SODIUM NITRATE (SODYUM NITRAT)
Synonmys;
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Sodyum nitrat formülü NaNO3 olan kimyasal bileiktir . Güherçile den ayrmak için ili güherçilesi (bu ülkede büyük miktarda ynlar halinde bulunmas nedeniyle bu ad verilmitir) ad da verilen bu beyaz renkli kristal tuz, potasyum nitrata oranla suda çok fazla çözünmektedir. Havadan nem çeker. Sodyum nitrat gda katks ve gübrelerde, piroteknik malzeme olarak, sis bombasnn içeriinde, kat roket itici yakt olarak kullanld gibi, cam ve seramik sektöründe de kullanlr. Bileik bu amaçlar için kullanlmak için ili’de bulunan geni güherçile yataklarndan çok miktarda çkarlmaktadr. ili güherçilesinin Avrupa’ya ilk sevkiyat 1820 ya da 1825 ylnda ngiltere’ye gerçeklese de herhangi bir alc bulunamadndan dolay gümrük ücretini ödememek için denize döküldü.[1][2] Ancak zamanla, Güney Amerika güherçile madencilii karl bir i haline geldi (1859 ylnda, sadece ngiltere 47,000 metrik ton tüketti[2]). ili, Pasifik Sava (1879-1884)nda Peru ve Bolivya müttefik kuvvetlerine kar savat ve bütün zengin maden yataklarn ald. 1919 ylnda, Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff X n kristalografisini kullanarak sodyum nitratn kristal yapsn belirledi. Sodyum Nitrat, Dier ad güherçile olan bu kimyasaln moleküler formülü NaNo3′ tür. Beyaz toz eklinde renksiz kristallerdir. Yüksek slarda çözünebilen bu madde tatl bir kimyasaldr. Oksitleyici ve tahri edici bir yaps olan sodyum nitrat alkol, amonyak ve piridin içerisinde çözünür. Yanc bir yaps yoktur. Tuz ailesinin bir mensubu olan bu kimyasal bileik ili’de Dünya üzerindeki dier ülkelere oranla bol miktarda bulunur. Buna bal olarak en çok üretildii yer ili’dir. Sodyum nitrat potasyum nitrata oranla suda daha fazla çözünür ve havadan nem çeker. odyum nitrat Avrupa da ilk olarak 1820-1825 yllar arasnda giri yapmtr ancak kullanm alan henüz kefedilemediinden ve alc bulunamadndan denize dökülmütür. Yllar geçtikçe sodyum nitrat deer kazanm ve özellikle Güney Amerika da sodyum nitrat madencilii gelimitir.Özellikle et ve et ürünlerinde renk ve dayankllk salamak amac ile kullanlr. Tarm sektöründe gübre olarak kullanlr.Duman bombasnn içeriinde kullanlr. Seramik sektöründe yardmc madde olarak kullanlr. Patlayc madde (havai fiek, barut ve benzeri) yapmnda kullanlr. Sanayide s transferi ilemlerinde kullanlr. Petrokimya ve metal ilemede dier kimyasallarn üretimine yardmc olmak için kullanlr. Cam üretiminde camn kalitesini ve parlakln artrmada, temizleme ve renk düzeni salamada kullanlr. Sodyum nitratin anti mikrobiyal özellikleri gda koruyucu katk maddesi olarak kullanmn salar. Potasyum nitrat gibi sodyum nitrat da gdada özellikle et, et ürünleri ve balklarda karakteristik lezzet, renk özelliklerini vermek ve mikrobiyal stabilitelerini salamak amacyla kullanlan bir kürleme ajandr. Metal sektöründe, çelii temizlemede, alüminyumu dekapajlamada, fosfatlamada hzlandrc olarak kullanlr (metal ileme endüstrisinde s transfer tuzlarnn bileeni olarak; çelik için mavileme banyolarnn hazrlnda). Cam sanayinde, üretilen camin kalitesini arttrmada ve cam ileme endüstrisinde emayeleme (mineleme) srasnda temizleme ve renk giderme için. Beton katksnda genellikle priz hzlandrclarda kullanlan bir hammaddedir. Hava ile temas neticesinde bile çok çabuk bir ekilde nem tutucu olup katlamaya meyillidir.
