere ve alkalilere kar mükemmel kimyasal dirence, yüksek anma direncine ve böceklere ve zararllara kar dirence sahiptir. PP elyaf ayrca dier sentetik elyaflara kyasla ilenmesi kolaydr ve ucuzdur. Ayn zamanda düük nem emme özelliine sahiptir.Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)lar, deien pazar gereksinimlerine uymak için farkl mukavemetlere sahip çeitli tiplerde üretilmektedir. Genel tekstil kullanmlar için elyaflar, 4,5-6,0 g / den aralnda bir mukavemete sahiptir. Halat, a ve benzeri ürünlerde kullanlmak üzere 9.0 g / den’e kadar yüksek mukavemetli iplikler üretilmektedir. Yüksek mukavemetli ve yüksek modüllü yüksek performansl PP elyaflar yaplmtr Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)lar, herhangi bir doal veya sentetik elyaf arasnda en düük termal iletkenlie sahiptir (yün için 7.3’e, viskon için 11.2’ye ve pamuk için 17.5’e kyasla 6.0). PP elyaflar daha uzun süre daha fazla sy korur, giysilerde mükemmel yaltm özelliklerine sahiptir ve hidrofobik doas ile birlikte kullancy kuru ve scak tutar.Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)larn yumuama noktas 150 ° C civarnda ve erime noktas 160 ° C’dir. 170 ° C. -70 ° C veya daha düük scaklklarda, PP elyaflar mükemmel esnekliini korur. Yüksek scaklkta (ancak 120 ° C’nin altnda), PP elyaflar neredeyse tüm normal mekanik özelliklerini korur. PP elyaflar, tüm ticari elyaflar arasnda en düük s iletkenliine sahiptir ve bu bakmdan yünden bile daha scak olan en scak elyaflardr.Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)larn baz dezavantajlar olmasna ramen, özellikle PP’nin pamuk gibi ütülenmesini önleyen düük erime scakl, yün veya naylon, snrl tekstüre edilebilirlik, yaptrclara ve latekse zayf yapma vb., PP elyaflarn birçok faydas vardr.Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) ve Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)n Üretim Süreci, Özellikleri, Avantajlar, Dezavantajlar ve Uygulamalar Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)lar kristal ve non- -kristalin bölgeler. Bir çekirdekten gelitirilen sferülitlerin boyutlar, bir mikrometrenin fraksiyonlarndan çap olarak santimetreye kadar deiebilir. Kristal birim hücrenin a ekseni radyal olarak hizalanmtr ve zincir ekseni bu radyal yöne dik düzlemlerde homojen olarak datlmtr. Her kristal, kristal olmayan malzeme ile çevrilidir. Elyaf eirme ve çekme, hem kristal hem de amorf bölgelerin oryantasyonuna neden olabilir. Uzama% 0.5’ten az ise, sferülit deformasyonu elastiktir ve yapda herhangi bir bozulma olmaz, aksi takdirde sferülitler kuvvet yönünde yüksek oranda yönlendirilir ve sonunda mikrofibrillere dönütürülür. Bu yüksek derecede anizotropik mikrofibriler yaplar, anizotropik fiber özelliklerine yol açar.Polipropilen fiber, elastikiyet ve esneklik açsndan genellikle poliamid fiberlerden üstündür, ancak daha düük anma direncine sahiptir. yi s yaltm özellikleri sergiler ve asitlere, alkalilere ve organik çözücülere kar oldukça dirençlidir. Lif, sya ve a duyarldr; bu maddelere kar direnci büyük ölçüde eklenen stabilizatörlerin etkinlii ile belirlenir. Filamentler ve monofilamentler, yüzer kablolar, alar, filtre kumalar ve döeme üretiminde kullanlr. Elyaf, elyaf formunda hal, battaniye, d giyim kumalar, triko ve filtre kumalarnda kullanlr. Dokulu Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) esas olarak hal imalatnda kullanlr.Çatlaklar, beton yaplar geçirgen elemanlara dönütürdüklerinden ve dolaysyla yüksek korozyon riski tadklarndan önemli bir rol oynarlar. Çatlaklar sadece betonun kalitesini düürüp estetik olarak kabul edilemez hale getirmekle kalmaz, ayn zamanda yaplar hizmet d brakr. Bu çatlaklar belirli bir genilii amazsa, ne bir yapya ne de hizmet verilebilirliine zararl deildir. Bu nedenle, çatlak geniliini azaltmak önemlidir ve bu, betona polipropilen lifler eklenerek salanabilir [13]. PP liflerinin eklenmesiyle çatlaklarn köprülenmesi, ekil 3’te gösterilmitir. Betona küçük polipropilen liflerinin eklenmesi, suyun normal giri modlarndan geçiini önleyerek beton matris içinden su akn azaltr, örn. Klcal damarlar, gözenek yaps, vb. Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) ilaveli betonda bu niteliklerin etkileri, çimento hidratasyonunun iyiletirilmesi, agregann ayrmasnn azalmas ve donma / çözülme eylemi ve inaat demiri korozyonundan dolay bozulmaya neden olan suyun beton içerisinden geçmesidir. Daha fazla dayanklln gerçekleebilecei bir ortam yaratarak azaltlacaktr. Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)lar çimentolu matrisleri güçlendirmek için iki farkl ekilde kullanlr. Bir uygulama, polipropilenin birincil takviyeyi salad ince tabaka bileenleridir. Hem güçlendirme hem de sertleme elde etmek için hacim içerii% 5’i aan nispeten yüksektir. Dier uygulamalarda, polipropilenin hacim içerii düüktür, hacimce% 0,3’ten azdr ve temelde çatlak kontrolü için ikincil takviye görevi görmesi amaçlanr, ancak yapsal yük tama uygulamalar için deildir [11].Polipropilen liflerin taze ve sertlemi betondaki etkisi farkldr ve bu nedenle bu iki konu ayr ayr ele alnr. Tablo 3’te gösterildii gibi polipropilen liflerin eklenmesiyle çökme deerleri önemli ölçüde azalr. taze betonun yapma ve kohezyonu. Kartrma srasnda, agregalarn hareketi, lifli lifleri birbirinden ayrr, böylece bunlar, bal lif liflerinden ve tek tek liflerden oluan bir aa açlr. Bu lifler, geni özgül yüzey alanlarndan dolay mekanik olarak çimento hamuruna tutturulur. Polipropilen lifli beton karm, düz betona kyasla daha az kanama ve ayrma oran salar. Bunun nedeni, liflerin betonu bir arada tutmas ve dolaysyla agregalarn oturmasn yavalatmasdr. Yüksek çekme ve çekme mukavemeti nedeniyle, PP lifleri, tipik hacim deiikliklerinin neden olduu çekme gerilimlerine direnmek için taze betonun çekme kapasitesini artrarak erken plastik büzülme çatlan bile azaltr. Lifler ayrca bu gerilme gerilimlerini beton içerisinde daha eit olarak datr. Plastik rötre çatla azaldkça, mevcut rötre çatlaklarndan kaynaklanan çatlaklarn azalmas nedeniyle yükleme altndaki betondaki çatlak says azalr. Hala büzülme çatlaklar oluuyorsa, lifler bu çatlaklar köprüleyerek ayn zamanda uzunluk ve geniliklerini de azaltr. Dahas, kanama hz azaldkça, polipropilen liflerin kullanm betonun ilk ve son prizine kadar geçen süreyi hzlandrabilir, çünkü bu betonda daha yava bir kuruma hzna yol açar [14]. Betonun basnç dayanm hayati önem tar. Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)n betonun basnç dayanm üzerindeki etkisi birçok literatürde tartlm ve Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)n betonun basnç dayanmn ya düürdüü ya da arttrd, ancak genel etkisinin ihmal edilebilir olduu gözlemlenmitir. Çou durumda. Aslnda, düük hacimde bir polipropilen lifinin betonun basnç dayanm üzerindeki etkisi deneysel hata ile gizlenebilir. Karlatrmal fibrilatl polipropilen liflerin nispeten düük hacimli fraksiyonlarda (0.3’ün altnda) etkilerine ilikin kapsaml bir deneysel veri seti oluturulmutur. %) farkl balayc bileimlere sahip beton malzemelerin basnç, eilme ve darbe özellikleri hakknda. Sonuçlarn istatistiksel analizi, Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) takviyeli betonun mekanik özellikleri ve ayrca bu özelliklere karar vermede elyaf ve puzolanik katklarn etkileimi hakknda güvenilir sonuçlar üretmitir. Polipropilen liflerin betonun basnç veya eilme dayanm üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlaml bir etkisinin olmad görülürken, eilme tokluu ve darbe dayanm polipropilen liflerin varlnda art göstermitir. Lifler ve puzolanlar arasnda da pozitif etkileimler tespit edilmitir.Bu aratrma, belirli mukavemet özelliklerine sahip beton üretiminde polipropilen liflerin kullanlmasnn etkilerini aratrmay amaçlamaktadr. Çalma, polipropilen lifli (PF) betonun basnç ve eilme dayanm ile ilgilidir. Aratrmann deneysel aamas, farkl özelliklere sahip on be grup betonun test edilmesini içermektedir. Deney programnda dikkate alnan ana deikenler, polipropilen lif yüzdesi, beton karmnn türü ve bir prizmada çelik donat varldr. Bu deikenlerin betonun basnç ve eilme dayanm üzerindeki etkisi aratrlmtr. Bu çalmann sonuçlar, betonun basnç ve eilme dayanmndaki deiimin esas olarak Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) yüzdesine bal olduunu göstermitir. Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) yüzdesini% 0’dan% 0,2’ye çkararak betonun basnç dayanmnn artt, PF’nin% 0,3’üne yaklaldnda dayanmdaki artn kaybolmaya balad görülmütür. Benzer ekilde, betonun eilme dayanm da PF yüzdesini% 0’dan% 0,3’e çkararak artmtr. PF’yi% 0,5’e kadar daha da artrarak, betonun basnç ve eilme dayanmnn kontrol karmna göre önemli ölçüde azalmaya balad tespit edilmitir. Bu aratrma, mikro sentetik Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber)n betonun mukavemetini iyiletirmedeki etkilerini, betonun iyiletirilmi basnç ve eilme dayanmlar için en uygun miktar belirlemeye odaklanarak incelemektedir. % 0,25,% 0,5 0,75 ve% 1 polipropilen lifleri ile oluturulan numunelerde 7, 14, 21 28 günlük kürlemenin ardndan kontrol numuneleri üzerinde ykc ve tahribatsz basnç dayanm testleri ve tahrip edici eilme dayanm testleri gerçekletirilmitir. yiletirilmi sktrma ve eilme mukavemetleri üreten optimal Polipropilen Elyaf(Polypropylene Fiber) yüzdesinin% 0.25 ve% 0.5 arasnda olduu bulunmutur.