Not to be confused with sodium nitrite, sodium nitride, or nitratine. Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO3. This alkali metal nitrate salt is also known as Chile saltpeter (large deposits of which were historically mined in Chile) to distinguish it from ordinary saltpeter, potassium nitrate. The mineral form is also known as nitratine, nitratite or soda niter. Sodium nitrate is a white solid very soluble in water. It is a readily available source of the nitrate anion (NO3-), which is useful in several reactions carried out on industrial scales for the production of fertilizers, pyrotechnics and smoke bombs, glass and pottery enamels, food preservatives (esp. meats), and solid rocket propellant. It has been mined extensively for these purposes. The first shipment of Peruvian saltpeter to Europe arrived in England in 1820 or 1825, right after that country’s independence from Spain, but did not find any buyers and was dumped at sea in order to avoid customs toll.[4][5] With time, however, the mining of South American saltpeter became a profitable business (in 1859, England alone consumed 47,000 metric tons[5]). Chile fought the War of the Pacific (1879-1884) against the allies Peru and Bolivia and took over their richest deposits of saltpeter. In 1919, Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff determined its crystal structure using X-ray crystallography. The largest accumulations of naturally occurring sodium nitrate are found in Chile and Peru, where nitrate salts are bound within mineral deposits called caliche ore.[6] Nitrates accumulate on land through marine-fog precipitation and sea-spray oxidation/desiccation followed by gravitational settling of airborne NaNO3, KNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, and I, in the hot-dry desert atmosphere.[7] El Niño/La Niña extreme aridity/torrential rain cycles favor nitrates accumulation through both aridity and water solution/remobilization/transportation onto slopes and into basins; capillary solution movement forms layers of nitrates; pure nitrate forms rare veins. For more than a century, the world supply of the compound was mined almost exclusively from the Atacama desert in northern Chile until, at the turn of the 20th century, German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed a process for producing ammonia from the atmosphere on an industrial scale (see Haber process). With the onset of World War I, Germany began converting ammonia from this process into a synthetic Chilean saltpeter, which was as practical as the natural compound in production of gunpowder and other munitions. By the 1940s, this conversion process resulted in a dramatic decline in demand for sodium nitrate procured from natural sources. Chile still has the largest reserves of caliche,with active mines in such locations as Pedro de Valdivia, María Elena and Pampa Blanca, and there it used to be called white gold.[2][3] Sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium sulfate and iodine are all obtained by the processing of caliche. The former Chilean saltpeter mining communities of Humberstone and Santa Laura were declared Unesco World Heritage sites in 2005. Sodium nitrate is also synthesized industrially by neutralizing nitric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate:
2 HNO3 + Na2CO3 → 2 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
HNO3 + NaHCO3 → NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
Sodium nitrate can be combined with sulfuric acid and nitric acid distilled off. At lower pressure the lower temperature needed results in less decomposition. The theoretical 2 moles of nitric acid per 1 mole of sulfuric acid results in a very high end temperature, much decomposition and a solid neutral sulfate that is difficult to remove. When this reaction was important industrially, it was common practice to operate with sulfuric acid in excess to end on a mostly bisulfate product poured molten out of the retort. Sodium nitrate is also a food additive used as a preservative and color fixative in cured meats and poultry; it is listed under its INS number 251 or E number E251. It is approved for use in the EU,[8] USA[9] and Australia and New Zealand.[10] Sodium nitrate should not be confused with sodium nitrite, which is also a common food additive and preservative used, for example, in deli meats. Less common applications include as an oxidizer in fireworks, replacing potassium nitrate commonly found in black powder, and as a component in instant cold packs.Sodium nitrate is used together with potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate for heat storage and, more recently, for heat transfer in solar power plants. A mixture of sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate is used as energy-storage material in prototype plants, such as Andasol Solar Power Station and the Archimedes project.It is also used in the wastewater industry for facultative microorganism respiration. Nitrosomonas, a genus of microorganisms, consumes nitrate in preference to oxygen, enabling it to grow more rapidly in the wastewater to be treated. Sodium nitrate is also sometimes used by marine aquarists who utilize carbon-dosing techniques. It is used to increase nitrate levels in the water and promote bacterial growth. Studies have shown a link between increased levels of nitrates and increased deaths from certain diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, stomach cancer, and Parkinson’s disease: possibly through the damaging effect of nitrosamines on DNA, however, little is done to control for other possible causes in the epidemiological results.[12] Nitrosamines, formed in cured meats containing sodium nitrate and nitrite, have been linked to gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer.[13] Sodium nitrate and nitrite are associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. One of the reasons that processed meat increases the risk of colon cancer is its content of nitrate. A small amount of the nitrate added to meat as a preservative breaks down into nitrite, in addition to any nitrite that may also be added. The nitrite then reacts with protein-rich foods (such as meat) to produce carcinogenic NOCs (nitroso compounds). NOCs can be formed either when meat is cured or in the body as meat is digested. Sodium nitrate is the inorganic nitrate salt of sodium. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is an inorganic sodium salt and an inorganic nitrate salt.Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt. the sodium salt of nitric acid, NaNO; used as a food preservative, and as an oxidizing agent in explosives etc.